SQL语句中的select高级用法

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为了更好的了解下面的知识点,我们先创建两张表并插入数据。

# 学生表
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
|  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
|  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
|  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
|  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
|  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
|  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
|  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
|  9 | 程坤      |   27 | 181.00 ||      2 |           |
| 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
| 11 | 金星      |   33 | 162.00 | 中性   |      3 |          |
| 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 ||      4 |           |
| 13 | 郭靖      |   12 | 170.00 ||      4 |           |
| 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+

#班级表
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  1 | 1班  |
|  2 | 2班  |
+----+------+

 

  • as关键字

as关键字可以给表和字段起别名,可以让表更加易读,或者写sql语句时更加方便。

# as 关键字给字段起别名,让查询到的表更加直观
mysql> select name as 名字,age as 年龄 from students;
+-----------+--------+
| 名字      | 年龄   |
+-----------+--------+
| 小明      |     18 |
| 小月月    |     18 |
| 彭于晏    |     29 |
| 刘德华    |     59 |
| 黄蓉      |     38 |
| 凤姐      |     28 |
| 王祖贤    |     18 |
| 周杰伦    |     36 |
| 程坤      |     27 |
| 刘亦菲    |     25 |
| 金星      |     33 |
| 静香      |     12 |
| 郭靖      |     12 |
| 周杰      |     34 |
+-----------+--------+
# as 关键词给表起别名
mysql> select s.name,s.age from students as s;
+-----------+------+
| name      | age  |
+-----------+------+
| 小明      |   18 |
| 小月月    |   18 |
| 彭于晏    |   29 |
| 刘德华    |   59 |
| 黄蓉      |   38 |
| 凤姐      |   28 |
| 王祖贤    |   18 |
| 周杰伦    |   36 |
| 程坤      |   27 |
| 刘亦菲    |   25 |
| 金星      |   33 |
| 静香      |   12 |
| 郭靖      |   12 |
| 周杰      |   34 |
+-----------+------+
# 上面两个例子的用法结合使用
mysql> select s.name as 名字,s.age as 年龄 from students as s;
+-----------+--------+
| 名字      | 年龄   |
+-----------+--------+
| 小明      |     18 |
| 小月月    |     18 |
| 彭于晏    |     29 |
| 刘德华    |     59 |
| 黄蓉      |     38 |
| 凤姐      |     28 |
| 王祖贤    |     18 |
| 周杰伦    |     36 |
| 程坤      |     27 |
| 刘亦菲    |     25 |
| 金星      |     33 |
| 静香      |     12 |
| 郭靖      |     12 |
| 周杰      |     34 |
+-----------+--------+

 

  • distinct关键词

distinct关键词可以消除重复行。

mysql> select distinct gender from students;
+--------+
| gender |
+--------+
||
||
| 保密   |
| 中性   |
+--------+

 

  • 比较运算符
  1. 等于: =
  2. 大于: >
  3. 大于等于: >=
  4. 小于: <
  5. 小于等于: <=
  6. 不等于: != 或 <>
mysql> select * from students where age>18;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
|  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
|  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
|  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
|  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
|  9 | 程坤      |   27 | 181.00 ||      2 |           |
| 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
| 11 | 金星      |   33 | 162.00 | 中性   |      3 |          |
| 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+

 

  • 逻辑运算符
  1. and
  2. or
  3. not

优先级:小括号 > 算术运算符 > 比较运算符 > not > and > or

 

# 找出除了18岁以上女性的全部人信息
mysql> select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=);
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
|  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
|  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
|  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
|  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
|  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
|  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
|  9 | 程坤      |   27 | 181.00 ||      2 |           |
| 11 | 金星      |   33 | 162.00 | 中性   |      3 |          |
| 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 ||      4 |           |
| 13 | 郭靖      |   12 | 170.00 ||      4 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+

 

  • 模糊查询
  1. like
  2. %表示任意多个任意字符
  3. _表示一个任意字符
# 查找姓周的全部同学
mysql> select * from students where name like 周%;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
| 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 查找姓周,且名字只有一个字的同学
mysql> select * from students where name like 周_;
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name   | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 14 | 周杰   |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 查找姓名中 包含 "杰" 字的所有名字
mysql> select * from students where name like %杰%;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
| 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+

 

