TED英语演讲：为啥说乌鸦的智商高到可怕

Posted 2023-05-15

参考技术A

　　作为一名骇客和作家，Joshua Klein对乌鸦们的智慧感到神奇(你可曾注意过它们那小小的黑眼睛中蕴藏的智慧光芒?)。他在很长一段的业余时间里对乌鸦群的行为进行观察后，想出了一个堪称优雅的机器，这或许将在人类与动物间构建一种新的关系。下面是我为大家收集关于TED英语演讲：为什么说乌鸦的智商高到可怕，欢迎借鉴参考。

　　A thought experiment on the intelligence of crows

　　演讲者：Joshua Klein

　　/ 中英对照演讲稿 /

　　How many of you have seen the Alfred Hitchcock film "The Birds"? Any of you get really freaked out by that? You might want to leave now.So this is a vending machine for crows.Over the past few days, many of you have been asking, "How did you come tothis? How did you get started doing this?" It started, as with many great ideas, or many ideas you can't get rid of, anyway, at a cocktail party.

　　这里有多少人看过希区柯克的电影《鸟》?是不是认为那片子太过离奇了?要是那样的话，你现在可以走了。(笑声) 大家看到的是一台专门为乌鸦设计的自动售货机。 过去几天，人们都在问我同样的问题： “你怎么开始搞这玩意的?有什么吸引你的地方吗?” 说实话，这玩意就像很多伟大的想法， 或者一些你无法在脑中驱散的想法一样， 是从一次鸡尾酒派对产生的。

　　About 10 years ago, I was at a cocktail party with a friend of mine. We were sitting there, and he was complaining about the crows that were all over his yard and making a big mess. And he was telling me we ought to eradicate these things,kill them, because they're making a mess. I said that was stupid, maybe we should just train them to do something useful. And he said that was impossible.

　　大概十年前，我与一个朋友在一个鸡尾酒派对上， 我们坐在那，他一直在抱怨乌鸦 乌鸦们把他的院子搞得一团糟。 他那时很认真的跟我说，我们得想办法消灭这些鬼东西， 否则我们就不会有好日子过。 我跟他说，那才是坏主意呢， 咱们为何不训练它们，让乌鸦帮我们人类做一点有意义的事情? 他丢给我一句“那不可能”。

　　And I'm sure I'm in good company in finding that tremendously annoying, when someone tells you it's impossible. So I spent the next 10 years reading about crows in my spare time.

　　我相信绝对不只我一人觉得这极度恼人——当有人告诉你“那不可能”时。于是决定用10年的时间在我的业余时间专门研究乌鸦。

　　And after 10 years of this, my wife said,"You've got to do this thing you've been talking about, and build the vending machine." So I did. But part of the reason I found this interesting is, I started noticing that we're very aware of all the species that are going extinct on the planet as a result of human habitation expansion,and no one seems to be paying attention to all the species that are actually living;they're surviving. And I'm talking specifically about synanthropic species,which have adapted specifically for human ecologies, species like rats and cockroaches and crows.

　　现在10年过去了，我妻子说， “好吧，你也该把它做出来了， 你不是一直说要给乌鸦们做一个自动售货机么?” 于是我就把它做出来了。 但我对这个项目感兴趣还有部分原因是因为 我开始注意到我们人类已经意识到 有很多物种因为人类无止尽的扩张 将会在地球上灭绝。 但貌似没人对那些 还生存在世上的物种有所关心——它们都还真正地活着。 这里我指的是那些长期与人共处， 并适应了人类生态系统的动物。 这样的动物包括老鼠、蟑螂、乌鸦。

　　And as I started looking at them, I was finding that they had hyper-adapted. They'd become extremely adept at living with us. And in return, we just tried to kill them all the time.And in doing so, we were breeding them for parasitism. We were giving them all sorts of reasons to adapt new ways. So, for example, rats are incredibly responsive breeders. And cockroaches, as anyone who's tried to get rid of them knows, have become really immune to the poisons that we're using.

　　而假如你仔细观察的话，你会发现所有的这类动物都已经对人类社会产生了高度的适应性，并且随着继续与人生活在一起，它们的适应性还加变得更强。但反观人类呢，我们只是一直在不断屠杀它们而已。为了做到这点，人类用喂养的方式来让它们寄生于我们我们给了动物们适应新环境的各种理由。比如：老鼠的生育能力变得超强。而蟑螂，逮过蟑螂的人都知道，它们已经不在乎我们的“诱饵”了。

　　So I thought, let's build something that's mutually beneficial; something that we can both benefit from, and find some way to make a new relationship with these species. So I built the vending machine.

　　于是我想，为何不制造出一些能让我们人类和这些“寄生虫”共同受益的东西呢?以此和这些动物建立一种新型的关系，一种互利的关系。从而让人类找到一条与其共处的新路子。这就是我制作动物专用自动售货机的理由。

　　But the story of the vending machine is a little more interesting if you know more about crows. It turns out, crows aren't just surviving with human beings; they're actually thriving. They're found everywhere on the planet except for the Arctic and the southern tip of South America. And in all that area, they're only rarely found breeding more than five kilometers away from human beings. So we may not think about them,but they're always around.

　　不过如果你多了解一下乌鸦，这个自动售货机的故事会更有趣。乌鸦们不仅仅是在人类环境中‘生存’得不错——事实上，他们活得还很精彩。你在地球上任何一处角落——除了两极和南美至南端——都可以见得到乌鸦。通常它们的栖息地离人类居所不出5公里。虽然你也许不会想到这一点，可是它们确确实实一直都这么活在我们身边。

　　And not surprisingly, given the human population growth, more than half of the human population is living in cities now. And out of those, nine-tenths of the human growth population is occurring in cities.We're seeing a population boom with crows. So bird counts are indicating thatwe might be seeing up to exponential growth in their numbers. So that's no great surprise.

　　这也不奇怪，我们的地球上人口暴涨，其中有半数以上居住在城市。除此之外，90%的人口增长就都发生在城市里——乌鸦这个种群也在经历同样的发展。所以鸟类的数量在我们看来将会有一个爆炸型的增长，这并没有什么奇怪的。

　　But what was really interesting to me was to find out that the birds were adapting in a pretty unusual way. And I'll give you an example of that. This is Betty. She's a New Caledonian crow. And these crows use sticks in the wild to get insects and what not out of pieces of wood.Here, she's trying to get a piece of meat out of a tube. But the researchers had a problem. They messed up and left just a stick of wire in there. And she hadn't had the opportunity to do this before. You see, it wasn't working verywell. So she adapted.

　　但令我感到吃惊的是这些鸟儿竟然学会了通过一些奇特的方式在我们的社会里求得生存。大家看看下面的例子：它的名字是Betty，它是一只New Caledonia(北美地名)的乌鸦。在森林里，它们会用树枝从林木里挑出虫子和其他食物。此时它正尝试用铁线取出瓶子里的那块肉。但是研究者们遇到了一个问题。他们把试验搞砸了，因为只留下了一根线在那里。而Betty以前可没尝试过这样的挑战。你可以看到，它进行得并不顺利。于是它想出了一个新法子。

　　Now, this is completely unprompted; she had never seen this done before. No one taught her to bend this into a hook or had shown her how it could happen. But she did it all on her own. So keep in mind-- she's never seen this done.

　　要知道，它没有看到过别的乌鸦这么做。之前也没有任何人或者别的乌鸦教它如何把线弯成钩子;或者告诉过它可以通过这种方式捞肉。这完全是它自己想出来的办法。请一定记得它以前从没有学过的哦。就这样。

　　Right. Yeah. All right.So that's the part where the researchers freak out.

　　对，就这样。这才是研究人员觉得不可思议的地方。

　　It turns out, we've been finding more andmore that crows are really intelligent. Their brains are in the same proportionas chimpanzee brains are. There's all kinds of anecdotes for the different kinds of intelligence they have. For example, in Sweden, crows will wait for fishermen to drop lines through holes in the ice. And when the fishermen move off, the crows fly down, reel up the lines, and eat the fish or the bait. It's pretty annoying for the fishermen.

　　我们发现越来越多的证据表明乌鸦的确是聪明的，它们的大脑占躯体的比例和大猩猩相当。 大家也可能听过各种各样的关于乌鸦的趣闻吧。 比如，在瑞典， 那里的乌鸦会趁渔人往冰隙里放钓钩的时候守在一边， 当渔人走了， 它们就飞过去拉起钓钩，吃掉钩上的鱼或钓饵。 这可是搞得那里的渔人很烦恼。

　　On an entirely different tack, at University of Washington a few years ago, they were doing an experiment where they captured some crows on campus. Some students went out, netted some crows,brought them in, weighed and measured them, and let them back out again. And they were entertained to discover that for the rest of the week, whenever these particular students walked around campus, these crows would caw at them and runaround, and make their life kind of miserable.

　　而在华盛顿大学，那里的研究员几年前做了一个截然不同的实验。他们在校园里捉来一些乌鸦，在实验室里加以标记、称量，然后把它们放走。而随后的那个星期，他们惊喜地发现，那些被放走的乌鸦在校园里一见到那些捉过它们的学生，就会冲着他们鸣叫，并在他们周围飞来飞去，给他们的生活增添一些小烦恼。

　　They were significantly less entertained when this went on for the next week. And the next month. And after summer break. Until they finally graduated and left campus, and -- glad to get away,I'm sure -- came back sometime later, and found the crows still remembered them.

　　但之后几个星期还是如此，他们就不再那么惊喜了。甚至到了下个月，到了夏季学期结束，到了他们毕业离校了——我相信他们是很高兴地离去的——可当他们偶尔回校来看看时，那些乌鸦还是记得他们。

　　So, the moral being: don't piss off crows.So now, students at the University of Washington that are studying these crows,do so with a giant wig and a big mask.

　　所以——大家看到了吧，千万别惹乌鸦。正是这样的缘故，现在华盛顿大学做乌鸦研究的学生都带上巨大的假发，还套上面具。

　　It's fairly interesting.

　　这真是令人哑然的一件事。

　　So we know these crows are really smart,but the more I dug into this, the more I found that they actually have an even more significant adaptation.

　　以上说的无非是要证明乌鸦是非常聪明的，但我研究得越是深入，越是觉得它们的智慧要比我们想象的高出一个层次。

　　Video: Crows have become highly skilled atmaking a living in these new urban environments. In this Japanese city, they have devised a way of eating a food that normally they can't manage: drop it among the traffic. The problem now is collecting the bits, without getting runover. Wait for the light to stop the traffic. Then, collect your cracked nut insafety.

