~贝多芬英文资料~（好的加分）

Posted 2023-05-05

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Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven,he is not only good at playing the piano and conducting a concert, but also a famous composer. His works have a rare originality, emotional depth, and expressive power and he was known for his nine symphonies, piano concertos, sonatas, and string quartets. 

He started to learn the music when he was a boy and fallowed his farther. As the saying goes, interest is the best teacher. By 1795 he had earned a name for himself as a pianist of great fantasy and verve, admired in particular for his brilliant improvisations.

Unfortunately, around the year 1798 Beethoven noticed that he was suffering from a hearing disorder. But he didn’t give up what he liked. He continued to produce notable masterpieces throughout his life, even when his deafness was almost total. Although the great man has gone, his soul will live in his music and last forever.

译文：

贝多芬路德维希·凡·贝多芬，他不仅擅长弹钢琴和指挥音乐会，而且是一位著名的作曲家。他的作品具有罕见的独创性、情感的深度和表达能力，他以他的九部交响曲、钢琴协奏曲、奏鸣曲和弦乐四重奏而闻名。当他还是个孩子的时候，他就开始学习音乐，并把他的父亲休了下来。

俗话说，兴趣是最好的老师。到1795年，他已经为自己赢得了一个伟大的幻想和神韵的钢琴家的名字，特别是钦佩他出色的即兴演奏。

不幸的是，大约在1798年，贝多芬发现自己患有听力障碍。但是他没有放弃他喜欢的。在他的一生中，即使他的耳朵几乎全聋了，他仍然不断创作着著名的杰作。虽然这位伟人已经去世了，但他的灵魂仍将活在他的音乐中，并将永存。

扩展资料：

主要作品：

贝多芬的一生创作体裁广泛，数量众多。在器乐领域，包括9部交响曲、11首管弦乐曲和戏剧配乐、5首钢琴协奏曲、1首小提琴协奏曲、16首弦乐四重奏和其他形式的重奏曲、32首钢琴奏鸣曲以及小提琴、大提琴奏鸣曲、变奏曲等。

在声乐领域，涉及歌剧、清唱剧、弥撒、康塔塔、合唱幻想曲和大量的艺术歌曲，声乐领域的代表作品包括歌剧《费德里奥》、《D大调弥撒》、声乐套曲《致远方的爱人》等

人物经历：

早年经历

1770年12月16日，路德维希·凡·贝多芬出生于德国波恩。1775年左右，4岁的贝多芬被父亲逼着学习钢琴、小提琴，其父愚蠢地想用强制性手段将他培养成莫扎特式的神童。

1778年，8岁的贝多芬师从宫廷老管风琴师H·伊登学习音乐基础理论及管风琴，同年8月26日第一次登台演出。

1781年，11岁的贝多芬辍学，进入波恩剧院乐队当小乐师，有机会师从选帝侯宫廷管风琴师、指挥家和作曲家克里斯蒂安·戈特洛布·聂弗，聂弗是位启蒙运动的参与者，对贝多芬一生影响很大。

1783年，13岁的贝多芬担任宫廷乐队的古钢琴独奏与伴奏，但无薪俸；同年根据德雷斯勒的进行曲改编为《钢琴变奏曲》（woO63），这是他正式发表的第一首作品，由德国音乐出版家J·M·格茨予以出版。

1785年至1786年，贝多芬转向弗兰兹·安东·里斯学习小提琴，完成《三首钢琴奏鸣曲》（woO36）。

1787年春天，贝多芬第一次访问维也纳，见到31岁的莫扎特，其弹奏技术受到莫扎特的赞赏；同年结识比自己大9岁的华尔斯坦伯爵，他是贝多芬在艺术事业与经济上的重要支持者。

1790年，作曲家海顿去伦敦途经波恩，贝多芬结识海顿；同年受委托完成了两部清唱剧：《为约瑟夫二世逝世所作的悼念清唱剧》（woO87），这也是贝多芬第一部与政治沾上边的作品；以及《为利奥波德二世登基而作的清唱剧》（woO88）。

