MySQL介绍及安装
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一、关系型数据库和非关系型数据库
1.1:关系型数据库
关系型数据库是把复杂的数据结构归结为简单的二元关系(即二维表格的形式),在关系型数据库中,对数据的操作几乎全部建立在一个或多个关系表格上的,通过对这些关联的表格分类、合并、连接或者选取等运算来实现数据的管理。我们常用的mysql和oracle、MariaDB、SQL server都是关系型数据库。
1.2:非关系型数据库
非关系型数据库被称为"NoSQL",NoSQL的产生并不是要彻底的否定关系型数据库,而是作为传统关系型数据库的一个有效的补充,NoSQL数据库在特定的场景下可以发挥很难想象的高效率和高性能,NoSQL典型的产品memcached(纯内存)、redis(持久化缓存)、mongodb、Hbase等等。
1.3:非关系型数据库的种类
① 键值对(key-value)存储数据库(memcached、redis)
② 列存储(Column-oriented)数据库(Cassandra、HBase)
③ 面向文档(Document-Oriented)数据库(mongodb)
④ 图形(Graph)数据库(我也不知道)
二、MySQL介绍
MySQL是一种关系型数据库管理系统,关系型数据库的特点是将数据保存在不同的表中,在将这些表放入不同的数据库中,而不是将所有的数据统一放在一个大的仓库,这样的设计增加了MySQL的读取速度,灵活性可管理性也得到了大的提高,访问MySQL数据库最常用的标准语言是SQL结构化查询语。
选择MySQL数据库的几个原因
① MySQL性能卓越,服务稳定,很少宕机
② MySQL开发源代码无版权约束,自主性及成本低
③ 社区用户活跃
④ MySQL体积小,安装使用简单,利于维护
⑤ MySQL口碑好,流行企业架构LAMP LNMP
⑥ MySQL支持多操作系统,提供多种API,支持多语言开发
三、如何选择MySQL数据库版本
① 稳定版:选择开源社区办的稳定版GA版本
② 产品线:可以选择5.5或者5.7 互联网现在主流5.5 其次是5.1和5.6或者5.7 最好不要选择5.5之前的,因为这是个大坑
③ 选择MySQL数据库GA版本发布6月以后的
④ 要考虑开发人员开发的程序是否兼容
⑤ 还有就是根据实际情况而定,活灵活现
四、多种安装方式及什么时候使用什么方式
PS:所有的方式我们用的MySQL的版本是MySQL5.7的版本
4.1:yum安装的方式(适合对数据库要求不太高的场合,例如并发不大、公司内部、zabbix、自己的博客)
① 下载MySQL5.7的源
[[email protected] ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-7.noarch.rpm
② 安装yum仓库
[[email protected] ~]# yum localinstall -y mysql57-community-release-el7-7.noarch.rpm
③ 安装MySQL5.7
[[email protected] ~]# yum install -y mysql-community-server
④ 启动MySQL服务
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl start mysqld.service
⑤ 查看随机生成的密码
[[email protected] ~]# grep ‘temporary password‘ /var/log/mysqld.log 2018-09-08T10:59:31.829660Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for [email protected]: dKG,g/3l7*uI # 这个就是随机的密码
⑥ 修改密码
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -pdKG,g/3l7*uI mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.23 Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘h‘ for help. Type ‘c‘ to clear the current input statement. mysql> ALTER USER ‘root‘@‘localhost‘ IDENTIFIED BY ‘MyNewPass4!‘; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) # 第一种方式 mysql> set password for ‘root‘@‘localhost‘=password(‘MyNewPass4!‘); Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) # 第二种方式 mysql>flush privileges;
⑦ 修改密码策略
使用初始随机密码登录后MySQL会强制要求修改密码,否则无法正常使用,(密码必须包含小写、大写字母及特殊字符),这个策略是可以修改的
# 查看策略相关信息 mysql> show variable‘%password%‘ -> ; +---------------------------------------+--------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------------------------------+--------+ | default_password_lifetime | 0 | | disconnect_on_expired_password | ON | | log_builtin_as_identified_by_password | OFF | | mysql_native_password_proxy_users | OFF | | old_passwords | 0 | | report_password | | | sha256_password_proxy_users | OFF | | validate_password_check_user_name | OFF | | validate_password_dictionary_file | | | validate_password_length | 8 | | validate_password_mixed_case_count | 1 | | validate_password_number_count | 1 | | validate_password_policy | MEDIUM | | validate_password_special_char_count | 1 | +---------------------------------------+--------+ 14 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 修改方法 在/etc/my.cnf文件添加validate_password_policy配置,指定密码策略 # 选择0(LOW),1(MEDIUM),2(STRONG)其中一种,选择2需要提供密码字典文件 validate_password_policy=0 如果不需要密码策略,添加my.cnf文件中添加如下配置禁用即可: validate_password = off 重新启动mysql服务使配置生效: systemctl restart mysqld
⑧ 远程连接授权
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO ‘root‘@‘%‘ IDENTIFIED BY ‘MyNewPass4!‘ WITH GRANT OPTION; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
⑨ 设置防火墙
开通端口(默认3306): firewall-cmd --add-port=3306/tcp /sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT
⑩ 文件默认路径
默认配置文件路径: 配置文件:/etc/my.cnf 日志文件:/var/log//var/log/mysqld.log 服务启动脚本:/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service socket文件:/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
