Oracle 11g DataGuard搭建 - 单节点到单节点

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(一)DataGuard概要

DataGuard中文称为”数据卫士“,提供了数据库高可用性、数据保护和灾难恢复的功能。DataGuard通过建立primary数据库和standby数据库来确立参照关系,DataGuard将主库(primary)的redo日志传递给备库(standby),然后在备库中应用redo进行同步。

备库又分为2种类型:物理备库和逻辑备库

  • 物理standby是通过块拷贝方式同步,通过接受并应用primary数据库的redo log,以介质恢复的方式同步。在物理备库中,数据是完全相同的,包括schema、表、索引都是一样的。
  • 逻辑standby是通过应用SQL语句进行同步,通过接收primary数据库的redo log并转换成sql语句。

物理备库在实际生产中使用较多,这里记录物理备库的搭建过程。

 

(二)DataGuard环境规划

  主库 备库
操作系统 redhat 6.7 x86-64(64位) redhat 6.7 x86-64(64位)
服务器名称 primarynode standbynode
IP地址规划 192.168.10.51 192.168.10.52
--------------- ----------------------- ----------------
数据库版本 11.2.0.4 11.2.0.4
db_name adgdb adgdb
db_unique_name adgdb adgdbstandby
instance_name adgdb adgdbstandby
service_name adgdb adgdb
数据库安装 安装数据库软件+创建监听+安装数据库 安装数据库软件+创建监听

常规配置:

( 1 )主库和备库hosts文件配置

[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6
192.168.10.51  primarynode
192.168.10.52  standbynode

 

(2)主库oracle用户环境配置

[[email protected] ~]$ more .bash_profile 
# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
    . ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

ORACLE_SID=adgdb; export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle; export ORACLE_BASE
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1; export ORACLE_HOME
PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin; export PATH
export TEMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=/tmp
umask 022

export PATH

 

(3)备库环境变量配置

[[email protected] ~]$ more .bash_profile 
# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
    . ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

ORACLE_SID=adgdbstandby; export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle; export ORACLE_BASE
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1; export ORACLE_HOME
PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin; export PATH
export TEMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=/tmp
umask 022

export PATH

 

(三)DataGuard主库配置

( 1 )主库启用强制记录日志功能

查询是否启用强制记录日志

select force_logging from v$database;

如果未启用,则使用下面语句来开启强制记录日志

alter database force logging;  --强制记录日志

 

( 2 )启用归档

查询是否启用归档

archive log list 
--或者
select log_mode from v$database;

如果未启用归档,可以按照如下步骤开启归档

----Oracle 11g数据库归档模式开启

--STEP1:以sysdba角色登陆数据库
sqlplus / as sysdba

--STEP2:干净的关闭数据库
shutdown immediate

--STEP3:将数据库启动到mount状态
startup mount

--STEP4:开启归档
alter database archivelog;

--STEP5:打开数据库
alter database open

 

( 3 )主库参数配置
(3.1)db_unique_name


SQL> alter system set db_unique_name = adgdb scope=spfile;

(3.2)log_archive_config

SQL> alter system set log_archive_config=DG_CONFIG=(adgdb,adgdbstandby) scope=spfile;

(3.3)log_archive_dest_1

SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_1=LOCATION=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=adgdb scope=both;

(3.4)log_archive_dest_2

SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_2=SERVICE=tnsadgdbstandby LGWR SYNC AFFIRM VAILD_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=adgdbstandby scope=both;

(3.5)log_archive_dest_state_1

alter system set log_archive_dest_state_1 = ENABLE;

(3.6)log_archive_dest_state_2

alter system set log_archive_dest_state_2 = ENABLE;

(3.7)db_file_name_convert
查看数据文件的位置:

SQL> select name from v$datafile;
NAME
--------------------------------------------------
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/system01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/sysaux01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/undotbs01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/users01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/example01.dbf

如果主库与备库数据文件位置不相同,则需要使用db_file_name_convert来转换。

SQL> alter system set db_file_name_convert=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby,/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb scope=spfile;

(3.8)log_file_name_convert

查看在线日志文件的位置:

SQL> select member from v$logfile;
MEMBER
--------------------------------------------------
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/redo03.log
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/redo02.log
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/redo01.log

如果主库与备库在线日志文件位置不相同,则需要使用log_file_name_convert来转换。

SQL> alter system set log_file_name_convert=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby,/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb scope=spfile;

(3.9)standby_file_management

SQL> alter system set standby_file_mamagement=auto;

(3.10)fal_client

SQL> alter system set fal_client=tnsadgdb scope=both;

(3.11)fal_server

SQL> alter system set fal_server=tnsadgdbstandby scope=both;

 

( 4 )主库静态监听配置

[[email protected] admin]$ vim listener.ora

# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS_LIST = 
        (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = primarynode)(PORT = 1521))
      )
    )
  )

