一张图搞懂MySQL的索引失效
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全值匹配(索引最佳)
explain select * from user where name = \'zhangsan\' and age = 20 and pos = \'cxy\' and phone = \'18730658760\';
和索引顺序无关,MySQL底层的优化器会进行优化,调整索引的顺序 explain select * from user where name = \'zhangsan\' and age = 20 and pos = \'cxy\' and phone = \'18730658760\';
1、违反最左前缀法则
如果索引有多列,要遵守最左前缀法则 即查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列 explain select * from user where age = 20 and phone = \'18730658760\' and pos = \'cxy\';
2、在索引列上做任何操作
如计算、函数、(自动or手动)类型转换等操作,会导致索引失效从而全表扫描 explain select * from user where left(name,5) = \'zhangsan\' and age = 20 and phone = \'18730658760\';
3、索引范围条件右边的列
索引范围条件右边的索引列会失效 explain select * from user where name = \'zhangsan\' and age > 20 and pos = \'cxy\';
4、尽量使用覆盖索引
只访问索引查询(索引列和查询列一致),减少select* explain select name,age,pos,phone from user where age = 20;
5、使用不等于(!=、<>)
mysql在使用不等于(!=、<>)的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描(除覆盖索引外) explain select * from user where age != 20; explain select * from user where age <> 20;
6、like以通配符开头(\'%abc\')
索引失效 explain select * from user where name like \'%zhangsan\';
索引生效 explain select * from user where name like \'zhangsan%\';
7、字符串不加单引号索引失效
explain select * from user where name = 2000;
8、or连接
少用or explain select * from user where name = \'2000\' or age = 20 or pos =\'cxy\';
9、order by
正常(索引参与了排序) explain select * from user where name = \'zhangsan\' and age = 20 order by age,pos; 备注:索引有两个作用:排序和查找
导致额外的文件排序(会降低性能) explain select name,age from user where name = \'zhangsan\' order by pos;//违反最左前缀法则 explain select name,age from user where name = \'zhangsan\' order by pos,age;//违反最左前缀法则 explain select * from user where name = \'zhangsan\' and age = 20 order by created_time,age;//含非索引字段
10、group by
正常(索引参与了排序) explain select name,age from user where name = \'zhangsan\' group by age; 备注:分组之前必排序(排序同order by)
导致产生临时表(会降低性能) explain select name,pos from user where name = \'zhangsan\' group by pos;//违反最左前缀法则 explain select name,age from user where name = \'zhangsan\' group by pos,age;//违反最左前缀法则 explain select name,age from user where name = \'zhangsan\' group by age,created_time;//含非索引字段
使用的示例数据
mysql> show create table user \\G ****************************************************** Table: user Create Table: CREATE TABLE `user` ( `id` int(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL, `age` int(10) DEFAULT \'0\', `pos` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL, `phone` varchar(11) DEFAULT NULL, `created_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `idx_name_age_pos_phone` (`name`,`age`,`pos`,`phone`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
了解更多SQL常见问题及解决方式请查看原文:https://developer.aliyun.com/article/741403?utm_content=g_1000097870
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