　　视频：在新的城市环境中，乌鸦们的谋生技能正在变得越来越娴熟。这是一座日本城市，这里的乌鸦发明了一种吃果仁的办法——把坚果丢到车道上。然后飞走， 等待汽车开过。 之后它们在马路边等待绿灯， 然后飞到马路中央安全地衔走那颗果仁

　　Joshua Klein: Yeah, pretty interesting.What's significant about this isn't that crows are using cars to crack nuts. Infact, that's old hat for crows. This happened about 10 years ago in a placecalled Sendai City, at a driving school in the suburbs of Tokyo. And since that time, all the crows in the neighborhood are picking up this behavior. Now everycrow within five kilometers is standing by a sidewalk, waiting to collect its lunch.

　　JoshuaKlein: 看看，这是不是挺有趣的?不过，有趣的倒不是借助过往车辆压开果核的做法，事实上，乌鸦老早就学会了这门手艺了。刚才大家看到的景象发生在10年前东京市郊的一家驾驶学校附近。从那时开始， 附近的乌鸦也学会了这样的吃坚果的方式。 如今，方圆五公里内的乌鸦都在人行道旁守候着， 等待过往车辆为他们带来午餐。

　　So they're learning from each other. And research bears this out. Parents seem to be teaching their young. They learn from their peers, they learn from their enemies. If I have a little extra time,I'll tell you about a case of crow infidelity that illustrates that nicely. The point being, they've developed cultural adaptation. And as we heard yesterday,that's the Pandora's box that's getting human beings in trouble, and we're starting to see it with them. They're able to very quickly and very flexibly adapt to new challenges and new resources in their environment, which is really useful if you live in a city.

　　乌鸦通过互相学习，都掌握了这种技巧。乌鸦父母还教会自己的孩子这样的技巧呢。它们向同伴学习，也向它们的敌人学习。如果我还有更多演讲时间，我会告诉你们一个有关乌鸦背信的案例来更好地证明我的观点。最关键的是它们学会了适应不同的生态文化。就如昨天我们听到的那样，是潘多拉之盒将人类引入混乱，现在是开始着手解决它的时候了。他们能快速且融洽地适应新的挑战及环境中的新资源，对于城市生活来说，这可真有用。

　　So we know that there's lots of crows. We found out they're really smart and they can teach each other. When all this became clear, I realized the only obvious thing to do is build a vending machine. So that's what we did. This is a vending machine for crows. And it uses Skinnerian training to shape their behavior over four stages. It's pretty simple.

　　好了，现在我们都知道城市里有大量的乌鸦，它们很聪明，还懂得相互间分享生存的秘诀。当我知道这一切以后，我决定要专门为它们做一台自动售货机。并且还做成功了。这就是乌鸦专用自动售货机：我们用斯金纳(操作性条件反射)理论，分四阶段训练法来训练乌鸦。其实也很简单。

　　Basically, what happens is that we put this out in a field or someplace where there's lots of crows. We put coins and peanuts all around the base ofthe machine. Crows eventually come by, eat the peanuts, and get used to the machine being there. Eventually, they eat all the peanuts. Then they see peanuts here on the feeder tray, and hop up and help themselves. Then they leave, the machine spits up more coins and peanuts, and life is dandy if you're a crow -- you can come back anytime and get yourself a peanut.

　　首先，我们把这样的机器放到田野 或者乌鸦经常出没的地方。 在机器的底部放上一大堆的硬币和花生。 乌鸦来了，吃掉机器上的花生， 并且也习惯了机器的存在。 吃光了地面的花生以后， 它们发现在售货机的出货口那里也有很多花生， 于是就跳到上面，也同样尽享美味。 每一天，那机器上都会放满了硬币和花生。

　　So when they get really used to that, we move on to the crows coming back. Now they're used to the sound of the machine;they keep coming back and digging out peanuts from the pile of coins that'sthere. When they get really happy about this, we stymie them.

　　嘿，要是当那样的一只乌鸦也不错哟， 每天都不愁吃的。当它们都习惯这样的生活或，我们继续下一步我们等到乌鸦都习惯于机器的声音，就把花生盖在硬币底下，它们飞过来，掀开硬币，就能吃得到花生，它们也挺开心的。这时，我们决定给它们制造一些困难。

　　We move to the third stage, where we only give them a coin. Now, like most of us who have gotten used to a good thing,this really pisses them off. So they do what they do in nature when they're looking for something: sweep things out of the way with their beak. They do that here, and that knocks the coins down the slot. When that happens, they get a peanut. This goes on for some time. The crows learn that all they have to do is show up, wait for the coin to come out, put it in the slot, then get their peanut.

　　我们开始了第三阶段的训练。只把一枚硬币留在机器上，此时乌鸦飞过来，看到没有食物，自然觉得很泄气——我们人也一样嘛。所以它们出于寻找食物的本能——用它的喙在机器上扫来扫去，不经意的把硬币碰到硬币口里去了，于是它获得了一颗花生。于是它们也学会了，每次都来这里， 只要把机器上的硬币丢到硬币口，就能吃得到花生。

　　When they're good and comfortable with that, we move to the final stage, where they show up and nothing happens. Thisis where we see the difference between crows and other animals. Squirrels, for example, would show up, look for the peanut, go away. Come back, look for the peanut, go away. They do this maybe half a dozen times before they get bored,and then they go off and play in traffic.

　　当他们对此过程非常熟练及满足以后，我们进入训练的最后一个阶段，它们来到机器旁边，却发现什么也没有。注意，就是这个关键的地方可以看出乌鸦是多么聪明。要是一只松鼠，它来到机器旁，寻找花生，找不到，就走了隔天再来，又是没有，又跑回去。如此反复五六次，它们也就觉得没意思了。

　　Crows, on the other hand, show up and they try and figure it out. They know this machine has been messing with them through three different stages of behavior.