4.2:编译安装的方式(在真正的场景下用的比较多的最好的方式)
① 安装所需要的包及下载MySQL源码包
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ ncurses ncurses-devel bison cmake make [[email protected] ~]# wget http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/MySQL-5.7/mysql-5.7.23.tar.gz
② 下载和解压boost库
[[email protected] ~]# wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/boost/boost/1.59.0/boost_1_59_0.tar.gz [[email protected] ~]# tar xf boost_1_59_0.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ [[email protected] ~]# cd /usr/local/ [[email protected] local]# mv boost_1_59_0 boost
③ 创建运行用户
useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql # 创建用户mysql,不创建家目录,不允许登陆系统
④ 解压、配置、安装
[[email protected] ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.23.tar.gz -C /opt/ [[email protected] ~]# cd /opt/mysql-5.7.23/ [[email protected] ~]# cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock -DSYSCONFDIR=/etc -DSYSTEMD_PID_DIR=/usr/local/mysql -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/usr/local/mysql/data -DWITH_BOOST=/usr/local/boost -DWITH_SYSTEMD=1 # 配置 [[email protected] ~]# make && make install # 安装 # ==================================cmake解释===================================== cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql # 指定mysql数据库安装目录 -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock # 连接文件位置 -DSYSCONFDIR=/etc # 指定配置文件目录 -DSYSTEMD_PID_DIR=/usr/local/mysql # 进程文件目录 -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 # 指定默认使用的字符集编码 -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci # 指定默认使用的字符集校对规则 -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 # 存储引擎 -DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 # 存储引擎 -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 # 存储引擎 -DWITH_PERFSCHEMA_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 # 存储引擎 -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/usr/local/mysql/data # 数据库文件 -DWITH_BOOST=/usr/local/boost # 指定Boost库的位置,mysql5.7必须添加该参数 -DWITH_SYSTEMD=1 # 使系统支持MySQL数据库
⑤ 修改数据库目录权限
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.23]# chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/mysql/
⑥ 设置配置文件
mysql 5.7 版本和以前的有所不同,如果配置文件不做修改,则服务启动失败 [[email protected] mysql-5.7.23]# vim /etc/my.cnf [client] port = 3306 default-character-set=utf8 socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock [mysql] port = 3306 default-character-set=utf8 socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock [mysqld] user = mysql basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /usr/local/mysql/data port = 3306 character_set_server=utf8 pid-file = /usr/local/mysql/mysqld.pid socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock server-id = 1 sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,PIPES_AS_CONCAT,ANSI_QUOTES [[email protected] mysql-5.7.23]# chown mysql:mysql /etc/my.cnf //修改配置文件的权限
⑦ 设置环境变量及初始化数据库
echo ‘PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/mysql/lib:$PATH‘ >> /etc/profile echo ‘export PATH‘ >> /etc/profile source /etc/profile //使写入生效 # 初始化数据库 cd /usr/local/mysql/ bin/mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data ===================解释================ cd /usr/local/mysql/ bin/mysqld --initialize-insecure # 生成初始化密码(5.7版本才有),实际会生成空密码 --user=mysql # 指定管理用户 --basedir=/usr/local/mysql # 指定工作目录 --datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data # 指定数据文件目录
⑧ 添加系统服务、开机自启
cp usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/ systemctl daemon-reload //刷新识别mysqld.service服务 systemctl enable mysqld //加入系统自启动 systemctl start mysqld //启动服务 netstat -anpt | grep 3306
⑨ 修改密码及远程授权
