sqlalchemy 大全

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原生sql  转换成 sqlalchemy

SELECT                                                             
  a.uid,count( if (a.total_sell_balance>a.total_buy_balance,true,null)) / count(*) as num1, 
  count(*) as num2,
  count( if (a.total_sell_balance>a.total_buy_balance,true,null)) as profitnum,   CASE     WHEN b.trade_days <= 20 THEN b.trade_days     WHEN b.trade_days > 20 THEN (b.trade_num / b.trade_days) * 20   END as avgnum,   b.trade_days as trade_days FROM tb_stat_win_rate as a
LEFT JOIN tb_stat_month_trade as b on a.uid=b.uid   WHERE a.amount = 0   GROUP BY a.uid   HAVING num2>4 AND num1>0   ORDER BY num1 DESC,avgnum DESC,trade_days DESC

毫不逊色的sqlalchemy   is coming

query = db.session.query(
    TbStatMonthTrade.trade_days,
    func.if_(TbStatMonthTrade.trade_days <= 20, TbStatMonthTrade.trade_days,(TbStatMonthTrade.trade_num / TbStatMonthTrade.trade_days) * 20),
    TbStatWinRate.uid,
    func.count(func.if_(TbStatWinRate.total_sell_balance > TbStatWinRate.total_buy_balance,True,None)) / func.count(TbStatWinRate.uid),
    func.count(TbStatWinRate.uid),
    func.count(func.if_(TbStatWinRate.total_sell_balance > TbStatWinRate.total_buy_balance,True,None)),
    )
query = query.filter(TbStatWinRate.amount == 0).outerjoin(TbStatWinRate,TbStatMonthTrade.uid == TbStatWinRate.uid)
query = query.group_by(TbStatWinRate.uid)
query = query.having(and_(
    func.if_(func.count(TbStatWinRate.uid) > 4,True,None),
    func.if_(func.count(func.if_(TbStatWinRate.total_sell_balance > TbStatWinRate.total_buy_balance,True,None)) / func.count(TbStatWinRate.uid)>0,True,None)
    ))
query = query.order_by(
    func.count(func.if_(TbStatWinRate.total_sell_balance > TbStatWinRate.total_buy_balance, True,None)) / func.count(TbStatWinRate.id).desc(),
    func.if_(TbStatMonthTrade.trade_days <= 20, TbStatMonthTrade.trade_days,(TbStatMonthTrade.trade_num / TbStatMonthTrade.trade_days) * 20).desc(),
    TbStatMonthTrade.trade_days.desc())[0:10]

  

 

SQLAchemy

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架,该框架建立在数据库API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,简言之便是:将对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库,其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件,Dialect用于和数据API进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作,如:

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mysql-Python
    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
   
pymysql
    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
   
MySQL-Connector
    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
   
cx_Oracle
    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
   
更多详见:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

  

注意 :

  1 写入数据库表汉字时候 需要加编码 charset=utf8

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engine = create_engine(\'mysql+pymysql://root@127.0.0.1:3306/db2?charset=utf8\'#1 连接已存在的数据库

  2 查看执行输出 echo=true

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engine = create_engine(\'sqlite:///dbyuan67.db\', echo=True)

  

一、底层处理

使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作,Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库,然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
  
  
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
  
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (\'1.1.1.22\', 3)"
# )
  
# 新插入行自增ID
# cur.lastrowid
  
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[(\'1.1.1.22\', 3),(\'1.1.1.221\', 3),]
# )
  
  
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)",
#     host=\'1.1.1.99\', color_id=3
# )
  
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(\'select * from hosts\')
# 获取第一行数据
# cur.fetchone()
# 获取第n行数据
# cur.fetchmany(3)
# 获取所有数据
# cur.fetchall()

二、ORM功能使用

使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象,对象转换成SQL,执行SQL。

1 创建表

复制代码
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

# 创建单表
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'users\'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32))
    extra = Column(String(16))

