一、前言
前文 树莓派/Debian Apache2 实现 HTTPS(SSL) 服务 提到,Apache2 实现 HTTPS(SSL) 服务有两种方法以及之间的区别,这里讲述如何通过 **OpenSSL 自建 CA ** 来 自签名证书 和 颁发 SSL 证书 实现 HTTPS(SSL) 服务。
1. 下载 Apache2
sudo apt-get install apache2
2. 停止 Apache2 服务
这一步必做 。
-
以 root 权限执行命令:
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop
-
这时应显示:
[ ok ] Stopping apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service.
二、自建 CA
1. 创建工作环境
cd /etc/apache2/ && sudo mkdir -p ownSSL/CA && sudo mkdir ownSSL/Server && cd /etc/apache2/
-
在此初始工作环境中,子目录的重要性及其内容如下:
/etc/apache2/ownSSL/CA : 包含CA私匙、CA 证书请求、CA根证书 /etc/apache2/ownSSL/Server : 包含Server私匙、Server证书请求、Server证书
1. 生成 CA 私匙
sudo openssl genrsa -out CA/CA_private.key 2048
成功显示:
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
................+++++
...................................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
2. 生成 CA 证书请求
sudo openssl req -new -key CA/CA_private.key -out CA/CA_request.csr
过程中,提示需要你输入该根证书相关信息,自行更改:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter \'.\', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:BeiJing
Locality Name (eg, city) []:BJ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Yogile
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Yogile
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:Yogile
Email Address []:example@mail.com
Please enter the following \'extra\' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:opensslca
An optional company name []:Yogile
3. 生成 CA 根证书
sudo openssl x509 -req -in CA/CA_request.csr -extensions v3_ca -signkey CA/CA_private.key -out CA/CA_root.crt
成功显示:
Signature ok
subject=C = CN, ST = BeiJing, L = BJ, O = Yogile, OU = Yogile, CN = Yogile, emailAddress = example@mail.com
Getting Private key
三、自建 Server 端证书
1. 生成 Server 私匙
sudo openssl genrsa -out Server/Server_private.key 2048
成功显示:
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
............+++++
.......................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
2. 生成 Server 证书请求
sudo openssl req -new -key Server/Server_private.key -out Server/Server_request.csr
过程中,提示需要你输入该根证书相关信息,自行更改:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter \'.\', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:BeiJing
Locality Name (eg, city) []:BJ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Yogile
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Yogile
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:Yogile
Email Address []:example@mail.com
Please enter the following \'extra\' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:example@mail.com
An optional company name []:Yogile
3. 生成 Server 证书
-
创建配置文件 openssl.cnf
sudo vim openssl.cnf
参考如下:
[req] distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name req_extensions = v3_req [req_distinguished_name] countryName = CN countryName_default = CN stateOrProvinceName = BJ stateOrProvinceName_default = BeiJing localityName = BJ localityName_default = BeiJing organizationalUnitName = Yogile organizationalUnitName_default = Domain Control Validated commonName = Internet Widgits Ltd commonName_max = 64 [ v3_req ] # Extensions to add to a certificate request basicConstraints = CA:FALSE keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment subjectAltName = @alt_names [alt_names] # 注意这个IP.1的设置,IP地址需要和你的服务器的监听地址一样 DNS为server网址 IP.1 = 192.168.0.129 DNS.1 = www.example.com
需要将 Server 监听的地址写入证书中,如果访问时地址与证书中地址不一致将不能通过证书认证。
- 在这里我用是虚拟机,没有公网 IP ,也没有设置域名解析,IP.1 和 DNS.1 都设为了虚拟机 IP 地址,可行。
-
执行命令生成 Server 证书
sudo openssl x509 -days 365 -req -in Server/Server_request.csr -extensions v3_req -CAkey CA/CA_private.key -CA CA/CA_root.crt -CAcreateserial -out Server/Server_root.crt -extfile openssl.cnf
成功显示:
Signature ok subject=C = CN, ST = BeiJing, L = BJ, O = Yogile, OU = Yogile, CN = Yogile, emailAddress = example@mail.com Getting CA Private Key
四、检查目录结构,确定无误
使用 tree
命令检查环境良好,配置无误:
yogile@debyogile:/etc/apache2/ownSSL$ tree
.
