SQLAchemy

Posted 2020-08-27 xone

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

 

pip install SQLAlchemy 

 

 创建表

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

# 创建单表
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'users\'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32))
    extra = Column(String(16))

    __table_args__ = (
    UniqueConstraint(\'id\', \'name\', name=\'uix_id_name\'),
        Index(\'ix_id_name\', \'name\', \'extra\'),
    )


# 一对多
class Favor(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'favor\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default=\'red\', unique=True)


class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'person\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))


# 多对多
class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'group\'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    port = Column(Integer, default=22)


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'server\'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)


class ServerToGroup(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'servertogroup\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(\'server.id\'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(\'group.id\'))


def init_db():
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db(): #执行删除表操作
    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

init_db() #执行建表操作

 

操作表

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

# 创建单表
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'users\'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32))
    extra = Column(String(16))

    __table_args__ = (
    UniqueConstraint(\'id\', \'name\', name=\'uix_id_name\'),
        Index(\'ix_id_name\', \'name\', \'extra\'),
    )

    def __repr__(self):　　# 自定义返回值
        return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)

# 一对多
class Favor(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'favor\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default=\'red\', unique=True)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)

class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'person\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
    favor = relationship("Favor", backref=\'pers\')

# 多对多
class ServerToGroup(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'servertogroup\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(\'server.id\'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(\'group.id\'))
    group = relationship("Group", backref=\'s2g\')
    server = relationship("Server", backref=\'s2g\')

class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'group\'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    port = Column(Integer, default=22)
    # group = relationship(\'Group\',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref=\'host_list\')


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'server\'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)




def init_db():
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)


Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

# 增
obj = Users(name="alex0", extra=\'sb\')
session.add(obj)
session.add_all([
    Users(name="alex1", extra=\'sb\'),
    Users(name="alex2", extra=\'sb\'),
])
session.commit()


# 删
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()

# 改
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")   #synchronize_session=\'evaluate\'设置Users.num+1为数字相加
session.commit()

# 查
ret = session.query(Users).all()
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=\'alex\').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=\'alex\').first()


#　条件查
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=\'alex\').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == \'eric\').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == \'eric\').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name=\'eric\'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == \'eric\')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == \'eric\')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
    or_(
        Users.id < 2,
        and_(Users.name == \'eric\', Users.id > 3),
        Users.extra != ""
    )).all()


# 通配符查
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like(\'e%\')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like(\'e%\')).all()

# 限制查
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]

# 排序查
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()

# 分组查
from sqlalchemy.sql import func

ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()

ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()

# 连表查

ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()  #isouter=True就是left join，想要right join就换个位置。


# 组合查
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()　　#union默认去重

q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()　　#union_all不去重