mysql进阶简单解析

Posted 2020-12-30

mysql进阶

1.mysql配置文件

mysql的配置文件为/etc/my.cnf
配置文件查找次序：若在多个配置文件中均有设定，则最后找到的最终生效

/etc/my.cnf --> /etc/mysql/my.cnf --> --default-extra-file=/PATH/TO/CONF_FI
  LE --> ~/.my.cnf

mysql常用配置文件参数：

参数	说明
port	设置监听端口
socket=/tmp/mysql.sock	指定套接字文件位置
basedir=/usr/local/mysql	指定mysql数据存放的路径
pid-file=/data/mysql/mysql.pid	指定进程ID文件存放路径
user=mysql	指定MySQL以什么身份来提供服务
skip-name-resolve	禁止MySQL对外部连接进行DNS解析的时间。若开启该选项，则所有远程主机连接授权都要使用IP地址方式否则MySQL将无法正常处理连接请求

2.mysql数据库备份

2.1 数据库常用备份方案

数据库备份方案：

• 全量备份
• 增量备份
• 差异备份

备份方案	特点
差异备份	备份上一次的完全备份后发生变化的所有文件。 差异备份是指在一次备份后到进行差异备份的这段时间内，对那些增加或修改文件的备份。进行恢复时，我们只需要对第一次全量备份和最后一次差异备份进行恢复。
全量备份	全量备份就是指对某一个时间点上吃所有数据或应用进行的一个完全拷贝。 数据恢复快备份时间长
增量备份	增量备份是指在一次全备份或上一次增量备份后，以后每次备份只需要备份与前一次相比增加或者被修改的文件。这就意味着，第一次增量备份的对象是进行一次备份后产生的增加和修改的文件，如此类推。 没有重复的备份数据备份时短恢复数据时必须按一定的顺序进行

2.2mysql备份工具mysqldump

//语法：
mysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables ...]
mysqldump [OPTIONS] --all-databases [OPTIONS]
mysqldump [OPTIONS] --databases [OPTIONS] DB1 [DB2 DB3...]

常用的OPTIONS：

-uUSERNAME  //指定数据库用户名
-hHOST     //指定服务器主机名，请使用ip地址
-pPASSWORD  //指定数据库用户的密码
-P#         //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需要用实际的端口号代替

备份整个数据库（全备）

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| linfan             |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_linfan |
+------------------+
| doudou           |
| linfan           |
+------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

[[email protected] ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  doudou.repo  lin  nfs.sh

[[email protected] ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 --all-databases > all-20180818.sql
Enter password:
[[email protected] ~]# ls
all-20180818.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg  doudou.repo  lin  nfs.sh

备份linfan库的doudou表

[[email protected] ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 linfan doudou > tabledoudou-20180818.sql
Enter password:
[[email protected] ~]# ls
all-20180818.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg  doudou.repo  lin  nfs.sh  tabledoudou-20180818.sql 

备份linfan数据库

[[email protected] ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 --databases linfan > data-linfan-20180818.sql
Enter password:
[[email protected] ~]# ls
all-20180818.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg  data-linfan-20180818.sql  doudou.repo  lin  nfs.sh  tabledoudou-20180818.sql

模拟误删linfan数据库

mysql> drop  database linfan ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

2.3 mysql数据恢复

[[email protected] ~]# ls
all-20180818.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg  data-linfan-20180818.sql  doudou.repo  lin  nfs.sh  tabledoudou-20180818.sql
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 < all-20180818.sql
Enter password:
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -e ‘show databases;‘
Enter password:
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| linfan             |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

恢复linfan数据库的doudou表

Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> source tabledoudou-20180818.sql; 
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_linfan |
+------------------+
| doudou           |
| linfan           |
+------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

模拟删除整个数据库

mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_linfan |
+------------------+
| doudou           |
| linfan           |
+------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show database;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ‘database‘ at line 1
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| linfan             |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

恢复整个数据库

[[email protected] ~]# ls
all-20180818.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg  data-linfan-20180818.sql  doudou.repo  lin  nfs.sh  tabledoudou-20180818.sql
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 < all-20180818.sql
Enter password:
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1  -e ‘show databases;‘
Enter password:
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| linfan             |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