SID_LIST_LISTENER = 
  (SID_LIST = 
    (SID_DESC = 
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME=adgdb)
      (SID_NAME = adgdb)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1)       
    ) 
  ) 

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/oracle

查看监听:
[[email protected] admin]$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on 06-APR-2019 13:48:15

Copyright (c) 1991, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=primarynode)(PORT=1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
Start Date                06-APR-2019 13:42:48
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 5 min. 27 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/log/listener.log
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=primarynode)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "adgdb" has 2 instance(s).
  Instance "adgdb", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
  Instance "adgdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "adgdbXDB" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "adgdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully

 

( 5 )主库tnsnames.ora文件配置

[[email protected] admin]$ vim tnsnames.ora

tnsadgdb =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.51)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb)
    )
  )

tnsadgdbstandby =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.52)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb)
    )
  )

 

(四)DataGuard备库配置

( 1 )密码文件

在dataguard中,主库与备库sys密码需一致。可以将主库的密码文件拷贝到备库中

--登陆到主库,将密码文件复制到备库
[[email protected] ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[[email protected] dbs]$ scp orapwadgdb 192.168.10.52:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs
[email protected]192.168.10.52s password: 
orapwadgdb                         100% 1536     1.5KB/s   00:00 


--登陆到备库,修改密码文件的名称   
[[email protected] dbs]$ mv orapwadgdb orapwadgdbstandby

或者不拷贝密码文件,直接使用orapwd生成一个新的密码文件,密码需与主库一致:

orapwd file=orapwsbdb password=oracle;

 

( 2 )初始化参数文件

(2.1)在主库生成初始化参数文件

SQL> create pfile from spfile;
File created.

(2.2)拷贝主库的参数文件到备库并重命名

--在主库上执行复制操作
[[email protected] dbs]$ scp initadgdb.ora 192.168.10.52:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs
[email protected]192.168.10.52s password: 
initadgdb.ora                              100% 1524     1.5KB/s   00:00

--在备库上执行重命名操作
[[email protected] dbs]$ mv initadgdb.ora initadgdbstandby.ora

(2.3)修改备库的参数文件内容

--将初始化参数中的这些参数做修改,其他参数不用动
db_name=adgdb
db_unique_name=adgdbstandby
audit_file_dest=/u01/app/oracle/admin/adgdbstandby/adump
compatible=11.2.0.4.0
control_files=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/control01.ctl,/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adbdbstandby/control02.ctl
log_archive_config=DG_CONFIG=(adgdb,adgdbstandby)
log_archive_dest_1=LOCATION=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=adgdbstandby
log_archive_desc_2=SERVICE=tnsadgdb LGWR SYNC AFFIRM VALID_FOR(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NMAE=adgdb
db_file_name_convert=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb,/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby
log_file_name_convert=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb,/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby
fal_client=tnsadgdbstandby
fal_server=tnsadgdb
standby_file_management=AUTO

注意:里面涉及到路径的需要手动创建

mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/sbdb/adump

(2.4)使用pfile文件创建spfile文件

--登陆到idle数据库
sqlplus / as sysdba

--创建spfile,可在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs下查看
create spfile from pfile

--启动数据库到nomount状态
startup nomount

 

( 3 )配置静态监听

[[email protected] trace]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/
[[email protected] admin]$ touch listener.ora 

[[email protected] admin]$ vim listener.ora 
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS_LIST = 
        (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = standbynode)(PORT = 1521))
      )
    )
  )

SID_LIST_LISTENER = 
  (SID_LIST = 
    (SID_DESC = 
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME=adgdb)
      (SID_NAME = adgdbstandby)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1)       
    ) 
  ) 

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/oracle

备注:备库为什么一定需要使用静态监听
nomount状态下必须使用静态监听才能连接到实例。

( 4 )配置tnsnames.ora文件,直接把主库的拷贝过来即可

[[email protected] trace]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/ 
[[email protected] admin]$ vim tnsnames.ora 

tnsadgdb =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.51)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb)
    )
  )

tnsadgdbstandby =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.52)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb)
    )
  )

 

( 5 )测试网络连通性

在主库与备库上均执行,确保可以正常访问:

tnsping tnsadgdb
tnsping tnsadgdbstandby

在主库:

sqlplus sys/[email protected] as sysdba
sqlpus sys/[email protected] as sysdba

 

( 6 )参数检查

由于参数配置的较多,需要认真检查参数配置是否正确,主要检查这些参数

1.db_unique_name             :2个节点需要不一样
2.compatible                     :主库与备库兼容性需一致
3.log_archive_config           : 配置主库与备库的db_unique_name
4.log_archive_desc_1,2       :归档日志的路径
5.log_archive_desc_state_2 :
    enable -- 启用log_archive_desc_2
    defer    --禁用log_archive_desc_2
6.db_file_name_convert       :数据文件转换路径
7.log_file_name_convert      :日志文件转换路径
8.standby_file_management :设置为auto
9.log_archive_format          :日志文件格式,两边需一致