├── CA
│ ├── CA_private.key
│ ├── CA_request.csr
│ ├── CA_root.crt
│ └── CA_root.srl
├── openssl.cnf
└── Server
├── Server_private.key
├── Server_request.csr
└── Server_root.crt
2 directories, 8 files
五、Apache2 SSL 证书加载
- 特别注意:必须一步步按照后续步骤来,否则特别容易出错!
1. 停止 Apache2 服务
这一步必做 。
-
以 root 权限执行命令:
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop
-
这时应显示:
[ ok ] Stopping apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service.
2. 启用SSL模块
-
以 root 权限启用SSL模块:
sudo a2enmod ssl
如果执行成功显示:
Considering dependency setenvif for ssl: Module setenvif already enabled Considering dependency mime for ssl: Module mime already enabled Considering dependency socache_shmcb for ssl: Enabling module socache_shmcb. Enabling module ssl. See /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz on how to configure SSL and create self-signed certificates. To activate the new configuration, you need to run: systemctl restart apache2
-
它最后提醒你执行一条重启命令:
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
这里要以 root 权限执行这条命令,否则报错。
注意:这里重启了 Apache2。
3. 停止 Apache2 服务
这一步必做,和前两步的 “停止 Apache2 服务” 起到同样的效果 。
-
以 root 权限执行命令:
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop
-
这时应显示:
[ ok ] Stopping apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service.
4. 加载 SSL 配置文件 default-ssl.conf
-
以 root 权限执行命令:
sudo a2ensite default-ssl
正确返回结果:
yogile@debyogile:/etc/apache2# sudo a2ensite default-ssl a2ensite default-sslEnabling site default-ssl. To activate the new configuration, you need to run: systemctl reload apache2
它提醒执行
systemctl reload apache2
,先不管它,进行下一步 启动 Apache2 服务 。 -
这时 启动 Apache2 服务 :
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start
启动成功显示:
[ ok ] Starting apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service.
-
启动 Apache2 服务成功后,加载 SSL 配置文件 default-ssl.conf
sudo systemctl reload apache2
成功无显示。
四、Apache2 SSL 证书配置
加载完成了,修改其配置。
1. 添加监听端口
-
编辑监听端口配置文件
sudo vim /etc/apache2/ports.conf
一般显示:
# If you just change the port or add more ports here, you will likely also # have to change the VirtualHost statement in # /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf Listen 80 <IfModule ssl_module> Listen 443 </IfModule> <IfModule mod_gnutls.c> Listen 443 </IfModule> # vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet
-
添加监听端口 443
将示例中第 5 行
Listen 80
修改成Listen 80 443
:# If you just change the port or add more ports here, you will likely also # have to change the VirtualHost statement in #/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf Listen 80 443 <IfModule ssl_module> Listen 443 </IfModule> <IfModule mod_gnutls.c> Listen 443 </IfModule> # vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet
-
:wq
保存退出
2. 修改 SSL 配置文件 default-ssl.conf
-
编辑 SSL 配置文件 default-ssl.conf
sudo vim /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/default-ssl.conf
如果忽略注释会显示:
<IfModule mod_ssl.c> <VirtualHost _default_:443> ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost DocumentRoot /var/www/html SSLEngine on SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key <FilesMatch "\\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$"> SSLOptions +StdEnvVars </FilesMatch> <Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin> SSLOptions +StdEnvVars </Directory> </VirtualHost> </IfModule>
-
添加
ServerName <主机名>
,例:ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost ServerName yogile.icu DocumentRoot /var/www/html
这里的主机名填写为: 按 OpenSSL 文档操作时文件 exampleserver.cnf 中的
DNS.0
:[ alt_names ] DNS.0 = yogile.icu DNS.1 = www.yogile.icu
-
修改加载 SSL 证书位置,例:
SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/ownSSL/Server/Server_root.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/ownSSL/Server/Server_private.key
-
:wq
保存退出
3. 重启 Apache2 服务
-
输入命令重启 Apache2 服务
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
成功会显示:
[ ok ] Restarting apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service.
-
配benz置成功。
五、网页登录测试
1. 在浏览器中输入 https://
+域名、公网 IP 或私网 IP
2. 点击 “高级” -> 继续前往(不安全)
3. HTTPS(SSL) 配置成功
六、端口重定向
现在虽然实现了,HTTPS 协议服务,但是 80 端口依然可以访问 HTTP 协议服务。
可参考下一篇博客 树莓派/Debian HTTP 到 HTTPS 端口重定向 实现了 80 端口到 443 端口的重定向