3.二进制格式mysql安装

下载二进制格式的mysql软件包

[[email protected] ~]# cd /usr/src/
[[email protected] src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz  

创建用户和组

[[email protected] ~]# groupadd -r mysql
[[email protected] ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql

解压软件至/usr/local/

[[email protected] src]# ls
apr-1.6.3          apr-util-1.6.1          debug    mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
apr-1.6.3.tar.bz2  apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2  kernels
[[email protected] src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[[email protected] src]# ls  /usr/local/
apache  apr-util  etc    include  lib64    mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64  share
apr     bin       games  lib      libexec  sbin                                 src
[[email protected] src]# cd  /usr/local/ 
[[email protected] local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’
[[email protected] local]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 152 Aug 17 12:46 apache
drwxr-xr-x.  6 root root  58 Aug 17 12:35 apr
drwxr-xr-x.  5 root root  43 Aug 17 12:40 apr-util
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   6 Nov  5  2016 bin
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   6 Nov  5  2016 etc
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   6 Nov  5  2016 games
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   6 Nov  5  2016 include
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   6 Nov  5  2016 lib
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   6 Nov  5  2016 lib64
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   6 Nov  5  2016 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root  36 Aug 17 13:54 mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x.  9 root root 129 Aug 17 13:30 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   6 Nov  5  2016 sbin
drwxr-xr-x.  5 root root  49 Jul 11 15:44 share
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   6 Nov  5  2016 src

修改目录/usr/locaal/mysql的属主属组

[[email protected] ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql
[[email protected] ~]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 36 Aug 17 13:54 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/

添加环境变量

[[email protected] ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql
bin  COPYING  docs  include  lib  man  README  share  support-files
[[email protected] ~]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[[email protected] ~]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[[email protected] ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/apache/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

建立数据存放目录

[[email protected] ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql
[[email protected] mysql]# mkdir /opt/data
[[email protected] mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[[email protected] mysql]# ll /opt/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql   6 Aug 17 14:05 data
drwxr-xr-x. 8 root  root  220 Jul 18 17:09 lin.d

初始化数据库

[[email protected] mysql]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2018-08-17T06:08:33.347313Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2018-08-17T06:08:33.873415Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2018-08-17T06:08:33.953310Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2018-08-17T06:08:34.016549Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: f8e46285-a1e3-11e8-b6bf-000c29c9d4ed.
2018-08-17T06:08:34.019542Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table ‘mysql.gtid_executed‘ cannot be opened.
2018-08-17T06:08:34.023380Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for [email protected]: B<HiGFoc.8yZ
//这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码，此处密码是B<HiGFoc.8yZ

生成配置文件

[[email protected] ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
> [mysqld]
> basedir = /usr/local/mysql
> datadir = /opt/data
> socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
> port = 3306
> pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
> user = mysql
> skip-name-resolve
> EOF

配置服务启动脚本

[[email protected] ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[[email protected] ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(basedir=).*#1/usr/local/mysql#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld
[[email protected] ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(datadir=).*#1/opt/data#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld     

启动mysql

[[email protected] ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to ‘/opt/data/linfan.err‘.
 SUCCESS!
[[email protected] ~]# ps -ef|grep mysql
root      52200      1  0 14:25 pts/1    00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/opt/data --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid
mysql     52378  52200  4 14:25 pts/1    00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/opt/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=linfan.err --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root      52408   2998  0 14:25 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysql
[[email protected] ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q                Local Address:Port                               Peer Address:Port
LISTEN     0      128                               *:22                                            *:*
LISTEN     0      100                       127.0.0.1:25                                            *:*
LISTEN     0      128                              :::80                                           :::*
LISTEN     0      128                              :::22                                           :::*
LISTEN     0      100                             ::1:25                                           :::*
LISTEN     0      80                               :::3306                                         :::*   

修改密码
使用临时密码修改

[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;‘ or ‘h‘ for help. Type ‘c‘ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set password = password(‘linfan123‘);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye