美赛时e文论文怎么写？先中文再翻译还是直接写？

Posted

tags:

篇首语：本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理，主要介绍了美赛时e文论文怎么写？先中文再翻译还是直接写？相关的知识，希望对你有一定的参考价值。

att

参考技术A 直接写英文，不然很容易就
中式英文
的。。那样不好。。而且直接写中文快Latex对中文的兼容显然没有英文好

pyspark读写S3文件与简单处理（指定Schema，直接写S3或先本地再上传）

概述

随着AWS的流行，越来越多的企业将数据存储在S3上构建数据湖，本文示例如何用PySpark读取S3上的数据，并用结构化API处理与展示，最后简单并讨论直接写到S3与先写到本地再上传到S3的性能对比。

初始化Spark Session

读取Spark需要$SPARK_HOME/jars下包含hadoop-aws相关jar包，目前 aws-java-sdk-1.7.4.jar、hadoop-aws-2.7.7.jar为推荐版本， 一般上述jar包在 $HADOOP_HOME/share/hadoop/tools/lib/ 下均可找到，复制到$SPARK_HOME/jars 下即可。若没装Hadoop可以自行网上下载上述Jar包。

以下代码中，cfg配置文件存储了AWS的访问凭证，用 configparser 模块读取。

import os
import pyspark
from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read("dl.cfg")

AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID = config['AWS']['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID']
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = config['AWS']['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY']

spark = SparkSession.builder\\
            .config("spark.hadoop.fs.s3a.access.key", AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID)\\
            .config("spark.hadoop.fs.s3a.secret.key", AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY)\\
            .config("spark.hadoop.fs.s3a.impl", "org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3AFileSystem")\\
            .getOrCreate()

也可直接指定包配置来启动，运行时会自动下载，这样 sparkSession 初始化会比较缓慢，不推荐：

import os
import pyspark
from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
os.environ['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'] = config['AWS']['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID']
os.environ['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'] = config['AWS']['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY']

spark = SparkSession.builder\\
                     .config("spark.jars.packages","org.apache.hadoop:hadoop-aws:2.7.7")\\
                     .getOrCreate()

从S3读取文件

# 读取单个文件
df_song = spark.read.format('json').load('s3a://MyBucket/song_data/A/A/A/TRAAAAK128F9318786.json')

# 读取多个文件
df_songs = spark.read.format('json').load('s3a://MyBucket/song_data/A/A/A/*.json')
# cache到本地，下次读取加快速度
df_songs.cache() 
df_songs.count()

24

df_songs.select('artist_id').take(5)

[Row(artist_id='ARTC1LV1187B9A4858'),
 Row(artist_id='ARA23XO1187B9AF18F'),
 Row(artist_id='ARSVTNL1187B992A91'),
 Row(artist_id='AR73AIO1187B9AD57B'),
 Row(artist_id='ARXQBR11187B98A2CC')]

读取CSV

# 若文件巨大，cache慎用
df = spark.read.csv("s3a://MyBucket/pagila/payment/payment.csv").cache()
df.printSchema()
df.show(5)
df.count()

root
 |-- _c0: string (nullable = true)

+--------------------+
|                 _c0|
+--------------------+
|payment_id;custom...|
|16050;269;2;7;1.9...|
|16051;269;1;98;0....|
|16052;269;2;678;6...|
|16053;269;2;703;0...|
+--------------------+
only showing top 5 rows    
16050

可以发现CSV默认以逗号分隔，但上述文件是分号，故读出来只有一列，且应指定表头

指定分隔符号

# 这里换一种方法读 csv，本质是一样的
df = spark.read\\
    .format('csv')\\
    .option('sep',';')\\
    .option('inferSchema',True)\\
    .option('header',True)\\
    .load("s3a://MyBucket/pagila/payment/payment.csv")
# 若文件巨大，cache慎用
df.cache()
# 成功分列
df.printSchema()

root
 |-- payment_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- customer_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- staff_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- rental_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- amount: double (nullable = true)
 |-- payment_date: string (nullable = true)

df.show(5)