1792年11月，22岁的贝多芬在海顿等人的鼓励支持下离开故乡，开始拜海顿为师学习作曲，定居于维也纳。

维也纳初期

1793年，贝多芬改向莫扎特挚友，作曲家与教师J·B·申克学习对位法及音乐理论 [1]  。1794年，开始师从圣斯蒂芬大教堂阿尔布莱兹贝格学习对位法，向宫廷音乐总监安东尼奥·萨列里免费学习作曲；由于海顿忙于作第二次赴英演出的创作准备，师生两人性格不同又有音乐思想上的分歧，贝多芬向海顿的学习终于1794年中止。

1796年8月，在《维也纳杂志》上发表了贝多芬赠送给海顿的三首钢琴奏鸣曲（Op.2）；同年开始出现耳聋现象。

1796至1797年创作完成《C大调第一钢琴协奏曲》（Op.15），并于1798年在捷克布拉格首演。1799年，霍夫敏斯托于年底将贝多芬的《c小调第八（悲怆）钢琴奏鸣曲》（Op.13）予以出版。

1800年4月，《第一交响曲》（Op.21）、《降E大调七重奏》（Op.20）在维也纳皇家宫廷音乐会首演 [1]  。

1801年，创作完成《升c小调第十四（月光）钢琴奏鸣曲》（Op.27 no.2），题献给朱丽塔·吉米尔茨伯爵夫人；同年还完成了《弦乐五重奏》（Op.29）、《弦乐四重奏》（Op.18）。

1802年，到海利根施塔特度夏，贝多芬已完全听不见声音，同年10月初给自己的兄弟写下著名的《海利根施塔特遗嘱》；经过激烈的思想斗争完成《第二交响曲》，并重返维也纳。

成熟时期

1803年，神剧《基督在橄榄山》、《A大调克鲁采小提琴奏鸣曲》首演；同年完成《第三钢琴协奏曲》。

1805年4月，《第三（英雄）交响曲》首演，贝多芬亲自担任指挥，此作是贝多芬进入创作成熟时期的重要标志；同年11月20日，歌剧《费德里奥》在维也纳皇家剧院首演。

1806年，创作完成《拉兹莫夫斯基弦乐四重奏》、《第四钢琴协奏曲》、《第四交响曲》，以及小提琴协奏曲。

1808年12月，《第六（田园）交响曲》在维也纳剧院举行了首演。1809年，《科里奥兰序曲》、《第五（命运）交响曲》、《C大调弥撒》相继问世。

1810年11月，《第五钢琴协奏曲》在莱比锡首演并取得了巨大成功，同时贝多芬因耳聋已与许多亲友疏远。

1812年，创作完成《第七交响曲》与《第八交响曲》；翌年夏天创作完成《战争交响曲》。

创作晚期

1814年2月—3月，《第七交响曲》、《战争交响曲》相继再度上演，成为维也纳狂热事件。

1824至1825年，首次公演《第九交响曲》及其合唱；1825年3月，创作完成《庄严弥撒曲》。

1826年，《降B大调弦乐四重奏》完成并公演，歌剧《费德里奥》最后版本予以发行。

1827年，伦敦爱乐乐团赠予贝多芬100英镑，邀请他为乐团谱写《第十交响曲》，未及完成，贝多芬于同年3月26日与世长辞，终年57岁。

参考资料来源：百度百科-路德维希·凡·贝多芬

参考技术A

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven,he is not only good at playing the piano and conducting a concert, but also a famous composer. His works have a rare originality, emotional depth, and expressive power and he was known for his nine symphonies, piano concertos, sonatas, and string quartets. 

He started to learn the music when he was a boy and fallowed his farther. As the saying goes, interest is the best teacher. By 1795 he had earned a name for himself as a pianist of great fantasy and verve, admired in particular for his brilliant improvisations.

Unfortunately, around the year 1798 Beethoven noticed that he was suffering from a hearing disorder. But he didn’t give up what he liked. He continued to produce notable masterpieces throughout his life, even when his deafness was almost total. Although the great man has gone, his soul will live in his music and last forever.