 

( 7 )使用duplicate创建物理standby

(7.1)连接到主库和备库

## 一定要加nocatalog,否则在执行duplicate时会报错
[[email protected] ~]$ rman target sys/[email protected] auxiliary sys/[email protected] nocatalog

(7.2)使用duplicate复制数据库

RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck;

执行过程见:

技术图片
RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck;

Starting Duplicate Db at 06-APR-19
allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=248 device type=DISK

contents of Memory Script:
{
   backup as copy reuse
   targetfile  /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwadgdb auxiliary format 
 /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwadgdbstandby   ;
}
executing Memory Script

Starting backup at 06-APR-19
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=23 device type=DISK
Finished backup at 06-APR-19

contents of Memory Script:
{
ctl;
   restore clone controlfile to  /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/control02.ctl from 
 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/control01.ctl;
}
executing Memory Script

Starting backup at 06-APR-19
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
copying standby control file
183
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 06-APR-19

Starting restore at 06-APR-19
using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: copied control file copy
Finished restore at 06-APR-19

contents of Memory Script:
{
   sql clone alter database mount standby database;
}
executing Memory Script

sql statement: alter database mount standby database

contents of Memory Script:
{
   set newname for tempfile  1 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/temp01.dbf";
   switch clone tempfile all;
   set newname for datafile  1 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile  2 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile  3 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile  4 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile  5 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf";
   backup as copy reuse
   datafile  1 auxiliary format 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf"   datafile 
 2 auxiliary format 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf"   datafile 
 3 auxiliary format 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf"   datafile 
 4 auxiliary format 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf"   datafile 
 5 auxiliary format 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf"   ;
   sql alter system archive log current;
}
executing Memory Script

executing command: SET NEWNAME

renamed tempfile 1 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/temp01.dbf in control file

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

Starting backup at 06-APR-19
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/system01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:45
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/sysaux01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:36
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/example01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:25
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/undotbs01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/users01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 06-APR-19

sql statement: alter system archive log current

contents of Memory Script:
{
   switch clone datafile all;
}
executing Memory Script

datafile 1 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=9 STAMP=1004890308 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf
datafile 2 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=10 STAMP=1004890308 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf
datafile 3 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=11 STAMP=1004890308 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf
datafile 4 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=12 STAMP=1004890308 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf
datafile 5 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=13 STAMP=1004890308 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf
Finished Duplicate Db at 06-APR-19
View Code

 

( 8 )添加主库和备库的standby日志组

(8.1)添加standby日志组需要注意的事项

  • standby日志组个数:配置为redo日志组个数+1
  • 在主库与备库都添加standby日志组。主库可以不添加,但是如果后期发生主备切换,还是要添加,所以最好一次性添加。
  • 只查询standby日志组: select * from v$standby_log ;

(8.2)添加主库的standby日志组

alter database add standby logfile group 4 (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo04.log) size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 5 (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo05.log) size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 6 (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo06.log) size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 7 (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo07.log) size 50M;

 (8.3)添加备库的standby日志组

alter database add standby logfile group 4 (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo04.log) size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 5 (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo05.log) size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 6 (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo06.log) size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 7 (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo07.log) size 50M;

 

( 9 )开始同步数据库,在备库上执行

alter database open;  

--方式一:开启实时同步
alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
--或简写为:
alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect;

--方式二:开启同步(日志切换时才同步)
alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;

 至此配置完成。

 

(五)DataGuard状态查看

( 1 )主库状态查看

SQL> select    open_mode,      --数据库打开模式,如果实时同步,则为:read only with apply,取消同步则为:read only
          database_role,       --数据库角色,是主库还是备库
          protection_mode,     --保护模式
          protection_level     --保护级别
from  v$database;  

OPEN_MODE            DATABASE_ROLE    PROTECTION_MODE       PROTECTION_LEVEL
-------------------- ---------------- -------------------- --------------------
READ WRITE           PRIMARY          MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE  MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE

 

( 2 )备库状态查看

SQL> select    open_mode,          
          database_role,      
          protection_mode,     
          protection_level     
from  v$database;   

OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE PROTECTION_MODE PROTECTION_LEVEL -------------------- ---------------- -------------------- -------------------- READ ONLY WITH APPLY PHYSICAL STANDBY MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE

 

 

 (六)DataGuard测试

在主库上创建表lijiaman.test01,并插入数据

SQL> create table test01(id  number,name  varchar2(50));
Table created.

SQL> insert into test01 values(1,lijiaman);
1 row created.

SQL> insert into test01 values(2,gegeman);
1 row created.

SQL> commit;

 在standby数据库上查询lijiaman.test01表,数据一致

SQL> select db_unique_name from v$database;
DB_UNIQUE_NAME
------------------------------
adgdbstandby

SQL> select * from lijiaman.test01;
ID NAME
---------- --------------------
1 lijiaman
2 gegeman

 


【完】

 

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