  • 范围查询
  1. in用在一个非连续的范围内
  2. between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
# 查找id是1.3.5.7的同学
mysql> select * from students where id in (1,3,5,7);
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
|  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
|  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
|  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 查找id为1-8的同学
mysql> select * from students where id between 1 and 8;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
|  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
|  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
|  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
|  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
|  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
|  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
|  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+

 

  • 空判断
  1. 判空 is null
  2. 判非空 is not null
# 查找身高为空的同学
mysql> select * from students where height is null;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 查找填了身高信息的女性
mysql> select * from students where height is not null and gender=2;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
|  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
|  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
|  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
| 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
| 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 ||      4 |           |
| 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+

 

  • 排序
  1. 将行数据按照列1进行排序,如果某些行 列1 的值相同时,则按照 列2 排序,以此类推
  2. asc从小到大排列,即升序
  3. desc从大到小排序,即降序
  4. 默认按照列值从小到大排列(即asc关键字)
# 所有学生信息先按照年龄从大到小排序,当年龄相同时 按照身高从高到矮排序
mysql> select * from students order by age desc,height desc;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
|  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
|  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
| 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
| 11 | 金星      |   33 | 162.00 | 中性   |      3 |          |
|  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
|  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
|  9 | 程坤      |   27 | 181.00 ||      2 |           |
| 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
|  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
|  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
|  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
| 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 ||      4 |           |
| 13 | 郭靖      |   12 | 170.00 ||      4 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+

 

  • 分页
select * from students limit start=0,count  # start=可省略
  1. 从start开始,获取count条数据
  2. start默认值为0
# 年龄从小到大,前6个作为第一页
mysql> select * from students order by age asc limit 0,6;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 ||      4 |           |
| 13 | 郭靖      |   12 | 170.00 ||      4 |           |
|  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
|  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
|  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
| 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 注意:在sql语句中limit后不可以直接加公式

 

  • 聚合函数
  1. 聚合函数,aggregation function,又称为组函数。默认情况下 聚合函数会对当前所在表当做一个组进行统计。
  2. count(*) 计算总行数
  3. max(列) 表示求此列的最大值
  4. min(列)表示求此列的最小值
  5. sum(列)表示求此列的和
  6. avg(列)表示求此列的平均值
# 计算出全班同学的平均年龄
mysql> select avg(age) as 平均年龄 from students;
+--------------+
| 平均年龄     |
+--------------+
|      27.6429 |
+--------------+

 

  • 分组 (第一part)
  1. 所谓的分组就是将一个“数据集”划分成若干个“小区域”,然后针对若干个“小区域”进行更精细化的处理。 
  2. group by的含义:将查询结果按照1个或多个字段进行分组,字段值相同的为一组
  3. group by可用于单个字段分组,也可用于多个字段分组
# 性别分组
mysql> select gender from students group by gender;
+--------+
| gender |
+--------+
||
||
| 中性   |
| 保密   |
+--------+
# 查询各个性别的平均年龄和平均身高,并保持两位小数。
mysql> select gender,round(avg(age),2),round(avg(height),2) from students group by gender;
+--------+-------------------+----------------------+
| gender | round(avg(age),2) | round(avg(height),2) |
+--------+-------------------+----------------------+
||             32.60 |               177.75 |
||             23.29 |               173.43 |
| 中性   |             33.00 |               162.00 |
| 保密   |             28.00 |               150.00 |
+--------+-------------------+----------------------+

 

  • 分组 (第二part)
  1. group by + group concat():group_concat(字段名)根据分组结果,使用group_concat()来放置每一个分组中某字段的集合
  2. group by + having:having 条件表达式用来过滤分组结果。having作用和where类似,但having只能用于group by,而where是用来过滤表数据的。
# 查找各个性别分组里有哪些同学
mysql> select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;
+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| gender | group_concat(name)                                        |
+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|| 彭于晏,刘德华,周杰伦,程坤,郭靖                            |
|| 小明,小月月,黄蓉,王祖贤,刘亦菲,静香,周杰                  |
| 中性   | 金星                                                      |
| 保密   | 凤姐                                                      |
+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
# 按性别分组,分别统计出平均年龄超过30岁的组的性别以及姓名
mysql> select gender,avg(age),group_concat(name) from students group by gender having avg(age)>30;
+--------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
| gender | avg(age) | group_concat(name)                          |
+--------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
||  32.6000 | 彭于晏,刘德华,周杰伦,程坤,郭靖              |
| 中性   |  33.0000 | 金星                                        |
+--------+----------+---------------------------------------------+

 


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