分组查询时,select的字段是否一定要都在group by中?
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分组查询关键字group by通常和集合函数(MAX、MIN、COUNT、SUM、AVG)一起使用,它可以对一列或者多列结果集进行分组。例如要统计超市水果的种类,需要用count函数,要统计哪个水果价格最高,要用MAX()函数。
一般情况下,我们在使用group by的时候,select中的列都要出现在group by中,比如select id,name,age from tuser group by id,name,age,那么我们是不是都要严格按照这种模式来写sql呢?下面我们来一起探索下。
数据准备
创建一张学生表
CREATE TABLE `student1` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '学号', `name` varchar(60) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名', `birth` date NOT NULL COMMENT '出生日期', `sex` varchar(1) DEFAULT NULL, `age` int(11) NOT NULL, `score` int(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`))
插入数据
insert into student values(1,'Tom','1998-10-01','男',23,96),(2,'Jim','1997-07-04','男',24,95),(3,'Lily','1999-11-12','女',21,99),(4,'Lilei','1996-09-21','男',25,90),(5,'Lucy','1999-12-02','女',21,93),(6,'Jack','1988-04-27','男',32,89),(7,'Liam','1991-09-08',' 男',28,100);
数据展示
mysql> select * from student;+----+-------+------------+------+-----+-------+| id | name | birth | sex | age | score |+----+-------+------------+------+-----+-------+| 1 | Tom | 1998-10-01 | 男 | 23 | 96 || 2 | Jim | 1997-07-04 | 男 | 24 | 95 || 3 | Lily | 1999-11-12 | 女 | 21 | 99 || 4 | Lilei | 1996-09-21 | 男 | 25 | 90 || 5 | Lucy | 1999-12-02 | 女 | 21 | 93 || 6 | Jack | 1988-04-27 | 男 | 32 | 89 || 7 | Liam | 1991-09-08 | 男 | 28 | 100 |+----+-------+------------+------+-----+-------+7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
测试验证
1. select中的列都出现在group by中,通过下面的结果可以看出是可以正常执行的。
mysql> select id,name,score from student where score >95 group by id,name,score;
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
| 1 | Tom | 96 |
| 3 | Lily | 99 |
| 7 | Liam | 100 |
+----+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2. group by中只保留score或者name
mysql> select id,name,score from student where score >95 group by score;
ERROR 1055 (42000): Expression #1 of
SELECT list is not in GROUP BY clause
and contains nonaggregated column
'test.student.id' which is not functionally
dependent on columns in GROUP BY clause;
this is incompatible with sql_mode=only_full_group_by
mysql> select id,name,score from student where score >95 group by name;
ERROR 1055 (42000): Expression #1 of
SELECT list is not in GROUP BY clause
and contains nonaggregated column
'test.student.id' which is not functionally
dependent on columnsin GROUP BY clause;
this is incompatible with sql_mode=only_full_group_by
3. group by中只保留id
mysql> select id,name,score from student where score >95 group by id;
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
| 1 | Tom | 96 |
| 3 | Lily | 99 |
| 7 | Liam | 100 |
+----+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
通过这个实验可以看出group by中只保留id是可以正常执行的,为什么?id字段有什么特殊性呢?
通过表结构可以看出id字段是主键,查询官方文档,有针对主键列的解释。
SELECT name, address, MAX(age) FROM t GROUP BY name;
The query is valid if name is a primary key of t or is a unique NOT NULL column. In such cases,MySQL recognizes that the selected column is functionally dependent on a grouping column. Forexample, if name is a primary key, its value determines the value of address because each group has only one value of the primary key and thus only one row. As a result, there is no randomness in the choice of address value in a group and no need to reject the query.
The query is invalid if name is not a primary key of t or a unique NOT NULL column.
大致的意思是:如果name列是主键或者是唯一的非空列,name上面的查询是有效的。这种情况下,MySQL能够识别出select中的列依赖于group by中的列。比如说,如果name是主键,它的值就决定了address的值,因为每个组只有一个主键值,分组中的每一行都具有唯一性,因此也不需要拒绝这个查询。
4. 验证唯一非空索引
增加name字段的唯一性约束
alter table student add unique(name);mysql> select id,name,score from student where score >95 group by name;+----+------+-------+| id | name | score |+----+------+-------+| 7 | Liam | 100 || 3 | Lily | 99 || 1 | Tom | 96 |+----+------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
通过上面的例子也验证了,对于有唯一性约束的字段,也可以不用在group by中把select中的字段全部列出来。不过针对主键或者唯一性字段进行分组查询意义并不是很大,因为他们的每一行都是唯一的。
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY
我们在上面提到select中的列都出现在group by中,其实在MySQL5.7.5之前是没有此类限制的,5.7.5版本在sql_mode中增加了ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY参数,用来开启或者关闭针对group by的限制。下面我们在分别开启和关闭ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY限制的情况下分别进行验证。
1. 我们先查询下sql_mode
mysql> select @@sql_mode;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| @@sql_mode
|+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,
NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,
ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,
NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,
NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------++
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2. sql_mode动态去除ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY限制
mysql> SET @@sql_mode = sys.list_drop(@@sql_mode, 'ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY');Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
再次执行分组查询
mysql> select id,name,score from student where score >95 group by score;+----+------+-------+| id | name | score |+----+------+-------+| 1 | Tom | 96 || 3 | Lily | 99 || 7 | Liam | 100 |+----+------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3. sql_mode动态增加ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY限制
SET @@sql_mode = sys.list_add(@@sql_mode, 'ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY');
再次执行分组查询
mysql> select id,name,score from student where score >95 group by score;
ERROR 1055 (42000): Expression #1 of
SELECT list is not in GROUP BY clause
and contains nonaggregated column
'test.student.id' which is not functionally
dependent on columns in GROUP BY clause;
this is incompatible with sql_mode=only_full_group_by。
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