　　而乌鸦则不一样，它们要寻找出一个究竟。通过前面三个阶段，并且这样的玩笑越开越大。

　　They figure there must be more to it. So they poke at it and peck at it. And eventually some crow gets a bright idea:"Hey, there's lots of coins lying around from the first stage, hops down,picks it up, drops it in the slot, and we're off to the races. That crow enjoys a temporary monopoly on peanuts, until his friends figure out how to do it, and then there we go.

　　它们觉得肯定还有更多方式获得花生。它们又是用头撞，又是用嘴咬。偶尔间有一些乌鸦想到了一个绝妙的主意：“嘿，大家还记得地面上放的那一大堆硬币么。或许有用呢?”——于是它们飞过来，衔起硬币，扔进投币孔。它们发现了怎么吃得上花生了!这样的技巧先是为第一批到来的乌鸦所垄断，可慢慢的别的乌鸦也学会了……故事到此为止。

　　So, what's significant about this to me isn't that we can train crows to pick up peanuts. Mind you, there's 216 milliondollars' worth of change lost every year, but I'm not sure I can depend on that ROI from crows.

　　从这个故事我们得出结论：我们可以训练乌鸦，让它们通过售货机吃上花生。你知不知道，每一年都有价值2.16亿的硬币丢在大街上。

　　Instead, I think we should look a little bit larger. I think crows can be trained to do other things. For example, why not train them to pick up garbage after stadium events? Or find expensive components from discarded electronics? Or maybe do search and rescue? The main point of all this for me is, we can find mutually beneficial systems for these species. We can find ways to interact with these other species that doesn't involve exterminating them, but involves finding an equilibrium with them that's a useful balance.

　　嘿，当然，我不是想靠乌鸦来赚钱。我们的眼光可以放远一点：我觉得我们可以训练乌鸦来做其他事。比如，为何不可以通过训练，让乌鸦给体育馆捡垃圾?或者让它们帮助我们从大堆的废弃电子元件里头挑出有用的部件?又或者让它们参与搜救工作?我这个演讲的主要的一个观点是我们可以寻找到一种与此类动物共存的途径，我们能找到与其他族群共处的方式而不仅仅是灭绝它们，我们可以和它们实现共赢。

　　Thanks very much.(Applause)

TED演讲双语演讲稿：为什么我们很难做出理性的决定？

TED演讲双语演讲稿（精编 word打印版）

：为什么我们很难做出理性的决定？

演讲时间：2019年

讲者简介：David Asch：经济学家

演讲简介：为什么我们在明明知道的情况下还做出对健康有害的错误决定？在这个坦率，有趣的演讲中，行为经济学家和健康政策专家大卫·阿施（David Asch）解释了为什么我们的行为常常是非理性的。

双语演讲稿

翻译人员：Jessie Zhang

校对人员：Jiasi Hao

 It‘s April of2007，那是2007年的4月，

and Jon Corzine，the Governor of New Jersey，新泽西州的州长，荣·科赞（Jon Corzine），

is in this horrific car accident.路人了一场可怕的车祸。

He‘s in the right front passenger seat of this SUV当他乘坐的那辆SUV在花园州高速公路撞毁的时候，

when it crashes on the Garden State Parkway.他正坐在副驾驶的座位上。

He‘s transported to a New Jersey trauma center他被转移到一家新泽西的创伤治疗中心，

with multiple broken bones and multiple lacerations.身上伴有多处骨折和撕裂。

He needs immediate surgery，seven units of blood，他需要立即接受手术、7品脱的输血、

a mechanical ventilator to help him breathe一个帮助他呼吸的呼吸机，

and several more operations along the way.以及即捋面临的又几场手术。

It‘s amazing he survived.他能活下来真的令人震惊。

But perhaps even more amazing.但可能更让人震惊的是，

he was not wearing a seat belt.他当时在车里根本没系安全带。

And，in fact，he never wore a seat belt，事实上，他之前从来不系安全带，

and the New Jersey state troopers who used to drive Governor Corzine around曾经开车载过科赞州长的新泽西州巡逻队员

used to beg him to wear a seat belt，管求着他系上安全带，

but he didn‘t do it.但是他从来没系过。

Now，before Corzine was Governor of New Jersey，其实，在科赞当上新泽西州州长之前，

he was the US Senator from New Jersey，曾经是新泽西州的联邦参议员，

and before that，he was the CEO of Goldman Sachs，再之前，是高盛投资公司的CEO，

responsible for taking Goldman Sachs public，负责高盛的上市，

making hundreds of millions of dollars.并为其赚取了上亿美元。

Now，no matter what you think of Jon Corzine politically不论你从政治上还是挣钱方式上

or how he made his money，是如何看待荣·科赞这个人的，

nobody would say that he was stupid.没人会说他是个蠢人。

But there he was，但是你瞧他，

an unrestrained passenger in a car accident，在每一个美国人都知道安全带能救命的时候，

at a time when every American knows that seat belts save lives.

他就是那个车祸现场中不系安全带的人。

This single story reflects a fundamental weakness这个简单的故事反映出

in our approach to improving health behavior.

我们在改善健康行为的方法中的一个基本的弱点。

Nearly everything we tell doctors and everything we tell patients我们告诉医生和病人的一切东西几乎

is based on the idea that we behave rationally.

都是基于“人类行为是理性的”观点。

If you give me information，I will process that information in my head，如果你给我信息，我会在脑袋里分析那个信息，and my behavior will change as a result.