译文：

贝多芬路德维希·凡·贝多芬，他不仅擅长弹钢琴和指挥音乐会，而且是一位著名的作曲家。他的作品具有罕见的独创性、情感的深度和表达能力，他以他的九部交响曲、钢琴协奏曲、奏鸣曲和弦乐四重奏而闻名。当他还是个孩子的时候，他就开始学习音乐，并把他的父亲休了下来。

俗话说，兴趣是最好的老师。到1795年，他已经为自己赢得了一个伟大的幻想和神韵的钢琴家的名字，特别是钦佩他出色的即兴演奏。

不幸的是，大约在1798年，贝多芬发现自己患有听力障碍。但是他没有放弃他喜欢的。在他的一生中，即使他的耳朵几乎全聋了，他仍然不断创作着著名的杰作。虽然这位伟人已经去世了，但他的灵魂仍将活在他的音乐中，并将永存。

扩展资料：

主要作品：

贝多芬的一生创作体裁广泛，数量众多。在器乐领域，包括9部交响曲、11首管弦乐曲和戏剧配乐、5首钢琴协奏曲、1首小提琴协奏曲、16首弦乐四重奏和其他形式的重奏曲、32首钢琴奏鸣曲以及小提琴、大提琴奏鸣曲、变奏曲等。

在声乐领域，涉及歌剧、清唱剧、弥撒、康塔塔、合唱幻想曲和大量的艺术歌曲，声乐领域的代表作品包括歌剧《费德里奥》、《D大调弥撒》、声乐套曲《致远方的爱人》等

人物经历：

早年经历

1770年12月16日，路德维希·凡·贝多芬出生于德国波恩。1775年左右，4岁的贝多芬被父亲逼着学习钢琴、小提琴，其父愚蠢地想用强制性手段将他培养成莫扎特式的神童。

1778年，8岁的贝多芬师从宫廷老管风琴师H·伊登学习音乐基础理论及管风琴，同年8月26日第一次登台演出。

1781年，11岁的贝多芬辍学，进入波恩剧院乐队当小乐师，有机会师从选帝侯宫廷管风琴师、指挥家和作曲家克里斯蒂安·戈特洛布·聂弗，聂弗是位启蒙运动的参与者，对贝多芬一生影响很大。

1783年，13岁的贝多芬担任宫廷乐队的古钢琴独奏与伴奏，但无薪俸；同年根据德雷斯勒的进行曲改编为《钢琴变奏曲》（woO63），这是他正式发表的第一首作品，由德国音乐出版家J·M·格茨予以出版。

1785年至1786年，贝多芬转向弗兰兹·安东·里斯学习小提琴，完成《三首钢琴奏鸣曲》（woO36）。

1787年春天，贝多芬第一次访问维也纳，见到31岁的莫扎特，其弹奏技术受到莫扎特的赞赏；同年结识比自己大9岁的华尔斯坦伯爵，他是贝多芬在艺术事业与经济上的重要支持者。

1790年，作曲家海顿去伦敦途经波恩，贝多芬结识海顿；同年受委托完成了两部清唱剧：《为约瑟夫二世逝世所作的悼念清唱剧》（woO87），这也是贝多芬第一部与政治沾上边的作品；以及《为利奥波德二世登基而作的清唱剧》（woO88）。

1792年11月，22岁的贝多芬在海顿等人的鼓励支持下离开故乡，开始拜海顿为师学习作曲，定居于维也纳。

维也纳初期

1793年，贝多芬改向莫扎特挚友，作曲家与教师J·B·申克学习对位法及音乐理论 [1]  。1794年，开始师从圣斯蒂芬大教堂阿尔布莱兹贝格学习对位法，向宫廷音乐总监安东尼奥·萨列里免费学习作曲；由于海顿忙于作第二次赴英演出的创作准备，师生两人性格不同又有音乐思想上的分歧，贝多芬向海顿的学习终于1794年中止。

