Oracle LiveLabs实验：Oracle Database Hybrid Active Data Guard
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概述
此实验申请地址在这里，时间为4小时。
实验手册在这里。
在整个实验中，会创建主备数据库系统，都在OCI上创建。主数据库系统即On-Premises端，备数据库系统即云端，共同组成混合云架构。随后我们会构建主备数据库系统间的ADG。
此实验对于手工搭建ADG很有帮助。
实验 1: 创建主数据库系统
任务1-4：通过Resource Manager创建实例
打包的 terraform 主数据库实例创建脚本 db19c-primary-num.zip
此脚本会创建VCN和一个Shape为VM.Standard2.1的计算实例，名为primary。VCN的Security List中已添加规则，允许ingress到1521的访问。
创建完成后记录其公网IP地址：XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX
主数据库系统也可以直接用OCI中的数据库模板创建，使用的VCN是公网就行。因为为了简便，最终主备数据库系统是通过公网地址通讯的。
任务5：确认数据库已启动
登录计算实例，查看数据库创建日志：
$ tail -f /u01/ocidb/buildsingle.log
INFO (node:primary): Current Single Instance state (11:16:52)...
oracle 13570 1 0 10:46 ? 00:00:00 /u01/app/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/bin/tnslsnr LISTENER -inherit
oracle 18631 1 0 11:16 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbw0_ORCL
INFO (node:primary): Single Instance running (see output above)
2022-01-21 11:16:52:[singlestate:Time :primary] Completed successfully in 0 seconds (0h:00m:00s)
2022-01-21 11:16:52:[buildsingle:Done :primary] Building 19c Single Instance
2022-01-21 11:16:52:[buildsingle:Time :primary] Completed successfully in 1856 seconds (0h:30m:56s)
确认数据库和监听均已启动：
ps -ef | grep ORCL
ps -ef | grep tns
确认数据库可以登录：
sudo su - oracle
sqlplus system/Ora_DB4U@localhost:1521/orclpdb
记录数据库名和版本：
SQL> select banner_full from v$version;
BANNER_FULL
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 19.11.0.0.0
SQL> select NAME from v$database;
NAME
---------
ORCL
实验2: 准备主数据库系统
以下均在主数据库系统操作。
任务1: Open the 1521 Port for the on-premise Database
在VCN设置中，1521端口已开放。此处是指在操作系统一级开放：
sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=1521/tcp --permanent
sudo firewall-cmd --reload
sudo firewall-cmd --list-all | grep 1521
任务2: Enable ssh Connect for the Oracle User
其实这一步可以不做，因为用户默认就是可以ssh的，但这一步的目的主要是为了安全，也就是只允许oracle和opc用户ssh。
sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
# 加入以下
AllowUsers oracle opc
sudo systemctl restart sshd.service
任务3: Enable TDE
Oracle MAA 最佳实践建议使用 Oracle 透明数据加密 (TDE) 来加密主数据库和备用数据库，以确保所有数据都是静态加密的。 数据可以在迁移过程中转换，但强烈建议在迁移之前转换为 TDE，以提供最安全的 Data Guard 环境。
sudo su - oracle
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/ORCL/wallet
在文件$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora中添加以下：
ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION =
(SOURCE = (METHOD = FILE)
(METHOD_DATA =
(DIRECTORY = /u01/app/oracle/admin/ORCL/wallet)
)
)
在数据库中创建，打开keystore，创建master key：
connect / as sysdba
-- create keystore
administer key management create keystore '/u01/app/oracle/admin/ORCL/wallet' identified by "Ora_DB4U";
-- open keystore
administer key management set keystore open identified by "Ora_DB4U" container=all;
-- create master key
administer key management set key identified by "Ora_DB4U" with backup using 'backup' container=all;
-- Make keystore autologin
administer key management create auto_login keystore from keystore '/u01/app/oracle/admin/ORCL/wallet' identified by "Ora_DB4U";
-- Reset wallet from PASSWORD to AUTOLOGIN mode.
administer key management set keystore close identified by "Ora_DB4U" container=all;
查看keystore状态：
WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS WALLET_TYP WALLET_OR KEYSTORE FULLY_BAC CON_ID
---------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- --------- -------- --------- ----------
FILE /u01/app/oracle/admin/ORCL/wallet/ OPEN AUTOLOGIN SINGLE NONE NO 1
FILE OPEN AUTOLOGIN SINGLE UNITED NO 2
FILE OPEN AUTOLOGIN SINGLE UNITED NO 3
任务4: Encrypt the Data Files
本例仅加密PDB中的USERS表空间。
先确认其未加密：
SQL> alter session set container=orclpdb;
Session altered.