然后我的行为会随之改变。

Do you think Jon Corzine didn‘t know that seat belts save lives？

你觉得荣·科赞不知道安全带能救命吗？

Do you think he，like，just didn‘t get the memo？

你觉得他只是没收到提示便笺吗？

（Laughter）

（笑声）

Jon Corzine did not have a knowledge deficit，荣.科赞没有知识缺失，

he had a behavior deficit.

他有的是行为上的缺失。

It‘s not that he didn‘t know better.

他不是知道的少，He knew better.

他知道的并不少。

It‘s that he didn‘t do better.

而他，没能做好。

Instead，I think the mind is a high-resistance pathway.

另外，我认为人的思想是个抵御性很强的东西。

Changing someone‘s mind with information is hard enough.用信息改变一个人的思想已经够难的了，

Changing their behavior with information用信息改变他们的行为

is harder still.更是难上加难。

The only way we‘re going to make substantial improvements我们能在健康和医疗保健方面

in health and health care做出较大改善的唯一方法，is to make substantial improvements in the behavior of health and health care.

就是尽可能改善人们在健康和医疗保健方面的行为方式。

If you hit my patellar tendon with a reflex hammer，如果你用一个反射锤敲击我的膑腱，my leg is going to jerk forward，我的腿会向前弹起，

and it‘s going to jerk forward a lot faster and a lot more predictably而且会比我自己想着让它弹起的时候

than if I had to think about it myself.

弹得更快，更具可预测性。

It‘s a reflex.

这是一种反射行为。

We need to look for the equivalent behavioral reflexes我们得找到相似的反射行为，and hitch our health care wagon to those.

并把我们的医疗保健都靠到这些反射行为上来。

Turns out，though，但实际上，that most conventional approaches to human motivation

最常规的激励人们的举措

are based on the idea of education.

却是建立在“教育”这一理念上的。

We assume that if people don‘t behave as they should，我们假定如果人们没有做出他们应有的行为

it‘s because they didn‘t know any better.

是因为他们缺乏知识。

"If only people knew that smoking was dangerous，they wouldn‘t smoke."

“如果人们知道抽烟很危险，他们就不会抽烟了。”

Or，we think about economics.

或者，我们会从经济的角度思考。

The assumption there is that we‘re all constantly calculating我们假定自己会不断地计算

the costs and benefits of every one of our actions我们每一个行为蕴含的成本和收益，and optimizing that to make the perfectly right，rational decision.

以及为了收益最大化，我们会做出完全正确且理性的决定。

If that were true，then all we need to do如果这是真的，所有我们需要的

is to find the perfect payment system for doctors仅仅是给医生找到一个完美的付费系统，or the perfect co-payments and deductibles for patients，或是能给患者完美计算出部分承担费用和免赔额，and everything would work out.

然后一切就自然解决了。

A better approach lies in behavioral economics.

行为经济学中有一个更好的方法。

Behavioral economists recognize that we are irrational.

行为经济学家意识到我们其实是非理性的。

Our decisions are based on emotion，我们的决定是建立在情绪上的，or they‘re sensitive to framing or to social context.

或是被社会环境或规则框架所影响的。

We don‘t always do what‘s in our own long-term best interests.

我们不总是会做出有利于我们长远利益的行为。

But the key contribution to behavioral economics但是，对行为经济学最主要的贡献

is not in recognizing that we are irrational；不是对“人类是井理性的“认识，it‘s recognizing that we are irrational in highly predictable ways.

而是意识到“人类的理性行为是高度可预测的"。

In fact，it‘s the predictability of our psychological foibles事实上，正是我们心理上那些小缺陷的可预测性

that allows us to design strategies to overcome them.

使我们能设计出策略来攻克它们。

Forewarned is forearmed.

预先警告就宛如事先武装。

In fact，behavioral economists often use事实上，行为经济学家经常精准利用

precisely the same behavioral reflexes that get us into trouble那些让我们陷人麻烦的行为反射，

and turn them around to help us，转而让它们来帮助我们，rather than to hurt us.

而不是伤害我们。

We see irrationality play out in something called"present bias，"

我们可以在一种叫做“即时偏误”的现象中看见非理性的作用，where the outcomes in front of us are much more motivating这种现象，是我们正在面对的结果

than even more important outcomes far in the future.

比捋来会出现的更重要的结果更能调动我们的积极性。

If I‘m on a diet--and I‘m always on a diet--

如果我在节食——其实我一直在节食——

（Laughter）

（笑声）

and someone offers me a luscious-looking piece of chocolate cake，这时有人给了我一个看上去很美味的巧克力蛋糕，I know I should not eat that chocolate cake.

我知道我不应该吃那个蛋糕。

That chocolate cake will land on that part of my body--permanently--

那块巧克力蛋糕会沉积在我身体中——永远——

where that kind of food naturally settles.

就在这类食物会自然沉积的身体部位上。

But the chocolate cake looks so good and delicious，但是那块巧克力蛋糕看起来如此美味，and it‘s right in front of me，

而且它就在我的眼前，and the diet can wait‘til tomorrow.

那节食可以明天再说了。

Iused to love the comedian Steven Wright.

我经很喜欢一个喜剧演员，史蒂文赖特。

He would have these Zen-like quips.

他经常说些很有禅意的玩笑话。

My favorite one was this：我最喜欢的是这个：

"Hard work pays off in the future，

“努力了捋来会有回报，but laziness pays off right now."