1796年8月，在《维也纳杂志》上发表了贝多芬赠送给海顿的三首钢琴奏鸣曲（Op.2）；同年开始出现耳聋现象。

1796至1797年创作完成《C大调第一钢琴协奏曲》（Op.15），并于1798年在捷克布拉格首演。1799年，霍夫敏斯托于年底将贝多芬的《c小调第八（悲怆）钢琴奏鸣曲》（Op.13）予以出版。

1800年4月，《第一交响曲》（Op.21）、《降E大调七重奏》（Op.20）在维也纳皇家宫廷音乐会首演 [1]  。

1801年，创作完成《升c小调第十四（月光）钢琴奏鸣曲》（Op.27 no.2），题献给朱丽塔·吉米尔茨伯爵夫人；同年还完成了《弦乐五重奏》（Op.29）、《弦乐四重奏》（Op.18）。

1802年，到海利根施塔特度夏，贝多芬已完全听不见声音，同年10月初给自己的兄弟写下著名的《海利根施塔特遗嘱》；经过激烈的思想斗争完成《第二交响曲》，并重返维也纳。

成熟时期

1803年，神剧《基督在橄榄山》、《A大调克鲁采小提琴奏鸣曲》首演；同年完成《第三钢琴协奏曲》。

1805年4月，《第三（英雄）交响曲》首演，贝多芬亲自担任指挥，此作是贝多芬进入创作成熟时期的重要标志；同年11月20日，歌剧《费德里奥》在维也纳皇家剧院首演。

1806年，创作完成《拉兹莫夫斯基弦乐四重奏》、《第四钢琴协奏曲》、《第四交响曲》，以及小提琴协奏曲。

1808年12月，《第六（田园）交响曲》在维也纳剧院举行了首演。1809年，《科里奥兰序曲》、《第五（命运）交响曲》、《C大调弥撒》相继问世。

1810年11月，《第五钢琴协奏曲》在莱比锡首演并取得了巨大成功，同时贝多芬因耳聋已与许多亲友疏远。

1812年，创作完成《第七交响曲》与《第八交响曲》；翌年夏天创作完成《战争交响曲》。

创作晚期

1814年2月—3月，《第七交响曲》、《战争交响曲》相继再度上演，成为维也纳狂热事件。

1824至1825年，首次公演《第九交响曲》及其合唱；1825年3月，创作完成《庄严弥撒曲》。

1826年，《降B大调弦乐四重奏》完成并公演，歌剧《费德里奥》最后版本予以发行。

1827年，伦敦爱乐乐团赠予贝多芬100英镑，邀请他为乐团谱写《第十交响曲》，未及完成，贝多芬于同年3月26日与世长辞，终年57岁。

参考资料来源：百度百科-路德维希·凡·贝多芬

参考技术B Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770 – March 26, 1827) was a German composer of classical music, who lived predominantly in Vienna, Austria. Beethoven is widely regarded as one of history's supreme composers, and he produced notable works even after losing his hearing. He was one of the greatest figures in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in music. His reputation has inspired — and in many cases intimidated — composers, musicians, and audiences who were to come after him.

Among his most widely-recognized works are his Third, Fifth, Sixth and Ninth symphonies (the latter containing the "Ode to Joy"); Piano Concerto No. 5 ("Emperor"); a Violin Concerto; the Pathétique, Moonlight, Appassionata, and Hammerklavier piano sonatas; and the bagatelle Für Elise .
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Life and work
* 2 Musical style and innovations
* 3 Personal beliefs and their musical influence
* 4 Beethoven the Romantic?
* 5 See also
* 6 Media
o 6.1 Piano solo
o 6.2 Orchestral
o 6.3 Chamber
* 7 References
* 8 External links

Life and work

For more details on this topic, see Life and work of Ludwig van Beethoven.

Beethoven was born at 515 Bongasse, Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740–1792); and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744–1787) in 1770. Many reference works show 16 December as Beethoven's date of birth, since he was baptized on 17 December and children at that time were generally baptized the day after their birth.

Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn and an alcoholic who beat him and unsuccessfully attempted to exhibit him as a child prodigy like Mozart. However, others soon noticed Beethoven's talent. In 1787 young Beethoven went to Vienna for the first time. While in Vienna he played songs for Mozart. Mozart was very impressed with Beethoven's performance. He was given instruction and employment by Christian Gottlob Neefe, as well as financial sponsorship by the Prince-Elector. Beethoven's mother died when he was 17, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers.

Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he intended to study with Joseph Haydn. Haydn didn't like Beethoven's unorthodox music ideas so he terminated his lessons. Beethoven quickly established a reputation as a piano virtuoso, and more slowly, as a composer. He settled into the career pattern he would follow for the remainder of his life: rather than working for the church or a noble court (as most composers before him had done), he was a freelancer, supporting himself with public performances, sales of his works and stipends from members of the aristocracy who recognized his ability.
Beethoven 1820 portrait
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Beethoven 1820 portrait

Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods.

In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart while concurrently exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the first six string quartets, the first two piano concertos, and the first twenty piano sonatas, including the famous Pathétique and Moonlight.

The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music. Middle period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3–8), the last three piano concertos, triple concerto and his only violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. 7–11), the next seven piano sonatas including the Waldstein, and Appassionata, and his only opera, Fidelio.

Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven died in 1827. The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms (for example, the Quartet in C Sharp Minor has seven movements, while most famously his Ninth Symphony adds choral forces to the orchestra in the last movement). This period includes the Missa Solemnis, the last five string quartets and the last five piano sonatas.

Considering the depth and extent of Beethoven's artistic explorations, as well as the composer's success in making himself comprehensible to the widest possible audience, the Austrian-born British musician and writer Hans Keller pronounced Beethoven "humanity's greatest mind altogether".

Beethoven's personal life was troubled. Around age 28, he started to become deaf, which led him to contemplate suicide (see the 1802 Heiligenstadt Testament). He was attracted to unattainable (married or aristocratic) women, whom he idealized; he never married. Some scholars believe his period of low productivity from about 1812 to 1816 was caused by depression resulting from Beethoven's realization that he would never marry.

Beethoven quarrelled, often bitterly, with his relatives and others (including a painful and public custody battle over his nephew Karl); he frequently treated other people badly. He moved often and had strange personal habits, such as wearing filthy clothing even as he washed compulsively. He often had financial troubles.

Many listeners perceive an echo of Beethoven's life in his music, which often depicts struggle followed by triumph. This description is often applied to Beethoven's creation of masterpieces in the face of his severe personal difficulties.

Beethoven was often in poor health, especially after his mid-20s, when he began to suffer from serious stomach pains. In 1826 his health took a drastic turn for the worse. His death the following year was attributed to liver disease, but modern research on a lock of Beethoven's hair taken at the time of his death, and a few pieces of his skull [1] shows that lead poisoning could well have contributed to his ill-health and ultimately to his death (the levels of lead were more than 100 times higher than levels found in most people today). The source of the lead poisoning may have been fish from the heavily polluted Danube River and lead compounds used to sweeten wines. It is unlikely that lead poisoning was the cause of his deafness, which several researchers think was caused by an autoimmune disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The hair analysis did not detect mercury, which is consistent with the view that Beethoven did not have syphilis (syphilis was treated with mercury compounds at the time). The absence of drug metabolites suggests Beethoven avoided opiate painkillers.

His last musical sketches belong to the composition of a string quintet in C Major [2]. Beethoven died in 1827, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fists in defiance of the heavens. He is buried in the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) in Vienna, along with many other notable composers.

Musical style and innovations

Main article: Beethoven's musical style and innovations

Beethoven is viewed as one of the most important transitional figures between the Classical and Romantic eras of musical history. As far as musical form is concerned, he built on the principles of sonata form and motivic development that he had inherited from Haydn and Mozart, but greatly extended them, writing longer and more ambitious movements. But Beethoven also radically redefined the symphony, transforming it from the rigidly structured four-ordered-movements form of Haydn's era to a fairly open ended form that could sustain as many movements as necessary, and of whatever form as necessary to give the work cohesion.

