mysql子查询

Posted Norni

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参考url:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12b411K7Zu?p=132

 

含义:出现在其他语句内部的select语句,称为子查询或内查询

     内部嵌套其他select语句的查询,称为主查询或外查询

示例:

  SELECT first_name FROM employees

  WHERE department_id in (

    SELECT department_id FROM departments

    WHERE location_id=1700

  )

 

分类:

  1) 按子查询出现的位置

    SELECT后面:仅仅支持标量子查询

    FROM 后面:支持表子查询

    WHEREHAVING后面:标量子查询、列子查询、行子查询

    EXISTS后面(相关子查询):表子查询

  2) 按结果集的行列数不同

    标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)

    列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)

    行子查询(结果集有一行多列)

    表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)

 

特点:

  1) 子查询放在小括号内

  2) 子查询一般放在条件的右侧

  3) 标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用 < > = <= >= ,.

  4) 列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用  in allany/some

  5) 子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

1、标量子查询

  案例1:谁的工资比Abel高?

      SELECT *

      FROM employees

      WHERE salary>(

        SELECT salary

        FROM employees

        WHERE last_name=’Abel’

      );

  案例2:返回job_id141号员工相同,salary143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id和工资

      SELECT last_name,job_id,salary

      FROM employees

      WHERE job_id=(

        SELECT job_id

        FROM employees

        WHERE employee_id=141

      ) AND salary>(

        SELECT salary

        FROM employees

        WHERE employee_id=143

      );

2、列子查询(多行子查询)

  案例1:返回location_id14001700的部门中的所有员工姓名

      SELECT last_name

      FROM employees

      WHERE department_id IN (

        SELECT DISTINCT department_id

        FROM departments

        WHERE location_id IN (1400,1700)

      );

  案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号,姓名,job_id以及salary

      SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary

      FROM employees

      WHERE salary<ANY(

        SELECT DISTINCT salary

        FROM employees

        WHERE job_id=’IT_PROG’

      ) AND job_id <>’IT_PROG’;

  案例3:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种所有的工资低的员工的员工号,姓名,job_id以及salary

      SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary

      FROM employees

      WHERE salary<ALL(

        SELECT DISTINCT salary

        FROM employees

        WHERE job_id=’IT_PROG’

      ) AND job_id <>’IT_PROG’;

3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)

  案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

      SELECT *

      FROM employees

      WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(

        SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)

        FROM employees

      );

      或

      SELECT *

      FROM employees

      WHERE employee_Id=(

        SELECT MIN(employee)

        FROM employees

      ) AND salary=(

        SELECT MAX(salary)

        FROM employees

      );

4、Select后面(仅仅支持标量子查询)

  案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数

      SELECT d.*,(

        SELECT COUNT(*)

        FROM employees AS e

        WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id

      ) AS 个数

      FROM departments d;

  案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名

      SELECT (

        SELECT department_name

        FROM departments d

        INNER JOIN employees e

        ON d.department_id=e.departmenta_id

        WHERE e.employee_id=102

      ) AS 部门名;

5、FROM后面(将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名)

  案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级

      SELECT ag_dep.*,g.grade_level

      FROM (

        SELECT AVG(salary) AS ag,department_id

        FROM employees

        GROUP BY department_id

      ) AS ag_dep

      INNER JOIN job_grades AS g

      ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;

6、Exists后面(相关子查询)

  语法:exists(完整的查询语句)

  结果:1或0

  案例1:查询有员工的部门名

      SELECT department_name

      FROM departments d

      WHERE EXISTS(

        SELECT *

        FROM employees e

        WHERE d.department_id=e.department_id

      )

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