但是懒惰了现在就会有回报。”

And patients also have present bias.

患者也有即时偏误。

Ifyou have high blood pressure，如果你有高血压，even if you would desperately like to avoid a stroke，即使你极度想避免中风，and you know that taking your antihypertensive medications而且你知道吃降血压药

is one of the best ways to reduce that risk，是降低这种风险最有效的方式之一，

the stroke you avoid is far in the future and taking medications is right now.

然而，中风是很久以后可能发生的事，而吃药则是现在要做的。

Almost half of the patients who are prescribed high blood pressure pills几乎有一半开了降血压药的患者

stop taking them within a year.

在一年内就停止了服药。

Think of how many lives we could save想想如果我们单单解决这一个问题

if we could solve just that one problem.

就能拯救多少生命。

We also tend to overestimate the value of small probabilities.

我们也容易高估小概率事件的价值。

This actually explains why state lotteries are so popular，这也许能解释为什么国营彩票即使回报极小，even though they return pennies on the dollar.

却依旧这么受欢迎。

Now，some of you may buy lottery tickets--

在座的一些人可能会买彩票——

it‘s fun，there‘s the chance you might strike it rich...

买彩票挺有意思的，你有可能中大奖、变富有——

But let‘s face it：但是咱们清醒一点吧：

this would be a horrible way to invest your retirement savings.

这可能是个花掉你养老金的很糟糕的方式。

1 once saw a bumper sticker--I am not making this up--that said，我经看到过一张车尾贴——这不是我编的一—写着，

"State lotteries are a special tax on people who can‘t do math."

“国营彩票是向不会数学计算的人征收的智商税”。

（Laughter）

（笑声）It‘s not that we can‘t do the math，

It‘s not that we can‘t do the math，我们并不是不会做数学计算，it‘s that we can‘t feel the math.

我们是感受不到这种计算。

And we also pay much too much attention to regret.

而且我们花太多精力在后悔上。

We all hate the feeling of missing out.

我们都痛恨错过机会的感觉。

So，actually，there was this recent lottery，所以，事实上，最近有个彩票，a mega-jackpot lottery，大乐透彩票，that had a huge payoff，something like over a billion dollars.

回报超高，大概超过10亿美元。

And everyone in my office is pooling money to buy lottery tickets，我办公室里的每个人都在掏钱集资买彩票，and I‘m not having any of this.

我一点都不理解。

There I am，like，swaggering around the office，我在办公室里转悠，嚷嚷着：

"Lotteries are a special tax on people who can‘t do math."

“彩票是向不会数学计算的人征收的智商税。”

（Laughter）

（笑声）And then it hits me：然后一个想法击中了我：

uh oh.

啊呀，What if they win？

万一他们中奖了呢？（Laughter]

（笑声）I‘m the only one who shows up at work the next day.

我就成了第二天唯一来上班的人了。

（Laughter）

（笑声）Now，it‘s not that I didn‘t want my colleagues to win.

不是我不想让我的同事中奖。

I just didn‘t want them to win without me.

我只是不想让他们丢下我，自己中奖。

Now，it would have been easier if I had just taken my 20-dollar bill如果我当初拿出一张20美元钞票直接塞进办公室的碎纸机里，and put it into the office shredder，事情本会简单很多，and the results would have been the same.

而且结果也会是一样的。

Even though I knew I shouldn‘t participate，即使我知道我不应该参与，Ihanded over my $20 bill，我还是递出了20美元钞票，and I never saw it again.

之后我再也没见过它。（Laughter]

（笑声）We‘ve done a bunch of experiments with patients我们和患者做过一些实验。

in which we give them these electronic pill bottles我们给患者们电子药瓶，so we can tell whether they‘re taking their medication or not.

以便于知道他们是否在吃药。

And we reward them with a lottery.

我们用彩票奖励他们。

They get prizes.

他们能得到奖品。

But they only get prizes但他们只有在前一天吃药的情况下

if they had taken their medication the day before.

能得到奖品。

If not，they get a message that says something like，如果没吃，他们会收到一条诸如此类的信息：

"You would have won a hundred dollars，

“你本来能赢100美金，

but you didn‘t take your medicine yesterday，so you don‘t get it."

但是你昨天没吃药，所以你没法得到这笔钱。”

Well，it turns out，patients hate that.

事实证明，患者们痛恨那种感觉。

They hate the sense of missing out，他们痛恨错过的感觉，and because they can anticipate that feeling of regret而且因为他们能预判到那种悔恨的感觉，and they‘d like to avoid it，于是想要尽量避开它，they‘re much more likely to take their medications.

所以他们更有可能会吃药了。

Harnessing that sense of hating regret works.

掌控那种痛恨后悔的感觉是有用的。

And it leads to the more general point，它引出了更一般化的观点，which is:once you recognize how people are irrational，即：一旦你认识到人是井理性的，you‘re in a much better position to help them.

你就会处于一个能够更好地帮助他们的位置。

Now，this kind of irrationality works out even in men‘s restrooms.

这种理性甚至在男厕所也能用得上。

So，for those of you who don‘t frequent urinals，在座的不常光顾小便池的人，let me break this down for you.

让我给你们解析一下。（Laughter）

（笑声）There is pee all over the floor.

地板上全是尿。

（Laughter）

（笑声）And it turns out that you can solve this problem事实证明，你只要在小便池上蚀刻一个苍蝇的形象，by etching the image of a fly in the back of the urinal.