+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+--------------------+
|payment_id|customer_id|staff_id|rental_id|amount|        payment_date|
+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+--------------------+
|     16050|        269|       2|        7|  1.99|2017-01-24 21:40:...|
|     16051|        269|       1|       98|  0.99|2017-01-25 15:16:...|
|     16052|        269|       2|      678|  6.99|2017-01-28 21:44:...|
|     16053|        269|       2|      703|  0.99|2017-01-29 00:58:...|
|     16054|        269|       1|      750|  4.99|2017-01-29 08:10:...|
+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+--------------------+
only showing top 5 rows

数据类型转换

将 payment_date 列由字符串转换为日期类型

import pyspark.sql.functions as fn
df_new = df.withColumn('payment_date',fn.to_timestamp('payment_date','yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'))
df_new.printSchema()
df_new.show(5)

root
 |-- payment_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- customer_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- staff_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- rental_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- amount: double (nullable = true)
 |-- payment_date: timestamp (nullable = true)

+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+
|payment_id|customer_id|staff_id|rental_id|amount|       payment_date|
+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+
|     16050|        269|       2|        7|  1.99|2017-01-24 21:40:19|
|     16051|        269|       1|       98|  0.99|2017-01-25 15:16:50|
|     16052|        269|       2|      678|  6.99|2017-01-28 21:44:14|
|     16053|        269|       2|      703|  0.99|2017-01-29 00:58:02|
|     16054|        269|       1|      750|  4.99|2017-01-29 08:10:06|
+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+
only showing top 5 rows

增加月份列

# DataFrame API 方法
df_new = df_new.withColumn('month',fn.month('payment_date'))
df_new.show(5)

+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+-----+
|payment_id|customer_id|staff_id|rental_id|amount|       payment_date|month|
+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+-----+
|     16050|        269|       2|        7|  1.99|2017-01-24 21:40:19|    1|
|     16051|        269|       1|       98|  0.99|2017-01-25 15:16:50|    1|
|     16052|        269|       2|      678|  6.99|2017-01-28 21:44:14|    1|
|     16053|        269|       2|      703|  0.99|2017-01-29 00:58:02|    1|
|     16054|        269|       1|      750|  4.99|2017-01-29 08:10:06|    1|
+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+-----+
only showing top 5 rows

# SQL API 方法
df_new.drop('momth') # 先删除上述已有 month 列
df_new.createOrReplaceTempView('vw_df_payment')
df_new = spark.sql('''
    select payment_id
          ,customer_id
          ,staff_id
          ,rental_id
          ,amount
          ,payment_date
          ,month(payment_date) as month
    from vw_df_payment
''')
df_new.show(5)

+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+-----+
|payment_id|customer_id|staff_id|rental_id|amount|       payment_date|month|
+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+-----+
|     16050|        269|       2|        7|  1.99|2017-01-24 21:40:19|    1|
|     16051|        269|       1|       98|  0.99|2017-01-25 15:16:50|    1|
|     16052|        269|       2|      678|  6.99|2017-01-28 21:44:14|    1|
|     16053|        269|       2|      703|  0.99|2017-01-29 00:58:02|    1|
|     16054|        269|       1|      750|  4.99|2017-01-29 08:10:06|    1|
+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+-----+
only showing top 5 rows

SQL聚合计算-计算月度利润

df_new.createOrReplaceTempView('vw_df_payment')
spark.sql('''
    select Month,sum(amount) as Revenue
    from vw_df_payment
    group by month
    order by month
''').show()

+-----+------------------+
|Month|           Revenue|
+-----+------------------+
|    1| 4824.429999999856|
|    2| 9631.879999999608|
|    3|23886.560000002115|
|    4|28559.460000003943|
|    5|  514.180000000001|
+-----+------------------+

df.count()

16049

df_new.count()

16049

读取CSV，指定schema

infer schema比较费时而且难免会有与实际不符的情况，下面我们指定schema。
指定Schema需要构造StructType类，或直接用类似SQL DDL风格的字符串。

# from pyspark.sql.types import StructType,StructField,IntegerType,DoubleType,DateType,TimestampType

# my_schema = StructType([
#     StructField('payment_id' ,IntegerType()),
#     StructField('customer_id',IntegerType()),
#     StructField('staff_id',IntegerType()),
#     StructField('rental_id',IntegerType()),
#     StructField('amount',DoubleType()),
#     StructField('payment_date',TimestampType())
# ])

