[词性] 十五介词 5 [ by ] [ during ] [ for ]
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[ by ]
Tip: by是出现频率很高的介词,有些情况下不属于介词
① stand by 支持
② pass by 路过
特殊用法 被动语态 by sb 表示 被...
Tip: (时间),不迟于,到...时为止
时态要求必须是 现在完成时态或过去完成时态
[例1]:He ought to be here by now. 到现在这个点,他应该到这里了
[例2]:By the end of this term,I had learned 300 words
[例3]:You must hand over your homework by Thursday.
你必须在星期四之前把作业交上来
Tip: (位置),靠近,在...旁边,在...身边;跟 beside 是同义词
by 强调 靠近,beside表示在旁边
基本上做地点状语、表语或后置定语
① beside the sea = by the sea 在海边
② beside the river = by the river 在河边
[例1]:The woman sells kites by the sea every day.
[例2]:The house beside the sea is beautiful.
The house by the sea is beautiful.
[例3]:We are by the river. 我们在河边
[例4]:Come and sit by me. 过来坐我旁边
Tip: (方法、手段),靠,用,以,通过,乘
by 跟表示交通工具的名词构成介词短语表示 乘坐...交通工具
这种用法的 by 后面的名词 不加冠词或限定词也不变复数
专门用做 方式状语 方式状语?
by bike by subway by bus by taxi by air by plane
by sea 乘船 by ship 乘船 by land 通过 / 走陆路
主语 + go + to (介词) + 地方 + by + 交通工具
[例1]:My students will go to Dubai by bike.
[例2]:My net friend went to Beijing by bike.
[例3]:She goes to the supermarket by subway.
[例4]:She arrived in Guangxi by plane. 它坐飞机来到广西
[例4]:Did you come by train or by boat ?
come to + 地方 travel to + 地方 arrive at + 小地方 arrive in + 大地方
注意:by + 动名词 构成的介词短语表示 通过什么动作,什么方式,做方式状语
[例1]:I increased my words by reading more novels.
Tip: (运动方向),沿着,经过,经由
by 有些时候表示 经过...地方,多数情况下跟特定的动词搭配或属于动词短语
[例1]:They came through the fields,not by the hill road.
他们是经过田野来的,而不是经过山路
[例2]:I go to school by his house. 我每天路过他家去上学
Tip: (标准、度量、数量),根据,按...以...
表示 按 / 以 / 根据 ... 标准或数量,一般情况做状语
[例1]:Don't judge a man by his clothes. 不要以貌取人
[例2]:In America many workers are paid by the week.
[ during ]
Tip: 在...期间,在...的时候
during 可以跟一个 表示特定时间的名词 构成介词短语,这个词必须在意义上是含有一段时间的词语,不能表示时刻
① during World War Ⅱ 二战期间
② during Spring Festival 春节期间
③ during the summer holiday 这个暑假期间
④ during the winter holiday 这个寒假期间
⑤ during the spring break 这个春假期间
⑥ during the year of 1998 1998年期间
⑦ during the meal 这顿饭期间;吃饭期间
⑧ during the party 这次聚会期间
⑨ during my stay in Beijing 我在北京停留的期间;我在北京待着的时候
⑩ during your absence 你不在的时候;你不在的期间
during + 冠词the + 数词 + 表示时间的名词复数
① during the ten days 这十天期间
② during the three months 这三个月期间
③ during the three hours 这三个小时期间
④ during these days 这些天期间
以上用法一般做时间状语用在一般过去时态
[例1]:She earned one million dollars during the ten days.
这十天期间,她赚了100万美元
[例2]:She met a lot of friends during the three years.
在这三年期间,她遇到了很多朋友
[例3]:He came during your absence. 你不在的时候,他来过
[例4]:I taught my younger sister Engish during the summer holiday.
暑假期间,我教我妹妹英语
[例5]:I was happy during my stay in Beijing.
注意:如果在特定的时间、背景下,也可以用在一般将来时态 或 一般现在时态
[例1]:I will write three books during the two years.
在这两年期间,我要写三本书
[例2]:I will tell you something important during the meal.
吃饭的时候,我会告诉你一些重要的事情
[例3]:I order Beijing roasted duck every time during my stay in Beijing.
每次在北京的时候,我都会点北京烤鸭
[ for ]
for 是一个很常见的词语,但是很多时候不是以介词的身份出现的,
for 的动词短语:look for 寻找 ask for 要求
for 的固定搭配:be good for 对...有好处 be famous for 以...出名
for 做介词有以下几种情况
① (目的、目标、用途) 为了...,替代...,对于...,给...
for 可以跟名词或代词构成一个介词短语,表示目的,表达 为了... 的意思,主要做目的状语
for + 表示人 或 抽象概念的名词
for + 代词的宾格
for beautiful girls 为了漂亮女孩 for health 为了健康
for his wife 为了他妻子 for happiness 为了幸福
for her husband 为了她丈夫 for me 为了我 for him 为了他
for money 为了钱 for power 为了权力 for work 为了工作
[例1]:Many people learn English for work / for interest.
目的状语,很多人为了工作或兴趣学英语
[例2]:Girl make up for men. 女孩为了男人化妆
[例3]:I run every morning for health. 我每天早上为了健康跑步
[例4]:She works hard for beautiful clothes. 她为了买漂亮衣服努力工作
[例5]:She changed her habit for her husband. 她为了老公改了她的习惯habit
[例6]:He came here for a meeting. 他来这里是为了开会
② for 能延伸出 帮 的意思
[例1]:I will buy a book for you. 我将要帮你买本书
③ for也有 给 的意思,一般做表语,其意思并不是双宾动词 give
[例1]:I gave you a book. 我给你一本书
[例1]:The letter is for you. 这封信是给你的 (这封信是你的)
[例2]:The apple is for you. 这个苹果是给你的 (这个苹果是你的)
④ for 在某些固定搭配里面还可以表示 对,对于 的意思
[例1]:Tea is good for your health. 茶对你的健康有好处
注意:for 跟动名词构成一个介词短语,主要表示原因,做原因状语,很少用
⑤ (方向、倾向、能力) 向,往
leave + 地方 + for + 地方 前往...
[例1]:They went out for lunch. 他们出去吃午饭了
⑥ (时间、距离、数量) 经历,计,达 主要用于现在完成时态
for five days 五天了 for five years 五年了 for a year 一年了
偶尔用在 一般过去时态、一般将来时态、一般现在时态
[例1]:I will stay in Guangxi for five years. 我将在广西待五年
⑦ (交换、补偿) 与...交换,用 固定搭配
Exchange A for B 用 A 来换取 B
[例1]:He exchanged his cow for a horse. 他用他的牛换了一匹马
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