SQL> select tablespace_name, encrypted from dba_tablespaces;
TABLESPACE_NAME ENC
------------------------------ ---
SYSTEM NO
SYSAUX NO
UNDOTBS1 NO
TEMP NO
USERS NO
加密USERS表空间：
SQL> alter tablespace users encryption online encrypt;
Tablespace altered.
SQL> select tablespace_name, encrypted from dba_tablespaces;
TABLESPACE_NAME ENC
------------------------------ ---
SYSTEM NO
SYSAUX NO
UNDOTBS1 NO
TEMP NO
USERS YES
任务5: Enable the Network Encryption
对于未由 TDE 加密的任何其他数据库有效负载（例如数据文件或重做标头），也需要通过VPN 连接或 Oracle Net 加密。 在本实验中，您使用公共 Internet 连接本地和云端，因此您需要启用网络加密。
检查网络服务：
connect / as sysdba
set linesize 120
col network_service_banner for a85
select i.network_service_banner from v$session_connect_info i, v$session s where s.sid=i.sid and s.serial# = i.serial# and s.username = 'SYS';
NETWORK_SERVICE_BANNER
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Bequeath NT Protocol Adapter for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Authentication service for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Encryption service for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Crypto-checksumming service for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
在$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora文件中添加以下：
SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_SERVER=REQUIRED
SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_SERVER=REQUIRED
SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_SERVER=(AES256,AES192,AES128)
SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_SERVER=(SHA1)
SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_CLIENT=REQUIRED
SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_CLIENT=REQUIRED
SQLNET.ENCRYPTION_TYPES_CLIENT=(AES256,AES192,AES128)
SQLNET.CRYPTO_CHECKSUM_TYPES_CLIENT=(SHA1)
再次检查网络服务，增加了AES256和SHA1两行，表明网络加密已生效：
NETWORK_SERVICE_BANNER
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Bequeath NT Protocol Adapter for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Authentication service for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Encryption service for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
AES256 Encryption service adapter for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Crypto-checksumming service for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
SHA1 Crypto-checksumming service adapter for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
6 rows selected.
任务6: Enable Achivelog and Flashback
默认未开启归档：
SQL> archive log list
Database log mode No Archive Mode
Automatic archival Disabled
Archive destination /u01/app/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/dbs/arch
Oldest online log sequence 15
Current log sequence 17
开启归档和Flashback：
shutdown immediate
startup mount
alter database archivelog;
!mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/fra/ORCL
ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE = 10G SCOPE=BOTH SID='*';
ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST = '/u01/app/oracle/fra/ORCL' SCOPE=BOTH SID='*';
alter database flashback on;
alter database open;
确认均已开启：
SQL> archive log list
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 15
Next log sequence to archive 17
Current log sequence 17
SQL> select flashback_on from v$database;
FLASHBACK_ON
------------------
YES
任务7: Change Redo Log Size and Create Standby Log
查看redo log group，大小为200M。而最佳建议为1G：
SQL> select group#, bytes, status from v$log;
GROUP# BYTES STATUS
---------- ---------- ----------------
1 209715200 INACTIVE
2 209715200 CURRENT
3 209715200 INACTIVE
添加3个1G大小的redo log group：
alter database add logfile group 4 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/redo04.log' size 1024M;
alter database add logfile group 5 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/redo05.log' size 1024M;
alter database add logfile group 6 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/redo06.log' size 1024M;
执行多次log switch，直到3个老的200MB的log group变为INACTIVE，然后删除它们：
alter system switch logfile;
alter system checkpoint;
SQL> select group#, bytes, status from v$log;
GROUP# BYTES STATUS
---------- ---------- ----------------
1 209715200 INACTIVE
2 209715200 INACTIVE
3 209715200 INACTIVE
4 1073741824 INACTIVE
5 1073741824 CURRENT
6 1073741824 UNUSED
6 rows selected.