就能解决这个问题。

（Laughter]（Applause）

（笑声）（掌声）

And it makes perfect sense.

这完全说得通。

（Laughter]

（笑声）IfI see a fly，如果我看见一只苍蝇，I‘m gonna get that fly.

我一定要射中那只苍蝇。（Laughter]

（笑声）That fly is going down.

那只苍蝇会被冲人下水道。

Now，this naturally begs the question that if men can aim，这自然地引出了一个问题：如果男人们上厕所时能瞄准，why were they peeing on the floor in the first place？

他们一开始为什么要尿到地上？

In fact，if they were going to pee on the floor，实际上，如果他们本来就打算尿到地上，why pee in front of the urinal？

又为什么要跑到小便池前面去尿？

You could pee anywhere.

你可以在任何地方尿。

（Laughter）

（笑声）And the same thing works in health care.

同样的道理也适用于医疗保健。

We had a problem in our hospital我们医院当时有个这样的问题：

in which the physicians were prescribing brand-name drugs当普通药可供选择的时，when a generic drug was available.

医生们却一直在名牌药。

Each one of the lines on this graph represents a different drug.

这张图上的每条线代表一种不同的药物。

And they‘re listed according to how often they‘re prescribed as generic medications.

这些药根据被当做普通药开的频率被列了出来。

Until，someone installed a little piece of software直到，有个人在电子健康记录表里

in the electronic health record安装了一个小软件，that defaulted the prescriptions to generic medications把处方设置为默认开普通药，instead of the brand-name drugs.

而非品牌药。

Now，it doesn‘t take a statistician现在，不用统计分析员

to see that this problem was solved overnight，也能看出来，问题一夜之间就解决了，and it has stayed solved ever since.

而且之后再没有出现此类问题。

In fact，in the two and a half years since this program started，事实上，在这个项目上线的两年半内，our hospital has saved 32 million dollars.

我们医院已经省下了3200万美元。

Let me say that again：32 million dollars.

让我再说一逼：3200万美元。

And all we did was make it easier我们所做的，只不过是把医生们一直以来想做的事

for the doctors to do what they fundamentally wanted to do all along.

变得容易做了而已。

It also works to play into people‘s notions ofloss.

利用人们对损失的概念也有用。

We did this with a contest to help people walk more.

我们办了场比赛来帮助人们走更多路。

We wanted everyone to walk at least 7，000 steps，我们想让每个人至少走7千步，and we measured their step count我们也用他们手机上的计步器

with the accelerometer on their cell phone.

以记录他们行走的步数。

Group A，the control group，just got told whether they had walked A组，控制变量组，仅被告知他们

7，000 steps or not.

是否走够7千步。

Group B got a financial incentive.

B组，有金钱刺激。

We gave them $1.40 for every day they walked 7，000 steps.

每天如果他们走了7千步，我们就奖励他们1.4美金。

Group C got the same financial incentive，C组，有相同的金钱刺激，but it was framed as a loss rather than a gain：但这种刺激被包装成损失而不是收益：

$1.40 a day is 42 dollars a month，每天1.4美金即42美金一个月，so we gave these participants 42 dollars at the beginning of each month所以在每个月的头一天我们给这些参与者42美金，

in a virtual account that they could see，就放在他们能看见的虚拟账户里，and we took away $1.40 for every day they didn‘t walk 7，000 steps.

然后如果他们每天没走够7千步，我们就从账户里取走1.4美金。

Now，an economist would say that those two financial incentives一个经济学家可能会说，这两种金钱刺激的结果

are the same.

是一样的。

For every day you walk 7，000 steps，you‘re $1.40 richer.

因为每天你走够7千步的话，你都能赚1.4美金。

But a behavioral economist would say that they‘re different，但是一个行为经济学家会说，它们的结果是不同的，because we‘re much more motivated to avoid a $1.40 loss因为我们为避免损失1.4美金会比赚取1.4美金

than we are motivated to achieve a $1.40 gain.

来得更有动力。

And that‘s exactly what happened.

实验结果也确实如此。

Those in the group that received $1.40 for every day they walked 7，000 steps那些每天因为走7千步而收到1.4美金的人

were no more likely to meet their goal than the control group.

并不比控制变量组（没有金钱激励）更能达到目标。

The financial incentive didn‘t work.

金钱刺激没能起作用。

But those who had a loss-framed incentive而那些受到损失刺激的人

met their goal 50 percent more of the time.

则有50%更高的可能完成目标。

It doesn‘t make economic sense，but it makes psychological sense，这在经济学上说不通，但在心理学上是说得通的，because losses loom larger than gains.

因为损失比收益带来的刺激更大。

And now we‘re using loss-framed incentives to help patients walk more，现在我们已经在用这种损失刺激法去帮助患者走更多路、lose weight减肥，and take their medications.

以及吃药了。

Money can be a motivator.

钱可以是一个激励因素，We all know that.

我们都知道这一点。

But it‘s far more influential when it‘s paired with psychology.

但当它与心理学配对使用时更具有影响力。

And money，of course，has its own disadvantages.

当然，金钱有其自身缺点。

My favorite example of this involves a daycare program.

我最喜欢的例子，说的是一个日托项目。

The greatest sin you can commit in daycare is picking up your kids late.

你能在日托中犯下的最大的罪孽就是接孩子接晚了。

No one is happy.

没人开心。

略去一些文字

Instead，perhaps the most powerful influencers of health behavior相反，对健康行为最有效的影响因素

are our social interactions.

可能是我们的社会互动。

Social engagement works in health care，社会参与在医疗保健中是起作用的，and it works in two directions.

