volatile关键字用法
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Java 语言中的 volatile 变量可以被看作是一种 “程度较轻的 synchronized”；与 synchronized 块相比，volatile 变量所需的编码较少，并且运行时开销也较少，但是它所能实现的功能也仅是 synchronized 的一部分。本文介绍了几种有效使用 volatile 变量的模式，并强调了几种不适合使用 volatile 变量的情形。
锁提供了两种主要特性：互斥（mutual exclusion） 和可见性（visibility）。互斥即一次只允许一个线程持有某个特定的锁，因此可使用该特性实现对共享数据的协调访问协议，这样，一次就只有一个线程能够使用该共享数据。可见性要更加复杂一些，它必须确保释放锁之前对共享数据做出的更改对于随后获得该锁的另一个线程是可见的 —— 如果没有同步机制提供的这种可见性保证，线程看到的共享变量可能是修改前的值或不一致的值，这将引发许多严重问题。
Volatile 变量
Volatile 变量具有 synchronized 的可见性特性，但是不具备原子特性。这就是说线程能够自动发现 volatile 变量的最新值。Volatile 变量可用于提供线程安全，但是只能应用于非常有限的一组用例：多个变量之间或者某个变量的当前值与修改后值之间没有约束。因此，单独使用 volatile 还不足以实现计数器、互斥锁或任何具有与多个变量相关的不变式（Invariants）的类（例如 “start <=end”）。
出于简易性或可伸缩性的考虑，您可能倾向于使用 volatile 变量而不是锁。当使用 volatile 变量而非锁时，某些习惯用法（idiom）更加易于编码和阅读。此外，volatile 变量不会像锁那样造成线程阻塞，因此也很少造成可伸缩性问题。在某些情况下，如果读操作远远大于写操作，volatile 变量还可以提供优于锁的性能优势。
正确使用 volatile 变量的条件
您只能在有限的一些情形下使用 volatile 变量替代锁。要使 volatile 变量提供理想的线程安全，必须同时满足下面两个条件：
对变量的写操作不依赖于当前值。
该变量没有包含在具有其他变量的不变式中。
实际上，这些条件表明，可以被写入 volatile 变量的这些有效值独立于任何程序的状态，包括变量的当前状态。
第一个条件的限制使 volatile 变量不能用作线程安全计数器。虽然增量操作（x++）看上去类似一个单独操作，实际上它是一个由读取－修改－写入操作序列组成的组合操作，必须以原子方式执行，而 volatile 不能提供必须的原子特性。实现正确的操作需要使 x 的值在操作期间保持不变，而 volatile 变量无法实现这点。（然而，如果将值调整为只从单个线程写入，那么可以忽略第一个条件。）
大多数编程情形都会与这两个条件的其中之一冲突，使得 volatile 变量不能像 synchronized 那样普遍适用于实现线程安全。清单 1 显示了一个非线程安全的数值范围类。它包含了一个不变式 —— 下界总是小于或等于上界。
使用 volatile 变量的主要原因是其简易性：在某些情形下，使用 volatile 变量要比使用相应的锁简单得多。使用 volatile 变量次要原因是其性能：某些情况下，volatile 变量同步机制的性能要优于锁。
很难做出准确、全面的评价，例如 “X 总是比 Y 快”，尤其是对 JVM 内在的操作而言。（例如，某些情况下 VM 也许能够完全删除锁机制，这使得我们难以抽象地比较 volatile 和 synchronized 的开销。）就是说，在目前大多数的处理器架构上，volatile 读操作开销非常低 —— 几乎和非 volatile 读操作一样。而 volatile 写操作的开销要比非 volatile 写操作多很多，因为要保证可见性需要实现内存界定（Memory Fence），即便如此，volatile 的总开销仍然要比锁获取低。
volatile 操作不会像锁一样造成阻塞，因此，在能够安全使用 volatile 的情况下，volatile 可以提供一些优于锁的可伸缩特性。如果读操作的次数要远远超过写操作，与锁相比，volatile 变量通常能够减少同步的性能开销。