    __table_args__ = (
    UniqueConstraint(\'id\', \'name\', name=\'uix_id_name\'),
        Index(\'ix_id_name\', \'name\', \'extra\'),
    )


# 一对多
class Favor(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'favor\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default=\'red\', unique=True)


class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'person\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))


# 多对多
class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'group\'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    port = Column(Integer, default=22)


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'server\'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)


class ServerToGroup(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'servertogroup\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(\'server.id\'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(\'group.id\'))


def init_db():
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
复制代码

ForeignKeyConstraint([\'other_id\'], [\'othertable.other_id\']),

注意点:

  1 类的__call__方法

    对象加括号  即 对象() 就调用

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Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) #实例化 Session对象
session = Session() # 对象加括号。 即 obj() 调用__call__方法

  2 类的__repr__方法

    当我们想要print(对象) 的时候,不想看到内存地址,而是要看对象封装的数据,比如self.name 等的值。就需要用到__repr__方法了

复制代码
class Father(Base):
    __tablename__ = "father"
    id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,nullable=False)
    name = Column(String(32))
    age = Column(String(32))
    son = relationship("Son") # 适合第二种插入数据的一对多方式 没有这条的话就需要按照第一种方式插入一对多数据

    def __repr__(self): #打印对象的时候,就调用这里 ,我们可以直接打印对象
        #只能return 字符串
        return self.name + self.age
复制代码

2、操作表

复制代码
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

# 创建单表
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'users\'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32))
    extra = Column(String(16))

    __table_args__ = (
    UniqueConstraint(\'id\', \'name\', name=\'uix_id_name\'),
        Index(\'ix_id_name\', \'name\', \'extra\'),
    )

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)

# 一对多
class Favor(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'favor\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default=\'red\', unique=True)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)

class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'person\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
    # 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
    favor = relationship("Favor", backref=\'pers\')

# 多对多
class ServerToGroup(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'servertogroup\'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(\'server.id\'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(\'group.id\'))
    group = relationship("Group", backref=\'s2g\')
    server = relationship("Server", backref=\'s2g\')

class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'group\'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    port = Column(Integer, default=22)
    # group = relationship(\'Group\',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref=\'host_list\')


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'server\'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)




def init_db():
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)


Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
复制代码
复制代码
obj = Users(name="alex0", extra=\'sb\')
session.add(obj)
session.add_all([
    Users(name="alex1", extra=\'sb\'),
    Users(name="alex2", extra=\'sb\'),
])
session.commit()
复制代码
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session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
复制代码
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
复制代码
ret = session.query(Users).all()
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=\'alex\').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=\'alex\').first()
  • 其他
复制代码
# 条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=\'alex\').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == \'eric\').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == \'eric\').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name=\'eric\'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == \'eric\')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == \'eric\')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
    or_(
        Users.id < 2,
        and_(Users.name == \'eric\', Users.id > 3),
        Users.extra != ""
    )).all()


# 通配符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like(\'e%\')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like(\'e%\')).all()

# 限制
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]

# 排序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()

# 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import func

ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()

ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()

# 连表

ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()


# 组合
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()

q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
复制代码

 

 三 补充:

 3.1 一对多表创建 主要是外键插入的两种方式

 

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#!/usr/bin/env python
#_*_coding:utf-8_*_
 
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
 
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/db3?charset=utf8", max_overflow=5)
 
Base = declarative_base()  # 生成一个SQLORM 基类
 
 
class Son(Base):
    __tablename__ = \'son\'
    id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32)) # 创建普通索引index=True
    age = Column(String(32)) # 创建唯一索引 唯不为空可以为null unique=True
 
    father_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey("father.id"))
 
 
    # def __repr__(self):  # 打印对象的时候,就调用这里 ,我们可以直接打印对象
    #     # 只能return 字符串
    #     return self.name+str(self.age)
 
class Father(Base):
    __tablename__ = "father"
    id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,nullable=False)

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