主要体现在两个方面。

First，we fundamentally care what others think of us.

第一，我们本能地在意别人对我们的看法。

And so one of the most powerful ways to change our behavior所以改变我们行为最有效的方法之一

is to make our activities witnessable to others.

就是让我们的行为能被别人看见。

We behave differently when we‘re being observed我们在被观察，和不在被观察时候的行为表现than when we‘re not.

是不同的。

I‘ve been to some restaurants that don‘t have sinks in the bathrooms.

我去过几个饭店，它们厕所里没有水槽，

Instead，when you step out，the sink is outside但当你走出来，水槽在外面，in the main part of the restaurant，在饭店的主要位置，where everyone can see whether you wash your hands or not.

这时候所有人都能看见你洗没洗手。

Now，I don‘t know for sure，我不是很确定，but I am convinced that handwashing is much greater但我敢保证在那些特定环境下

in those particular settings.

洗手的人变多了。

We are always on our best behavior when we‘re being observed.

我们在被观察的时候，总能表现出最好的行为。

In fact，there was this amazing study事实上，在佛罗里达一家医院

that was done in an intensive care unit in a Florida hospital.

的重症监护室里，进行了一项很棒的研究。

The handwashing rates were very low，which is dangerous，of course，这里的洗手率井常低，当然，这很危险，because it can spread infection.

因为该行为会传播疾病，导致感染。

And so some researchers pasted a picture of someone‘s eyes over the sink.

所以一些研究员在水槽上贴了一张人眼的照片。

It wasn‘t a real person，it was just a photograph.

那不是一个真人，只是一张照片。

In fact，it wasn‘t even their whole face，it was just their eyes looking at you.

实际上，那甚至都不是一整张脸，只是一双眼睛看着你。

（Laughter]

（笑声）Handwashing rates more than doubled.

洗手率翻了不止一倍。

It seems we care so much what other people think of us我们似乎是如此在意别人对我们的看法，that our behavior improves以至于我们的行为会就此改进，even if we merely imagine that we‘re being observed.

即使我们仅仅只是想象我们在被别人观察着。

And not only do we care what others think of us，而且我们不只是在意别人怎么看我们，we fundamentally model our behaviors on what we see other people do.

我们还会本能地模仿他人行为。

And it all comes back to seat belts.

这一切又回到安全带上来了。

When I was a kid，I used to love the"Batman"TV series with Adam West.

我小的时候，喜欢看亚当·韦斯特演的电视剧《幅蝠侠》。

Everything that Batman and Robin did was so cool，蝠蝠侠和罗宾做的所有事都特酷，and，of course，the Batmobile was the coolest thing of all.

当然了，蝠蝠车是所有事情里最酷的。

Now，that show aired from 1966 to 1968，那个电视剧从1966年播到1968年，and at that time，seat belts were optional accessories in cars.

在那个年代，安全带还是车里可有可无的配件。

But the producers of that show did something really important.

但是那个电视剧的出品人做了一件井常重要的事。

When Batman and Robin got in the Batmobile，当蝠蝠侠和罗宾坐上那辆蝠蝠车时，the camera would focus on their laps，相机会聚焦到他们腿上，and you would see Batman and Robin put on their seat belts.

然后你会看到蝠蝠侠和罗宾系上了他们的安全带。

Now，if Batman and Robin put on their seat belts，

如果蝠蝠侠和罗宾系上了安全带，you can bet that I was going to wear my seat belt，too.

你可以打赌我也会系上我的安全带。

I bet that show saved thousands of lives.

我打赌那个电视剧拯救了上千条生命。

And again，it works in health care，too.

再次，这在医疗保健中也能起作用。

Doctors use antibiotics more appropriately when they see how other doctors use them.

在看见别的医生如何使用抗生素后，医生自己能更加适当地使用抗生素。

So many activities in health care are hidden，they‘re unwitnessed，医疗保健中的许多行动是隐匿的，别人看不见。

but doctors are social animals，但医生是社会动物，

and they perform better when they see what other doctors do.

因此当他们能看见其他医生的做法时，他们自己也能表现得更好。

So social influence works in health care.

所以社会影响在医疗保健中是有积极作用的，So does tying it to notions of regret or to loss aversion.

把它与后悔感和损失规避联系起来也是大有裨益的。

We would never think of using these tools if we thought that everyone was rational如果我们认为每个人时刻都是理性的，all the time.

那我们永远不会想到利用这些工具。

Now，just to be clear:I am not condemning rationality.

这里我要澄清一点：我不是在指责理性。

I mean，that really would be irrational.

这才会是真正的不理性。

But we all know that it‘s the nonrational parts of our minds但我们都知道，正是我们思想中那些不理性的部分

where we get courage，creativity，inspiration给予我们勇气、创造力、灵感，and everything else that sparks passion.

以及其他一切能激发激情的东西。

And we know something else，too.

我们还知道一些别的。

We know that we can be much more effective at improving health behavior我们知道如果我们能与天性中不理性的部分合作，if we work with the irrational parts of our nature而不是忽视、或跟它们反着来，

instead of ignoring them or fighting against them.

我们就能更有效地改善我们的健康行为。

When it comes to health care，当谈到医疗保健时，understanding our irrationality is just another tool in our toolbox.

理解我们的非理性只是工具箱中的一个工具。

And harnessing that irrationality--

而掌控这种理性——

that may be the most rational move of all.

或许才是所有行为中最理性的。

Thank you.