alter database drop logfile group 1;
alter database drop logfile group 2;
alter database drop logfile group 3;
现在我们有了3个1G的redo log group。
按照最佳建议，我们需要创建4个4 standby log group，srl表示standby redo log：
alter database add standby logfile thread 1 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/srl_redo01.log' size 1024M;
alter database add standby logfile thread 1 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/srl_redo02.log' size 1024M;
alter database add standby logfile thread 1 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/srl_redo03.log' size 1024M;
alter database add standby logfile thread 1 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/srl_redo04.log' size 1024M;
查看状态：
SQL> select group#,thread#,bytes from v$standby_log;
GROUP# THREAD# BYTES
---------- ---------- ----------
1 1 1073741824
2 1 1073741824
3 1 1073741824
7 1 1073741824
任务8: Modify the Init Parameters for Best Practice
alter system set STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO scope=both;
alter system set DB_LOST_WRITE_PROTECT=TYPICAL scope=both;
alter system set FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET=300 scope=both;
实验3: 创建备数据库系统
在OCI中通过VCN Wizrad创建一个VCN，启用公网连接。名字无所谓，使用默认参数。
在Default Security List中。添加规则，允许ingress到1521的TCP/IP访问。
创建Shape为VM.Stanard2.1的单实例VM DBCS数据库系统，参数如下：
- 数据库系统名：dbstandby
- 软件版本：EE-EP
- storage management software：Logical Volume Manager。
- Hostname prefix: dbstby 最多16字节，为避免重复，建议加个日期或时间
- 数据库名：ORCL，必须与源数据库一致。
- 数据库版本：19.11.0.0，必须与源数据库一致。
- PDB name: orclpdb
- Database unique name suffix：stby 强烈建议填写，这样名字可以固定下来
- 网络：具有公网的子网
数据库系统建立完毕后，记录数据库信息：
- Database Unique Name：ORCL_lin1dq
- 公网IP：129.152.2.194
实验4：设置主备数据库系统间的连接
在 Data Guard 配置中，信息在主数据库和备用数据库之间双向传输。 这需要在主数据库和备用数据库上进行基本配置、网络调整和开放端口。
任务1: 配置主机名解析
在主数据库系统的/etc/hosts中，添加备数据库系统的主机名解析：
129.152.2.194 dbstby
在备数据库系统的/etc/hosts中，添加主数据库系统的主机名解析：
129.152.12.48 primary primary.subnet1.primaryvcn.oraclevcn.com
任务2: Prompt-less SSH configure
配置主数据库系统到备数据库系统的oracle用户无口令SSH访问。
在主数据库系统，oracle用户下，生成秘钥对，拷贝公钥：
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
$ ls -l ~/.ssh
total 8
-rw-------. 1 oracle oinstall 1679 Jan 21 15:18 id_rsa
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall 396 Jan 21 15:18 id_rsa.pub
$ cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDF6icBzKzUj8PmdmWLVSyF5QoNEt+wqYV7OXoyEPi4eKlZtD3+PcdyT+rtUd+WFGXpn78YO7zpskhzWuXRUBJNHJ3PgQdicT/0l2IR0/SE/LRLIxSTV3X9O42JvKes+XebXBQdBayqeeAClqh0FzDQQJtGu0/g8w56NahadCw8hEphFsuDzbwq2V/i/4hLNQEhupcbEJHgsNN+tC9C8xH68e8SfnudmCpZ8lhk3GUgBA5MGd3LwGzjCQHRnVh2s2UmmyVEbp3cIz774q6DyvlR6KJ2/AAUiBjo5IDJK/XleIyS+q724X4/eLEeLxYsU7XPmTde8+4mdEl9LdnOTAxN oracle@primary
