mysql主从配置实现一主一从读写分离
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主从介绍
定义
- mysql主从又叫Replication、AB复制。简单讲就是A与B两台机器做主从后，在A上写数据，另外一台B也会跟着写数据，实现数据实时同步
- mysql主从是基于binlog，主上需开启binlog才能进行主从
-
主从过程大概有3个步骤
- 主将更改操作记录到binlog里
- 从将主的binlog事件（sql语句） 同步本机上并记录在relaylog里
- 从根据relaylog里面的sql语句按顺序执行
- 主上有一个log dump线程，用来和从的I/O 线程传递binlog
- 从上有两个线程，其中 I/O线程用来同步主的binlog里面的sql语句落地
主从的应用场景：
数据的高可用。（主：作为读写数据，从：实时同步，当主宕机时，从 也可以及时提供服务）
数据的负载均衡。（客户从 从 这台机器上读取数据（但是不
主从作用
- 实时灾备，用于故障切换
- 读写分离，提供查询服务
- 备份，避免影响业务
主从形式
- 一主一从
- 主主复制
- 一主多从---扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
- 多主一从---5.7版本开始支持
- 联级复制
主从复制原理
主从复制步骤
- 主库将所有的写操作记录在binlog日志中，并生成log dump线程，将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
-
从库生成两个线程，一个是I/O线程，另一个是SQL线程
- I/O线程去请求主库的binlog日志，并将binlog日志中的文件写入relay log（中继日志）中
- SQL线程会读取relay loy中的内容，并解析成具体的操作，来实现主从的操作一致，达到最终数据一致的目的
主从复制配置
主从复制配置步骤：
- 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一致
- 在主数据库里创建一个同步账户授权给从数据库使用
- 配合主数据库（修改配置文件）
4.配置从数据库（修改配置文件）需求
搭建两台
MYSQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作环境说明
| 数据库角色 | IP | 应用与系统 | 有无数据 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主数据库 | 192.168.24.18 | centos7 mysql-5.7 | 有 |
| 从数据库 | 192.168.24.129 | centos7 mysql-5.7 | 无 |
在两台服务器上都按装mysql
具体配置查看《mysql进阶简单解析》
mysql主从配置
确保从数据库与主数据库的数据一样
先在主数据库创建所需要同步的库和表
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type ‘help;‘ or ‘h‘ for help. Type ‘c‘ to clear the current input statement.
mysql> create database doudou;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> create database job;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> create database mary;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use doudou;
Database changed
mysql> create table tom (id int not null,name varchar(100) not null,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)
mysql> insert tom(id,name,age) values(1,"lisi",6),(2,"waangwu",5),(3,"zhaotie",9);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from tom;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | lisi | 6 |
| 2 | waangwu | 5 |
| 3 | zhaotie | 9 |
+----+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> 备份主库
备份主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据同步的不一致
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type ‘help;‘ or ‘h‘ for help. Type ‘c‘ to clear the current input statement.
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
mysql> //此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出（退出锁表失效） 备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[[email protected] ~]# mysqldump -uroot -plinfan123 --all-databases >/opt/all-20180907.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[[email protected] ~]# ls /opt/
all-20180907.sql data
[[email protected] ~]# scp /opt/all-20180907.sql [email protected]:/opt/
The authenticity of host ‘192.168.24.130 (192.168.24.130)‘ can‘t be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:w+sgREnQRuhBiqS0qL9wlAImCSmvSQ6KnNqW6N3znJ0.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:f0:fd:ea:c7:97:83:f0:b0:03:84:d2:a6:0a:23:12:e0.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added ‘192.168.24.130‘ (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]‘s password:
all-20180907.sql 100%解除主库的锁表状态，直接退出交互式界面即可
mysql> quit
Bye在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看是否与主库的数据保持一致
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -plinfan123 < /opt/all-20180907.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -plinfan123
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type ‘help;‘ or ‘h‘ for help. Type ‘c‘ to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| doudou |
| job |
| mary |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> use doudou
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from tom;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | lisi | 6 |
| 2 | waangwu | 5 |
| 3 | zhaotie | 9 |
+----+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在主数据库创建一个同步账户授权给从数据使用
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type ‘help;‘ or ‘h‘ for help. Type ‘c‘ to clear the current input statement.
mysql> create user ‘repl‘@‘192.168.24.130‘ identified by ‘123456‘;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to ‘repl‘@‘192.168.24.130‘;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
配置主数据库
编辑配置文件
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
//添加以下内容
log-bin=mysql-bin //启用binlog日志
server-id=1 //主数据库服务器唯一标识符 主的必须必从大
log-error=/opt/data/mysql.log重启mysql服务
[[email protected] ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL... SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL.Logging to ‘/opt/data/mysql.log‘.
.......... SUCCESS!
[[email protected] ~]# ss -natl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 查看主库的状态（里面的数据要记住，待会会用到）
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 154 | | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)配置从数据库
编辑配置文件
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
//添加以下内容：
server-id=2 //设置从库的唯一标识符 从的必须比主小
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin //启用中继日志relay log
error-log=/opt/data/mysql.log重启从库的mysql服务
[[email protected] ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL... SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL.Logging to ‘/opt/data/mysql.log‘.
.......... SUCCESS!
[[email protected] ~]# ss -natl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 配置并启动主从复制
mysql> change master to
-> master_host=‘192.168.24.128‘,
-> master_user=‘repl‘,
-> master_password=‘123456‘,
-> master_log_file=‘mysql-bin.000001‘,
-> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec)
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) 查看从服务器状态
mysql> show slave statusG;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.24.128
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_File: linfan-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 320
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes //此处必须为yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
//此处必须为yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_Space: 528
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 1
Master_UUID: 3396fe35-b1e1-11e8-81bb-000c292340f6
Master_Info_File: /opt/data/master.info
SQL_Delay: 0
SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
Master_Retry_Count: 86400
Master_Bind:
Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
Master_SSL_Crl:
Master_SSL_Crlpath:
Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
Executed_Gtid_Set:
Auto_Position: 0
Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
Channel_Name:
Master_TLS_Version:
1 row in set (0.00 sec) 测试验证
在主服务器的doudou库的tom表插入数据:
mysql> use doudou;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from tom;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | lisi | 6 |
| 2 | waangwu | 5 |
| 3 | zhaotie | 9 |
+----+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert tom(id,name,age) value (4,"mary",18);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec)
mysql> select * from tom;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | lisi | 6 |
| 2 | waangwu | 5 |
| 3 | zhaotie | 9 |
| 4 | mary | 18 |
+----+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)在从数据库查看是否数据同步
mysql> use doudou;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from tom;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | lisi | 6 |
| 2 | waangwu | 5 |
| 3 | zhaotie | 9 |
| 4 | mary | 18 |
+----+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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