See also History of sonata form and Romantic music.

Personal beliefs and their musical influence

Beethoven was much taken by the ideals of the Enlightenment and by the growing Romanticism in Europe. He initially dedicated his third symphony, the Eroica (Italian for "heroic"), to Napoleon in the belief that the general would sustain the democratic and republican ideals of the French Revolution, but in 1804 tore out the title page upon which he had written a dedication to Napoleon, as Napoleon's imperial ambitions became clear, renamed the symphony as the "Sinfonia Eroica, composta per festeggiare il Sovvenire di un grand Uomo", or in English, "composed to celebrate the memory of a great man". The fourth movement of his Ninth Symphony features an elaborate choral setting of Schiller's Ode An die Freude ("Ode To Joy"), an optimistic hymn championing the brotherhood of humanity.

Scholars disagree on Beethoven's religious beliefs and the role they played in his work. For discussion, see Beethoven's religious beliefs.

Beethoven the Romantic?

A continuing controversy surrounding Beethoven is whether he was a Romantic or a Classical composer. As documented elsewhere, since the meanings of the word "Romantic" and the definition of the period "Romanticism" both vary by discipline, Beethoven's inclusion as a member of that movement or period must be looked at in context.

If we consider the Romantic movement as an aesthetic epoch in literature and the arts generally, Beethoven sits squarely in the first half along with literary Romantics such as the German poets Goethe and Schiller (whose texts both he and the much more straightforwardly Romantic Franz Schubert drew on for songs) and the English poet Percy Shelley. He was also called a Romantic by contemporaries such as Spohr and E.T.A. Hoffman. He is often considered the composer of the first Song Cycle and was influenced by Romantic folk idioms, for example in his use of the work of Robert Burns. He set dozens of such poems (and arranged folk melodies) for voice, piano, and violin.

If on the other hand we consider the context of musicology, where Romantic music is dated later; the matter is one of considerably greater debate. For some experts, Beethoven is not a Romantic, and his being one is a myth; for others he stands as a transitional figure, or an immediate precursor to Romanticism, the "inventor" of the Romantic period; for others he is the prototypical, or even archetypal, Romantic composer, complete with myth of heroic genius and individuality. The marker buoy of Romanticism has been pushed back and forth several times by scholarship, and it remains a subject of intense debate, in no small part because Beethoven is seen as a seminal figure. To those for whom the Enlightenment represents the basis of Modernity, he must therefore be unequivocally a Classicist, while for those who see the Romantic sensibility as a key to later aesthetics (including the aesthetics of our own time), he must be a Romantic. Between these two extremes there are, of course, innumerable gradations.
Beethoven's grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna.
Enlarge
Beethoven's grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna.

Listening to Beethoven's music yields another possible scholarly analysis: there is definitely an evolution in style from Beethoven's earliest compositions to his later works. The young Beethoven can be seen toiling to conform to the aesthetic models of his contemporaries: he wants to write music that is acceptable in the society of his days. Later, there is much more iconoclasm in his approach, like adding a chorus to a symphony, where a symphony had until then only been a purely instrumental genre. This means that the question changes from whether Beethoven was a classicist or a romantic, to: where is the pivotal moment that Beethoven tilted from dominant classicism to dominant romanticism?. Most scholars seem to concur: the presentation of the 5th and 6th symphonies in a single concert in 1808 is probably closest to that pivotal point. In the 5th symphony, he let a short pounding motto theme run through all movements of the composition (unheard of until then). Then the 6th symphony was the first example of a symphony composed as "program music" (what in Romanticism became standard practice), and it broke up the traditional arrangement of a symphony in four movements. Yet, after that, Beethoven still wrote his very "Classical" 8th symphony and some innocent-sounding chamber music for the English market. However, by the end of the first decade of the 19th century, Beethoven the romantic was without a doubt primary.

