利用Django实现RESTful API

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  RESTful API现在很流行,这里是它的介绍 理解RESTful架构RESTful API设计指南.按照Django的常规方法当然也可以实现REST,但有一种更快捷、强大的方法,那就是 Django REST framework.它是python的一个模块,通过在Django里面配置就可以把app的models中的各个表实现RESTful API。下面是实现方法:

一、安装配置

pip install djangorestframework
pip install markdown       # Markdown support for the browsable API.
pip install django-filter  # Filtering support

再到Django的 settings.py 中的INSTALLED_APPS添加 rest_framework,如下:

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    ...
    \'rest_framework\',
)

 在根目录的 url.py 文件中为rest_framework框架的 loginlogout 视图添加url:

urlpatterns = [
    ...
    url(r\'^api-auth/\', include(\'rest_framework.urls\', namespace=\'rest_framework\'))
]

 

二、创建model和Serializer

创建app,名为 snippets.。在视图 models.py 中添加一张表如下:

from django.db import models
from pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers         # 一个实现代码高亮的模块 
from pygments.styles import get_all_styles

LEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]]
LANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS]) # 得到所有编程语言的选项
STYLE_CHOICES = sorted((item, item) for item in get_all_styles())     # 列出所有配色风格


class Snippet(models.Model):
    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default=\'\')
    code = models.TextField()
    linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default=\'python\', max_length=100)
    style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default=\'friendly\', max_length=100)

    class Meta:
        ordering = (\'created\',)

然后开始同步到数据库中:

./manage.py makemigrations snippets
./manage.py migrate

接下来需要做的就是创建 Serializer 类,类似于 Form。它的作用就是从你传入的参数中提取出你需要的数据,并把它转化为 json 格式(注意,已经是字节码了),同时支持反序列化到model对象。在 snippets 文件夹中添加 serializers.py 并在其添加如下:

from rest_framework import serializers
from snippets.models import Snippet, LANGUAGE_CHOICES, STYLE_CHOICES


class SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):                # 它序列化的方式很类似于Django的forms
    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    title = serializers.CharField(required=False, allow_blank=True, max_length=100)
    code = serializers.CharField(style={\'base_template\': \'textarea.html\'})      # style的设置等同于Django的widget=widgets.Textarea
    linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False)                          # 用于对浏览器的上的显示
    language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default=\'python\')
    style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default=\'friendly\')

    def create(self, validated_data):
        """
        Create and return a new `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.
        """
        return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)

    def update(self, instance, validated_data):
        """
        Update and return an existing `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.
        """
        instance.title = validated_data.get(\'title\', instance.title)
        instance.code = validated_data.get(\'code\', instance.code)
        instance.linenos = validated_data.get(\'linenos\', instance.linenos)
        instance.language = validated_data.get(\'language\', instance.language)
        instance.style = validated_data.get(\'style\', instance.style)
        instance.save()
        return instance

 

三、使用Serializer

先使用 ./manage.py shell 进入Django的shell中。操作如下:

可以看到 Serializer 的使用如同 Django 的 forms.它的反序列化如下:

from django.utils.six import BytesIO

stream = BytesIO(content)
data = JSONParser().parse(stream)

这是再把得到的数据转化为实例:

serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)
serializer.is_valid()    # 开始验证
# True
serializer.validated_data
# OrderedDict([(\'title\', \'\'), (\'code\', \'print "hello, world"\\n\'), (\'linenos\', False), (\'language\', \'python\'), (\'style\', \'friendly\')])
serializer.save()
# <Snippet: Snippet object>

同时,我们还可以对 querysets 进行序列化,只需简单地在设置参数 many=True,如下:

serializer = SnippetSerializer(Snippet.objects.all(), many=True)
serializer.data
# [OrderedDict([(\'id\', 1), (\'title\', u\'\'), (\'code\', u\'foo = "bar"\\n\'), (\'linenos\', False), (\'language\', \'python\'), (\'style\', \'friendly\')]), OrderedDict([(\'id\', 2), (\'title\', u\'\'), (\'code\', u\'print "hello, world"\\n\'), (\'linenos\', False), (\'language\', \'python\'), (\'style\', \'friendly\')]), OrderedDict([(\'id\', 3), (\'title\', u\'\'), (\'code\', u\'print "hello, world"\'), (\'linenos\', False), (\'language\', \'python\'), (\'style\', \'friendly\')])

 

四、使用 ModelSerializer

ModelSerializer类似于Django的 modelform, 可以直接关联到models中的表。如下:

class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Snippet
        fields = (\'id\', \'title\', \'code\', \'linenos\', \'language\', \'style\')

 

五、在Django的视图中使用Serializer

首先,可以像常规Django视图的写法一样写,返回序列化的输出数据。

from django.http import HttpResponse, JsonResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer


@csrf_exempt
def snippet_list(request):
    """
    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.
    """
    if request.method == \'GET\':
        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)
        return JsonResponse(serializer.data, safe=False)

    elif request.method == \'POST\':
        data = JSONParser().parse(request)
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return JsonResponse(serializer.data, status=201)
        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)

也可以写一个视图对应其models中的表,实现对它的删、改、查。

@csrf_exempt
def snippet_detail(request, pk):
    """
    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.
    """
    try:
        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)
    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:
        return HttpResponse(status=404)

    if request.method == \'GET\':
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
        return JsonResponse(serializer.data)

    elif request.method == \'PUT\':
        data = JSONParser().parse(request)
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return JsonResponse(serializer.data)
        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)

    elif request.method == \'DELETE\':
        snippet.delete()
        return HttpResponse(status=204)

添加对应的url, snippets/urls.py 中设置如下:

from django.conf.urls import url
from snippets import views

urlpatterns = [
    url(r\'^snippets/$\', views.snippet_list),
    url(r\'^snippets/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$\', views.snippet_detail),
]

最后还要在根目录的 url.py 中添加对应的映射。

urlpatterns = [  
  ... url(r
\'^\', include(\'snippets.urls\')), ]

这时,所有的配置已经完成了。接下来就是测试我们的API

六、测试API

为了方便我们可以使用 httpie 模块来测试,启动Django,再在客户端输入 http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/,操作如下:

 还可以进行 put 操作,修改对应的内容

如此简单。。。。。。。

 

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