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说明 C# 中 volatile 关键字的用法
锁提供了两种主要特性：互斥（mutual exclusion） 和可见性（visibility）。互斥即一次只允许一个线程持有某个特定的锁，因此可使用该特性实现对共享数据的协调访问协议，这样，一次就只有一个线程能够使用该共享数据。可见性要更加复杂一些，它必须确保释放锁之前对共享数据做出的更改对于随后获得该锁的另一个线程是可见的 —— 如果没有同步机制提供的这种可见性保证，线程看到的共享变量可能是修改前的值或不一致的值，这将引发许多严重问题。
Volatile 变量
Volatile 变量具有 synchronized 的可见性特性，但是不具备原子特性。这就是说线程能够自动发现 volatile 变量的最新值。Volatile 变量可用于提供线程安全，但是只能应用于非常有限的一组用例：多个变量之间或者某个变量的当前值与修改后值之间没有约束。因此，单独使用 volatile 还不足以实现计数器、互斥锁或任何具有与多个变量相关的不变式（Invariants）的类（例如 “start <=end”）。
出于简易性或可伸缩性的考虑，您可能倾向于使用 volatile 变量而不是锁。当使用 volatile 变量而非锁时，某些习惯用法（idiom）更加易于编码和阅读。此外，volatile 变量不会像锁那样造成线程阻塞，因此也很少造成可伸缩性问题。在某些情况下，如果读操作远远大于写操作，volatile 变量还可以提供优于锁的性能优势。
正确使用 volatile 变量的条件
您只能在有限的一些情形下使用 volatile 变量替代锁。要使 volatile 变量提供理想的线程安全，必须同时满足下面两个条件：
对变量的写操作不依赖于当前值。
该变量没有包含在具有其他变量的不变式中。
实际上，这些条件表明，可以被写入 volatile 变量的这些有效值独立于任何程序的状态，包括变量的当前状态。
第一个条件的限制使 volatile 变量不能用作线程安全计数器。虽然增量操作（x++）看上去类似一个单独操作，实际上它是一个由读取－修改－写入操作序列组成的组合操作，必须以原子方式执行，而 volatile 不能提供必须的原子特性。实现正确的操作需要使 x 的值在操作期间保持不变，而 volatile 变量无法实现这点。（然而，如果将值调整为只从单个线程写入，那么可以忽略第一个条件。）
大多数编程情形都会与这两个条件的其中之一冲突，使得 volatile 变量不能像 synchronized 那样普遍适用于实现线程安全。清单 1 显示了一个非线程安全的数值范围类。它包含了一个不变式 —— 下界总是小于或等于上界。
使用 volatile 变量的主要原因是其简易性：在某些情形下，使用 volatile 变量要比使用相应的锁简单得多。使用 volatile 变量次要原因是其性能：某些情况下，volatile 变量同步机制的性能要优于锁。
很难做出准确、全面的评价，例如 “X 总是比 Y 快”，尤其是对 JVM 内在的操作而言。（例如，某些情况下 VM 也许能够完全删除锁机制，这使得我们难以抽象地比较 volatile 和 synchronized 的开销。）就是说，在目前大多数的处理器架构上，volatile 读操作开销非常低 —— 几乎和非 volatile 读操作一样。而 volatile 写操作的开销要比非 volatile 写操作多很多，因为要保证可见性需要实现内存界定（Memory Fence），即便如此，volatile 的总开销仍然要比锁获取低。
volatile 操作不会像锁一样造成阻塞，因此，在能够安全使用 volatile 的情况下，volatile 可以提供一些优于锁的可伸缩特性。如果读操作的次数要远远超过写操作，与锁相比，volatile 变量通常能够减少同步的性能开销。
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说明 C# 中 volatile 关键字的用法