In contrast, Carl Dahlhaus argues that the evolution of Beethoven's style actually takes him past Romanticism to a place where he was separate from the music of his contemporaries. Dahlhaus points out that our understanding of Beethoven as a Romantic composer derives largely from Beethoven's early middle period, which contains the Symphony No. 3 and Symphony No. 5. Beethoven's impact on other Romantic composers, however, is taken largely from works between Ops. 74 and 97, of the second half of the so-called middle period. Dahlhaus argues that the tradition of Romantic music is essentially a tradition of Schubertian music, and that Beethoven's influence on Schubert is largely taken from Ops. 74 to 97. By the time Beethoven reaches the late period, he is such an individual as to be best understood as no longer belonging to the same genre as his Romantic contemporaries.

Piano solo

# Moonlight Sonata (file info)

* Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, 1st movement

# Pathetique Sonata (file info)

* Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, 1st & 2nd movements

# Opus 111, movement 1 (file info)

* Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor, 1st movement

# Opus 111, movement 2 (file info)

* Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor, 2nd movement

# Laendler in C Minor (file info)

* Hess 68

Orchestral
# Symphony 5, movement 1 (file info)

* From Symphony no. 5

# Symphony 5, movement 2 (file info)

* From Symphony no. 5

# Symphony 5, movement 3 (file info)

* From Symphony no. 5

# Symphony 5, movement 4 (file info)

* From Symphony no. 5

# Opus 62 (file info)

* Overture - Coriolan

# Piano Concerto 4, movement 1 (file info)

* Piano Concerto No. 4 in G major, 1st movement

# Piano Concerto 4, movement 2 and 3 (file info)

* Piano Concerto No. 4 in G major, 2nd and 3rd movement

Chamber
# Komm' o Hoffnung (file info)