# 除上述定义方法外，如下 DDL风格的 schema 定义亦可 (varchar 对应 string，datetime 对应 timestamp )
# 注：含 timestamp 类型时，一定要指定 timestampFormat
# yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss，如果用 yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSSSSS
# spark会将 2017-01-24 21:40:19.996577+00 的微秒读为 996577000，并加到分钟
# 所以只能舍掉 SSSSSS 秒，或先读为字符串，再另外处理

my_schema = '''
    payment_id int,
    customer_id int,
    staff_id int,
    rental_id int,
    amount double,
    payment_date timestamp
'''

df = spark.read\\
    .format('csv')\\
    .schema(my_schema)\\
    .option('sep',';')\\
    .option('header',True)\\
    .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")\\
    .load("s3a://MyBucket/pagila/payment/payment.csv")

df.printSchema()
df.show(5)

root
 |-- payment_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- customer_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- staff_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- rental_id: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- amount: double (nullable = true)
 |-- payment_date: timestamp (nullable = true)

+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+
|payment_id|customer_id|staff_id|rental_id|amount|       payment_date|
+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+
|     16050|        269|       2|        7|  1.99|2017-01-24 21:40:19|
|     16051|        269|       1|       98|  0.99|2017-01-25 15:16:50|
|     16052|        269|       2|      678|  6.99|2017-01-28 21:44:14|
|     16053|        269|       2|      703|  0.99|2017-01-29 00:58:02|
|     16054|        269|       1|      750|  4.99|2017-01-29 08:10:06|
+----------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------------------+
only showing top 5 rows

df.select('payment_date').take(5)

[Row(payment_date=datetime.datetime(2017, 1, 24, 21, 40, 19)),
 Row(payment_date=datetime.datetime(2017, 1, 25, 15, 16, 50)),
 Row(payment_date=datetime.datetime(2017, 1, 28, 21, 44, 14)),
 Row(payment_date=datetime.datetime(2017, 1, 29, 0, 58, 2)),
 Row(payment_date=datetime.datetime(2017, 1, 29, 8, 10, 6))]

df.createOrReplaceTempView('vw_df_payment')
spark.sql('''
    select month(payment_date) as Month,sum(amount) as Revenue
    from vw_df_payment
    group by month(payment_date)
    order by month
''').show()

+-----+------------------+
|Month|           Revenue|
+-----+------------------+
|    1| 4824.429999999856|
|    2| 9631.879999999608|
|    3|23886.560000002115|
|    4|28559.460000003943|
|    5|  514.180000000001|
+-----+------------------+

写文件到S3

直接写到S3应该是比较慢的，可以先保存在本地再上传到S3，或保存到AWS EMR的HDFS中，再传到S3，虽然麻烦，可能会快一些 。

直接写S3
import time
s = time.time()

df.write.format('json')\\
    .mode('overwrite')\\
    .save('s3a://bucket-vincent/payment.json')

print(f'\\nrun time:time.time() - s s')

run time:121.28353834152222 s
先写到本地，再copy到S3

copy到S3调用了AWS CLI命令

import subprocess as sub
s = time.time()

df.write.format('json')\\
    .mode('overwrite')\\
    .save('/home/ghost/workdata/payment.json')

s3_copy_cmd = [
    'aws','s3','cp',
    '/home/ghost/workdata/payment.json',
    's3://bucket-vincent/payment.json',
    '--recursive','--exclude','*.crc'
]

sub.run(s3_copy_cmd)

print(f'\\nrun time:time.time() - s s')

run time:30.206376314163208 s

可以发现后者运行时间有所减少。

相关参考

https://sparkour.urizone.net/recipes/using-s3/
https://www.jitsejan.com/using-spark-to-read-from-s3.html
https://gist.github.com/claudinei-daitx/3766d01b070f3f0f8d1b64fd06b71585
https://gist.github.com/bachwehbi/49e0035bdcf3d420a181415e02a189b7
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42822483/extremely-slow-s3-write-times-from-emr-spark

以上是关于美赛时e文论文怎么写？先中文再翻译还是直接写？的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章

先更新缓存还是先更新数据库

用long类型让我出了次生产事故，写代码还是要小心点

将中文文章翻译为英文时，如果文章中有分号，那翻译为英文时用句号还是分号还是逗号？？？

java的框架spring如何配置分布式事务？

灰色英语怎么写

场景应用：如何保证缓存与数据库的双写一致性？