# 修改密码 [[email protected] mysql]# mysqladmin -u root -p password "abc123" Enter password: abc123 # 登录 [[email protected] mysql]# mysql -u root -pabc23 # 设置远程授权 grant all privileges on *.* to ‘root‘@‘%‘ identified by ‘abc123‘ with grant option; //第一个“*”代表所有数据库,第二“*”代表所有表,赋予root权限 “%”代表所有服务器终端,可设为IP地址 密码为“abc123”
⑩ 设置防火墙
开通端口(默认3306): firewall-cmd --add-port=3306/tcp /sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT
4.3:二进制安装的方式(在真正的场景下用的比较多的第二好的方式)
① 下载二进制包
[[email protected] ~]# wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.7/mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
② 卸载系统自带的MariaDB
[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa | grep mariadb mariadb-libs-5.5.56-2.el7.x86_64 [[email protected] ~]# rpm -e --nodeps mariadb-libs-5.5.56-2.el7.x86_64 [[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa | grep mariadb [[email protected] ~]#
③ 创建MySQL用户
[[email protected] ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql
④ 解压安装包,并且重命名
[[email protected] ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ [[email protected] ~]# cd /usr/local/ [[email protected] local]# mv mysql-5.7.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql/
⑤ 将mysql添加为系统服务及设置开机自启
[[email protected] local]# cp mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql [[email protected] local]# chkconfig --add mysql
⑥ 初始化数据库
[[email protected] bin]# cd /usr/local/mysql/ [[email protected] mysql]# mkdir data -p # 数据存放目录 [[email protected] mmysql]# yum install -y libaio # 必须安装不然会报下面的错误 错误信息 ./bin/mysqld: error while loading shared libraries: libaio.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory # 初始化 [[email protected] mmysql]# ./bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data 2018-09-08T14:15:21.330311Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details). 2018-09-08T14:15:21.488188Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790 2018-09-08T14:15:21.511408Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables. 2018-09-08T14:15:21.565037Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 9f0919fe-b371-11e8-92a6-000c292579e0. 2018-09-08T14:15:21.565691Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table ‘mysql.gtid_executed‘ cannot be opened. 2018-09-08T14:15:21.566064Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for [email protected]: sQ3LjJkq1Z(z # 数据库的初始化密码
⑦ 启动mysql服务,使用临时密码登录mysql并修改登录密码
[[email protected] mysql]# systemctl start mysql [[email protected] mysql]# ps -ef | grep mysql root 1686 1 0 22:16 ? 00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data --pid-file=/usr/local/mysql/data/rsync131.pid mysql 1771 1686 0 22:16 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=rsync131.err --pid-file=/usr/local/mysql/data/rsync131.pid root 1823 1475 0 22:20 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysql [[email protected] mysql]# ./bin/mysql -u root -p Enter password: sQ3LjJkq1Z(z # 初始化密码 Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.23 Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘h‘ for help. Type ‘c‘ to clear the current input statement. mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ‘root‘@‘localhost‘ = PASSWORD(‘123456‘); # 修改密码 Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
⑧ 设置任何远程主机都可以访问数据库
[[email protected] mysql]# ./bin/mysql -u root -p123456 # 修改后的密码 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 3 Server version: 5.7.23 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘h‘ for help. Type ‘c‘ to clear the current input statement. mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to ‘root‘ @‘%‘ identified by ‘123456‘; # 设置权限 Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> flush privileges; # 刷新权限 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql>
⑨ 设置防火墙
开通端口(默认3306): firewall-cmd --add-port=3306/tcp /sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT
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