volatile关键字的作用
Posted 那一瞬的芳华
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篇首语：本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理，主要介绍了volatile关键字的作用相关的知识，希望对你有一定的参考价值。
volatile关键字,在Java 5之前，它是一个备受争议的关键字，因为在程序中使用它往往会导致出人意料的结果。在Java 5之后，volatile关键字才得以重获生机。
volatile关键字虽然从字面上理解起来比较简单，但是要用好不是一件容易的事情。由于volatile关键字是与Java的内存模型有关的，因此在讲述volatile关键之前，我们先来了解一下与内存模型相关的概念和知识，然后分析了volatile关键字的实现原理，最后给出了几个使用volatile关键字的场景。
以下是本文的目录大纲：
一.内存模型的相关概念
二.并发编程中的三个概念
三.Java内存模型
四..深入剖析volatile关键字
五.使用volatile关键字的场景
若有不正之处请多多谅解，并欢迎批评指正。
当线程执行这个语句时，会先从主存当中读取i的值，然后复制一份到高速缓存当中，然后CPU执行指令对i进行加1操作，然后将数据写入高速缓存，最后将高速缓存中i最新的值刷新到主存当中。
这个代码在单线程中运行是没有任何问题的，但是在多线程中运行就会有问题了。在多核CPU中，每条线程可能运行于不同的CPU中，因此每个线程运行时有自己的高速缓存（对单核CPU来说，其实也会出现这种问题，只不过是以线程调度的形式来分别执行的）。本文我们以多核CPU为例。
比如同时有2个线程执行这段代码，假如初始时i的值为0，那么我们希望两个线程执行完之后i的值变为2。但是事实会是这样吗？
可能存在下面一种情况：初始时，两个线程分别读取i的值存入各自所在的CPU的高速缓存当中，然后线程1进行加1操作，然后把i的最新值1写入到内存。此时线程2的高速缓存当中i的值还是0，进行加1操作之后，i的值为1，然后线程2把i的值写入内存。
最终结果i的值是1，而不是2。这就是著名的缓存一致性问题。通常称这种被多个线程访问的变量为共享变量。
也就是说，如果一个变量在多个CPU中都存在缓存（一般在多线程编程时才会出现），那么就可能存在缓存不一致的问题。
为了解决缓存不一致性问题，通常来说有以下2种解决方法：
1）通过在总线加LOCK#锁的方式
2）通过缓存一致性协议
这2种方式都是硬件层面上提供的方式。
在早期的CPU当中，是通过在总线上加LOCK#锁的形式来解决缓存不一致的问题。因为CPU和其他部件进行通信都是通过总线来进行的，如果对总线加LOCK#锁的话，也就是说阻塞了其他CPU对其他部件访问（如内存），从而使得只能有一个CPU能使用这个变量的内存。比如上面例子中 如果一个线程在执行 i = i +1，如果在执行这段代码的过程中，在总线上发出了LCOK#锁的信号，那么只有等待这段代码完全执行完毕之后，其他CPU才能从变量i所在的内存读取变量，然后进行相应的操作。这样就解决了缓存不一致的问题。
但是上面的方式会有一个问题，由于在锁住总线期间，其他CPU无法访问内存，导致效率低下。
所以就出现了缓存一致性协议。最出名的就是Intel 的MESI协议，MESI协议保证了每个缓存中使用的共享变量的副本是一致的。它核心的思想是：当CPU写数据时，如果发现操作的变量是共享变量，即在其他CPU中也存在该变量的副本，会发出信号通知其他CPU将该变量的缓存行置为无效状态，因此当其他CPU需要读取这个变量时，发现自己缓存中缓存该变量的缓存行是无效的，那么它就会从内存重新读取。
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volatile关键字虽然从字面上理解起来比较简单，但是要用好不是一件容易的事情。由于volatile关键字是与Java的内存模型有关的，因此在讲述volatile关键之前，我们先来了解一下与内存模型相关的概念和知识，然后分析了volatile关键字的实现原理，最后给出了几个使用volatile关键字的场景。
以下是本文的目录大纲：
一.内存模型的相关概念
二.并发编程中的三个概念
三.Java内存模型
四..深入剖析volatile关键字
五.使用volatile关键字的场景
若有不正之处请多多谅解，并欢迎批评指正。
当线程执行这个语句时，会先从主存当中读取i的值，然后复制一份到高速缓存当中，然后CPU执行指令对i进行加1操作，然后将数据写入高速缓存，最后将高速缓存中i最新的值刷新到主存当中。
这个代码在单线程中运行是没有任何问题的，但是在多线程中运行就会有问题了。在多核CPU中，每条线程可能运行于不同的CPU中，因此每个线程运行时有自己的高速缓存（对单核CPU来说，其实也会出现这种问题，只不过是以线程调度的形式来分别执行的）。本文我们以多核CPU为例。
比如同时有2个线程执行这段代码，假如初始时i的值为0，那么我们希望两个线程执行完之后i的值变为2。但是事实会是这样吗？
可能存在下面一种情况：初始时，两个线程分别读取i的值存入各自所在的CPU的高速缓存当中，然后线程1进行加1操作，然后把i的最新值1写入到内存。此时线程2的高速缓存当中i的值还是0，进行加1操作之后，i的值为1，然后线程2把i的值写入内存。
最终结果i的值是1，而不是2。这就是著名的缓存一致性问题。通常称这种被多个线程访问的变量为共享变量。
也就是说，如果一个变量在多个CPU中都存在缓存（一般在多线程编程时才会出现），那么就可能存在缓存不一致的问题。
为了解决缓存不一致性问题，通常来说有以下2种解决方法：
1）通过在总线加LOCK#锁的方式
2）通过缓存一致性协议
这2种方式都是硬件层面上提供的方式。
在早期的CPU当中，是通过在总线上加LOCK#锁的形式来解决缓存不一致的问题。因为CPU和其他部件进行通信都是通过总线来进行的，如果对总线加LOCK#锁的话，也就是说阻塞了其他CPU对其他部件访问（如内存），从而使得只能有一个CPU能使用这个变量的内存。比如上面例子中 如果一个线程在执行 i = i +1，如果在执行这段代码的过程中，在总线上发出了LCOK#锁的信号，那么只有等待这段代码完全执行完毕之后，其他CPU才能从变量i所在的内存读取变量，然后进行相应的操作。这样就解决了缓存不一致的问题。
但是上面的方式会有一个问题，由于在锁住总线期间，其他CPU无法访问内存，导致效率低下。
所以就出现了缓存一致性协议。最出名的就是Intel 的MESI协议，MESI协议保证了每个缓存中使用的共享变量的副本是一致的。它核心的思想是：当CPU写数据时，如果发现操作的变量是共享变量，即在其他CPU中也存在该变量的副本，会发出信号通知其他CPU将该变量的缓存行置为无效状态，因此当其他CPU需要读取这个变量时，发现自己缓存中缓存该变量的缓存行是无效的，那么它就会从内存重新读取。
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