将公钥追加到备数据库系统，oracle用户下的~/.ssh/authorized_keys文件中。
[oracle@dbstby ~]$ cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDF6icBzKzUj8PmdmWLVSyF5QoNEt+wqYV7OXoyEPi4eKlZtD3+PcdyT+rtUd+WFGXpn78YO7zpskhzWuXRUBJNHJ3PgQdicT/0l2IR0/SE/LRLIxSTV3X9O42JvKes+XebXBQdBayqeeAClqh0FzDQQJtGu0/g8w56NahadCw8hEphFsuDzbwq2V/i/4hLNQEhupcbEJHgsNN+tC9C8xH68e8SfnudmCpZ8lhk3GUgBA5MGd3LwGzjCQHRnVh2s2UmmyVEbp3cIz774q6DyvlR6KJ2/AAUiBjo5IDJK/XleIyS+q724X4/eLEeLxYsU7XPmTde8+4mdEl9LdnOTAxN oracle@primary
确认主数据库系统的oracle用户可以无口令ssh登录备数据库系统。
$ ssh oracle@dbstby echo Test success
模仿以上过程，配置备数据库系统到主数据库系统的oracle用户无口令SSH访问，此略。测试语句如下：
ssh oracle@primary echo Test success
实验5A：Deploy Active Data Guard with LVM
任务 1: Manually Delete the Standby Database Created by Tooling
登录备数据库：
SQL> select DB_UNIQUE_NAME from v$database;
DB_UNIQUE_NAME
------------------------------
ORCL_lin1dq
根据上一步输出的DB_UNIQUE_NAME，形成以下脚本并运行：
connect / as sysdba
set heading off linesize 999 pagesize 0 feedback off trimspool on
spool /tmp/files.lst
select 'rm '||name from v$datafile union all select 'rm '||name from v$tempfile union all select 'rm '||member from v$logfile;
spool off
create pfile='/tmp/ORCL_lin1dq.pfile' from spfile;
关闭数据库：
connect / as sysdba
shutdown immediate
运行通过spool生成的脚本文件，删除数据和日志文件：
chmod a+x /tmp/files.lst
vi /tmp/files.lst，删除第1行和最后1行
. /tmp/files.lst
任务 2: Copy the Password File to the Cloud Host
在备数据库系统，拷贝主数据库系统的口令文件：
# 以oracle用户运行
scp oracle@primary:/u01/app/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/dbs/orapwORCL $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
任务 3: Copying the Wallet File to the Cloud Host
在备数据库系统：
export DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ORCL_lin1dq
scp oracle@primary:/u01/app/oracle/admin/ORCL/wallet/ewallet.p12 /opt/oracle/dcs/commonstore/wallets/tde/$DB_UNIQUE_NAME
scp oracle@primary:/u01/app/oracle/admin/ORCL/wallet/cwallet.sso /opt/oracle/dcs/commonstore/wallets/tde/$DB_UNIQUE_NAME
chmod 600 /opt/oracle/dcs/commonstore/wallets/tde/$DB_UNIQUE_NAME/*wallet*
任务 4: Configure Static Listeners
A static listener is needed for initial instantiation of a standby database. The static listener enables remote connection to an instance while the database is down in order to start a given instance. See MOS 1387859.1 for additional details. A static listener for Data Guard Broker is optional.
