MySQL 完整性约束

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一.介绍

  约束条件与数据类型的宽度意义,都是可选参数.

  作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性.

  主要分为:

PRIMARY KEY (PK)    标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK)    标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL    标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK)    标识该字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT    标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
DEFAULT    为该字段设置默认值

UNSIGNED 无符号
ZEROFILL 使用0填充

二.not null与default

  not null 指的时字段的值不可为空,null表示空

  default 默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值

技术分享图片
==================not null====================
mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空


mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
mysql> desc t2;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field id doesnt have a default value



==================default====================
#设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;



==================综合练习====================
mysql> create table student(
    -> name varchar(20) not null,
    -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
    -> sex enum(male,female) default male,
    -> hobby set(play,study,read,music) default play,music
    -> );
mysql> desc student;
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| Field | Type                               | Null | Key | Default    | Extra |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| name  | varchar(20)                        | NO   |     | NULL       |       |
| age   | int(3) unsigned                    | NO   |     | 18         |       |
| sex   | enum(male,female)              | YES  |     | male       |       |
| hobby | set(play,study,read,music) | YES  |     | play,music |       |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values(egon);
mysql> select * from student;
+------+-----+------+------------+
| name | age | sex  | hobby      |
+------+-----+------+------------+
| egon |  18 | male | play,music |
+------+-----+------+------------+
View Code

三.unique

  unique 唯一约束 指该字段的值不能重复

技术分享图片
============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE===============
方法一:
create table department1(
id int,
name varchar(20) unique,
comment varchar(100)
);


方法二:
create table department2(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint uk_name unique(name)
);


mysql> insert into department1 values(1,IT,技术);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,IT,技术);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry IT for key name
使用方法
技术分享图片
create table service(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
host varchar(15) not null,
port int not null,
unique(host,port) #联合唯一
);

mysql> insert into service values
    -> (1,nginx,192.168.0.10,80),
    -> (2,haproxy,192.168.0.20,80),
    -> (3,mysql,192.168.0.30,3306)
    -> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values(nginx,192.168.0.10,80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 192.168.0.10-80 for key host
联合唯一

四.primary key

  primary key称为主键约束,用于唯一标识表中的一条记录.

  从约束角度看primary key字段的值不为空且唯一,那直接制用not null+unique不就可以了嘛,要它干什么?

  主键primary key时innodb存储引擎组织数据的依据,innodb称为索引组织表,一张表中必须有且只有一个主键.

  一个表可以有单列做主键和多列做主键

技术分享图片
============单列做主键===============
#方法一:not null+unique
create table department1(
id int not null unique, #主键
name varchar(20) not null unique,
comment varchar(100)
);

mysql> desc department1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

#方法二:在某一个字段后用primary key
create table department2(
id int primary key, #主键
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
);

mysql> desc department2;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#方法三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name

mysql> desc department3;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)
单列主键
技术分享图片
==================多列做主键================
create table service(
ip varchar(15),
port char(5),
service_name varchar(10) not null,
primary key(ip,port)
);


mysql> desc service;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into service values
    -> (172.16.45.10,3306,mysqld),
    -> (172.16.45.11,3306,mariadb)
    -> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into service values (172.16.45.10,3306,nginx);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 172.16.45.10-3306 for key PRIMARY
多列主键

五.auto_increment

  约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须同时被key约束

技术分享图片
#不指定id,则自动增长
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum(male,female) default male
);

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum(male,female) | YES  |     | male    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values
    -> (egon),
    -> (alex)
    -> ;

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
|  2 | alex | male |
+----+------+------+


#也可以指定id
mysql> insert into student values(4,asb,female);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student values(7,wsb,female);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | sex    |
+----+------+--------+
|  1 | egon | male   |
|  2 | alex | male   |
|  4 | asb  | female |
|  7 | wsb  | female |
+----+------+--------+


#对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values(ysb);
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  8 | ysb  | male |
+----+------+------+

#应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values(egon);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
View Code
技术分享图片
#在创建完表后,修改自增字段的起始值
mysql> create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> sex enum(male,female) default male
    -> );

mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;

mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

mysql> insert into student(name) values(egon);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  3 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8


#也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值,注意初始值的设置为表选项,应该放到括号外
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum(male,female) default male
)auto_increment=3;




#设置步长
sqlserver:自增步长
    基于表级别
    create table t1(
        id int。。。
    )engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8

mysql自增的步长:
    show session variables like auto_inc%;
    
    #基于会话级别
    set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长

    #基于全局级别的
    set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长(所有会话都生效)


#!!!注意了注意了注意了!!!
If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 
翻译:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 ,这相当于第一步步子就迈大了,扯着了蛋
比如:设置auto_increment_offset=3,auto_increment_increment=2




mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show variables like auto_incre%; #需要退出重新登录
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name            | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1     |
| auto_increment_offset    | 1     |
+--------------------------+-------+



create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum(male,female) default male
);

mysql> insert into student(name) values(egon1),(egon2),(egon3);
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | sex  |
+----+-------+------+
|  3 | egon1 | male |
|  8 | egon2 | male |
| 13 | egon3 | male |
+----+-------+------+
步长:auto_increment_increment,起始偏移量:auto_increment_offset

六.foreign key

  如何找出两张表之间的关系

分析步骤:
#1、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)

#2、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)

#3、总结:
#多对一:
如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表

#多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系

#一对一:
如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

  建立表之间的关系

#一对多或称为多对一
三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书

关联方式:foreign key
技术分享图片
=====================多对一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);

create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


insert into press(name) values
(北京工业地雷出版社),
(人民音乐不好听出版社),
(知识产权没有用出版社)
;

insert into book(name,press_id) values
(九阳神功,1),
(九阴真经,2),
(九阴白骨爪,2),
(独孤九剑,3),
(降龙十巴掌,2),
(葵花宝典,3)
;
View Code

 

#多对多
三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
  
关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表
技术分享图片
=====================多对多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);


#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);


#插入四个作者,id依次排开
insert into author(name) values(egon),(alex),(yuanhao),(wpq);

#每个作者与自己的代表作如下
egon: 
九阳神功
九阴真经
九阴白骨爪
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
alex: 
九阳神功
葵花宝典
yuanhao:
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
wpq:
九阳神功


insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;
View Code

 

#一对一
两张表:学生表和客户表

一对一:一个学生是一个客户,一个客户有可能变成一个学校,即一对一的关系

关联方式:foreign key+unique
技术分享图片
#一定是student来foreign key表customer,这样就保证了:
#1 学生一定是一个客户,
#2 客户不一定是学生,但有可能成为一个学生


create table customer(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
qq varchar(10) not null,
phone char(16) not null
);


create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
class_name varchar(20) not null,
customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


#增加客户
insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
(李飞机,31811231,13811341220),
(王大炮,123123123,15213146809),
(守榴弹,283818181,1867141331),
(吴坦克,283818181,1851143312),
(赢火箭,888818181,1861243314),
(战地雷,112312312,18811431230)
;


#增加学生
insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
(脱产3班,3),
(周末19期,4),
(周末19期,5)
;
View Code

 

级联操作

  指的是就是同步更新和删除
  语法:在创建外键时 在后面添加 on update cascade 同步更新
                on delete cascade 同步删除

实例:

技术分享图片
create table class(id int primary key auto_increment,name char(10));

create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name char(10),
c_id int,
foreign key(c_id) references class(id)
on update cascade
on delete cascade
);

insert into class value(null,"python3期");
insert into student value(null,"罗傲宇",1);
View Code

对主表的id进行更新
以及删除某条主表记录 来验证效果

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