linux命令之磁盘与文件系统管理命令（上）
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1.fdisk：磁盘分区工具
该命令是linux下常用的磁盘分区工具，但是只能给小于2TB的磁盘划分分区。
常用参数为-l，显示所有磁盘分区的信息。
示例：
1）显示磁盘分区列表
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk -l # 查看当前系统的所有磁盘分区信息 Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes # 磁盘/dev/sda的大小 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders # 255个虚拟磁头，63个扇区/磁道，2610个柱面 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes # 一个柱面的大小为8225280bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes #每个扇区的字节数 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes # 每次读写的字节数 Disk identifier: 0x0000db9b Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1045 8388608 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda2 * 1045 2611 12581888 83 Linux
说明：Device表示分区；Boot表示启动分区，用*表示；Start表示开始的柱面；End表示结束的柱面；Blocks表示快数量；Id表示分区类型Id；System表示分区类型。
2）模拟分区实战
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb # 不加参数，直接接设备名就可以进行分区 Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x784b7b62. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won‘t be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) and change display units to sectors (command ‘u‘). Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition‘s system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-130, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-130, default 130): +100M Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x784b7b62 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 14 112423+ 83 Linux Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) e Partition number (1-4): 2 First cylinder (15-130, default 15): Using default value 15 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (15-130, default 130): Using default value 130 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x784b7b62 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 14 112423+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 15 130 931770 5 Extended Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 3 No free sectors available Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4) l First cylinder (15-130, default 15): Using default value 15 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (15-130, default 130): +400M Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x784b7b62 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 14 112423+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 15 130 931770 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 15 66 417658+ 83 Linux Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4) l First cylinder (67-130, default 67): Using default value 67 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (67-130, default 130): Using default value 130 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x784b7b62 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 14 112423+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 15 130 931770 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 15 66 417658+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 67 130 514048+ 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. [[email protected] ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb # 执行该命令通知内核分区表已更新，不需要重启系统就可以让分区生效
格式化磁盘
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 文件系统标签= 操作系统:Linux 块大小=1024 (log=0) 分块大小=1024 (log=0) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 28112 inodes, 112420 blocks 5621 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 第一个数据块=1 Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008 14 block groups 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group 2008 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (4096 blocks): 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 21 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
挂载磁盘
[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt [[email protected] ~]# df -T Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 ext4 12253360 8557940 3066328 74% / tmpfs tmpfs 953140 80 953060 1% /dev/shm /dev/sr0 iso9660 3824484 3824484 0 100% /media/CentOS_6.8_Final /dev/sdb1 ext4 104769 1550 97598 2% /mnt
2.partprobe：更新内核的硬盘分区表信息
该命令用于在硬盘分区发生变化时，更新内核的硬盘分区表数据，可以在不重启系统时就更新分区表信息。
[[email protected] ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb
3.parted：磁盘分区工具
该命令用于对大于2TB的磁盘进行分区，并且要将磁盘转换为GPT格式。
常用的参数选项为-l，显示所有磁盘分区的信息。
通过parted -h或者直接通过parted进入交互模式后通过-h查看帮助。
[[email protected] ~]# parted GNU Parted 2.1 使用 /dev/sda Welcome to GNU Parted! Type ‘help‘ to view a list of commands. (parted) h align-check TYPE N check NUMBER cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER help [COMMAND] mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE # 创建分区表 mkfs NUMBER FS-TYPE mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END # 创建分区 mkpartfs PART-TYPE FS-TYPE START END # 创建带有文件系统的分区 move NUMBER START END name NUMBER NAME print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] # 显示分区表信息 quit rescue START END resize NUMBER START END rm NUMBER # 删除编号NUMBER的分区 select DEVICE set NUMBER FLAG STATE toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] unit UNIT version (parted)
示例：
1）显示分区情况
[[email protected] ~]# parted -l Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) # 磁盘类型 Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB # 磁盘大小 Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B # 扇区大小 Partition Table: msdos # 分区表类型 Number Start End Size Type File system 标志 1 1049kB 8591MB 8590MB primary linux-swap(v1) 2 8591MB 21.5GB 12.9GB primary ext4 启动
2）模拟分区实战
[[email protected] ~]# parted /dev/sdb # parted直接接需要分区的设备 GNU Parted 2.1 使用 /dev/sdb Welcome to GNU Parted! Type ‘help‘ to view a list of commands. (parted) mklabel gpt # 为sdb磁盘创建GPT分区表，大于2TB的磁盘必须执行这一步 (parted) mkpart primary 0 500 # 创建主分区，500M 警告: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance. 忽略/Ignore/放弃/Cancel? Ignore # 忽略警告 (parted) p # 显示分区表信息 Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name 标志 1 17.4kB 500MB 500MB primary (parted) mkpart logical 501 1000 # 创建逻辑分区，大小为500MB (parted) p # 显示分区表信息 Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 1074MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name 标志 1 17.4kB 500MB 500MB primary 2 501MB 1000MB 499MB logical (parted) quit # 退出 信息: You may need to update /etc/fstab. [[email protected] ~]# ls /dev/sdb* /dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 [[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 # 格式化 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 文件系统标签= 操作系统:Linux 块大小=1024 (log=0) 分块大小=1024 (log=0) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 122400 inodes, 488264 blocks 24413 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 第一个数据块=1 Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152 60 block groups 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group 2040 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. [[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt #挂载
4.mkfs：创建linux文件系统
该命令用于在指定的设备或者分区上创建格式化并创建文件系统。
常用的参数有-t：指定要创建的文件系统类型，也可以直接使用mkfs.ext4创建ext4文件系统。
5.df：报告文件系统磁盘空间的使用情况
该命令用于显示文件系统磁盘空间的使用情况。
| 参数 | 说明 |
| -h（常用） | 以容易理解的格式显示磁盘的使用情况 |
| -i（常用） | 显示文件系统的inode信息 |
| -T（常用） | 列出文件系统的类型 |
示例：
1）显示磁盘的使用情况
[[email protected] ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 12253360 8557460 3066808 74% / tmpfs 953140 0 953140 0% /dev/shm
2）-h选项
[[email protected] ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 12G 8.2G 3.0G 74% / tmpfs 931M 72K 931M 1% /dev/shm
3）列出文件系统的类型
[[email protected] ~]# df -T Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 ext4 12253360 8557556 3066712 74% / tmpfs tmpfs 953140 72 953068 1% /dev/shm
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