在主数据库系统的$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/listener.ora文件中添加以下：
SID_LIST_LISTENER=
(SID_LIST=
(SID_DESC=
(GLOBAL_DBNAME=ORCL)
(ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1)
(SID_NAME=ORCL)
)
(SID_DESC=
(GLOBAL_DBNAME=ORCL_DGMGRL)
(ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1)
(SID_NAME=ORCL)
)
)
然后reload 监听：
lsnrctl reload
在备数据库系统的$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/listener.ora文件中添加以下，注意GLOBAL_DBNAME需与DB_UNIQUE_NAME一致：
SID_LIST_LISTENER=
(SID_LIST=
(SID_DESC=
(GLOBAL_DBNAME=ORCL_lin1dq)
(ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/19.0.0/dbhome_1)
(SID_NAME=ORCL)
)
(SID_DESC=
(GLOBAL_DBNAME=ORCL_lin1dq_DGMGRL)
(ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/19.0.0/dbhome_1)
(SID_NAME=ORCL)
)
)
然后reload 监听：
lsnrctl reload
mount备数据库，虽然之前删除了所有数据文件，但是mount还是没问题的：
$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Sat Jan 22 01:53:28 2022
Version 19.11.0.0.0
Copyright (c) 1982, 2020, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect / as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 6442449464 bytes
Fixed Size 9148984 bytes
Variable Size 1090519040 bytes
Database Buffers 5318377472 bytes
Redo Buffers 24403968 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 19c EE Extreme Perf Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 19.11.0.0.0
任务 5: TNS Entries for Redo Transport
在主数据库端的tnsnames.ora文件中，添加以下net service name，用于传输redo：
# $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
ORCL_lin1dq =
(DESCRIPTION =
(SDU=65536)
(RECV_BUF_SIZE=134217728)
(SEND_BUF_SIZE=134217728)
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = dbstby)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = ORCL_lin1dq)
(UR=A)
)
)
当前，备数据库端的tnsnames.ora文件如下：
# $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
ORCL_LIN1DQ =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = dbstby.sub01211258140.myvcn.oraclevcn.com)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = ORCL_lin1dq.sub01211258140.myvcn.oraclevcn.com)
)
)
改为如下：
## 以下为修改的，改动为去除HOST和SERVICE_NAME中的域名
## 不同的数据库域名在做DML重定向时会报错。
ORCL_LIN1DQ =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = dbstby)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = ORCL_lin1dq)
)
)
## 以下为新增的
ORCL =
(DESCRIPTION =
(SDU=65536)
(RECV_BUF_SIZE=134217728)
(SEND_BUF_SIZE=134217728)
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = primary)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = ORCL)
(UR=A)
)
)
接下来需要设置TCP socket size为128M（134217728）。备数据库系统已经设置好了：
# /sbin/sysctl -p | grep net.core.*max
net.core.rmem_max = 134217728
net.core.wmem_max = 134217728
我们只需设置主数据库系统，在/etc/sysctl.conf中修改以下：
net.core.rmem_max = 134217728
net.core.wmem_max = 134217728
使其生效并确认：
# sudo /sbin/sysctl -p
# sudo /sbin/sysctl -a | egrep net.core.[w,r]mem_max
net.core.rmem_max = 134217728
net.core.wmem_max = 134217728
任务 6: Instantiate the Standby Database
在备数据库系统，以oracle用户，首先建立目录：
export DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ORCL_lin1dq
mkdir -p /u02/app/oracle/oradata/$DB_UNIQUE_NAME/pdbseed
mkdir -p /u02/app/oracle/oradata/$DB_UNIQUE_NAME/orclpdb
mkdir -p /u03/app/oracle/redo/$DB_UNIQUE_NAME/onlinelog
以sysdba运行以下SQL（此时数据库处于MOUNTED状态）：
alter system set db_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL','/u02/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL_lin1dq' scope=spfile;
alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='/u03/app/oracle/redo/ORCL_lin1dq/onlinelog' scope=spfile;
alter system set log_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL','/u03/app/oracle/redo/ORCL_lin1dq/onlinelog' scope=spfile;
alter system set db_domain='' scope=spfile;
关闭数据库：
shutdown immediate
用RMAN将数据库启动到nomount状态：
[oracle@dbstby ~]$ rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Sat Jan 22 03:48:57 2022
Version 19.11.0.0.0
Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database (not started)
RMAN> startup nomount
Oracle instance started
Total System Global Area 6442449464 bytes
Fixed Size 9148984 bytes
Variable Size 1090519040 bytes
Database Buffers 5318377472 bytes
Redo Buffers 24403968 bytes
执行恢复：
-- 从主数据库系统恢复controlfile
RMAN> restore standby controlfile from service 'ORCL';
Starting restore at 22-JAN-22
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=179 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: using network backup set from service ORCL
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring control file
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02
output file name=/u02/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL_lin1dq/control01.ctl
output file name=/u03/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL_LIN1DQ/control02.ctl
Finished restore at 22-JAN-22
-- mount数据库
RMAN> alter database mount;
released channel: ORA_DISK_1
Statement processed
-- 恢复数据库，需要一些时间
RMAN> restore database from service 'ORCL' section size 5G;
-- 关闭数据库
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