* The Komm' o Hoffnung aria from Fidelio, performed by Alice Guszalewicz

# Opus 30, movement 1 (file info)

* Violin Sonata No. 6 in A major, 1st movement

# Opus 30, movement 2 (file info)

* Violin Sonata No. 6 in A major, 2nd movement

# Opus 30, movement 3 (file info)

* Violin Sonata No. 6 in A major, 3rd movement

# Opus 47, movement 1 (file info)

* Violin Sonata No. 9 in A major "Kreutzer", 1st movement

# Opus 47, movement 2 (file info)

* Violin Sonata No. 9 in A major "Kreutzer", 2nd movement

# Opus 47, movement 3 (file info)

* Violin Sonata No. 9 in A major "Kreutzer", 3rd movement

# Fugue in B Flat Minor, arranged for String Quintet (file info)

* From Well-Tempered Clavier (Book One) by Johann Sebastian Bach, Hess 38本回答被提问者采纳 参考技术C 　　英文资料如下：
　　Beethoven (van Beethoven Ludwig), born in December 17, 1770, died in March 26, 1827. The famous German musician, one of the representatives of classical music in Vienna. Have a profound influence on the development of his works in the music world, it is known as the "klosson".
　　Beethoven's main works in the first place in the nine symphony. Representative works are reduced Symphony No. 3 in E flat major "hero", Symphony No. 5 in C minor "fate", F major Symphony No.6 "Pastoral", a No. 7 symphony in D minor Ninth Symphony Chorus ("Ode to joy" theme), Overture "egger Monte", "Leonore", or piano No. 14 in C sharp minor Sonata the Moonlight Sonata in F major the fifth piano sonata song "spring", No. 2 in F major romance. He set up a great classical music, but also opened up the road of romantic music, the development of the world's music has a pivotal role.
　　Beethoven in the status of music history is extremely outstanding of, he is not only master of classical style, at the same time, it is the pioneer of the romantic style. As a master of music, Beethoven on the artistic song shall likewise be a considerable degree of attention, he is the pioneer of the German art song creation, life as a piano accompaniment of art songs more than 60 song, his art songs to the abundant technique of expression and form to show, expression belongs to the whole human emotion. Extraordinary achievements have been made in the field of art songs.
　　中文译文：
　　贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven），生于1770年12月17日，逝世于1827年3月26日。德国著名的音乐家，维也纳古典乐派代表人物 之一。他的作品对世界音乐的发展有着非常深远的影响，因此被尊称为“乐圣”。
　　贝多芬的主要作品以九部交响曲占首要地位。代表作有降E大调第3交响曲《英雄》、c小调第5交响曲《命运》、F大调第6交响曲《田园》、A大调第7交响曲、d小调第9交响曲《合唱》（《欢乐颂》主旋律）、序曲《爱格蒙特》、《莱奥诺拉》、升c小调第14钢琴奏鸣曲《月光》、F大调第5钢琴奏鸣曲《春天》、F大调第2号浪漫曲。他集古典音乐的大成，同时开辟了浪漫时期音乐的道路，对世界音乐发展有着举足轻重的作用。
　　贝多芬在音乐史的地位是极其突出的，他不仅是古典主义风格的集大成者，同时又是浪漫主义风格的开创者。作为音乐大师，贝多芬对艺术歌曲同样予以相当程度的关注，他是德国艺术歌曲创造的先驱，毕生作有钢琴伴奏的艺术歌曲六十多首，他的艺术歌曲以其丰富的表现手法和形式来展现，表达属于全人类的情感。在艺术歌曲的领域里取得了非凡成就。 参考技术D 路德维希·凡·贝多芬 （1770－1827） 伟大的德国作曲家、维也纳古典乐派代表人物之一。 贝多芬1770年12月16日生于莱茵河畔距法国不远的小城--波恩。他的祖父是波恩宫廷乐团的乐长，父亲是一个宫廷男高音歌手。贝多芬自幼便已显露出他的音乐天才，父亲急于把他培养成为一个象莫扎特那样的神童，从小就逼着他学习钢琴和小提琴，八岁时他已开始在音乐会上表演并尝试作曲，但是，他在这段时期中所受的音乐教育一直是非常零乱和没有系统的。
贝多芬全部资料
一、英雄交响曲

贝多芬的心中充满了自由、平等、博爱的理想，他是1789年法国资产阶级革命的热烈拥护者。1798年，柏纳多特将军(1763-1844)出任法国驻维也纳大使，贝多芬常到他的家里，并和他周围的人有密切的交往。1802年，贝多芬在柏纳多特的提意下，动手写作献给拿破仑的《第三交响曲》。在他的心目中，拿破仑是摧毁专制制度、实现共和理想的英雄。1804年，贝多芬完成了《第三交响曲》。正当他准备献给拿破仑时，拿破仑称帝的消息传到了维也纳。
贝多芬从学生李斯(1784-1838)那里得知这个消息时，怒气冲冲地吼道：“他也不过是一个凡夫俗子。现在他也要践踏人权，以逞其个人的野心了。他将骑在众人头上，成为一个暴君！”说着，走向桌子，把写给拿破仑的献词撕个粉碎，扔在地板上，不许别人把它拾起来。过了许多日子，贝多芬的气愤才渐渐的平息，并允许把这部作品公之于世。1804年12月，这部交响曲在维也纳罗布科维兹亲王的宫廷里首次演出。1805年4月在维也纳剧院的第一次公开演出，是由贝多芬亲自指挥的，节目单上写着：“一部新的大交响曲，升D大调，路德维希·凡·贝多芬先生作，献给罗布科维兹亲王殿下。”奇怪的是，贝多芬不说是降E大调，而说是升D大调。1806年10月总谱出版时，标题页上印着：英雄交响曲为纪念一位伟人而作。从此，《第三交响曲》就被称为“英雄交响曲”。

二、命运交响曲
贝多芬的《c小调交响曲》(作品67号)开始的四个音符，刚劲沉重，仿佛命运敲门的声音。这部作品因此被称作《命运交响曲》。《命运交响曲》作于1805至1808年。贝多芬在1808年11月写给他的朋友韦格勒(1765-1848)的信中，就已经说出：“我要卡住命运的咽喉，它决不能把我完全压倒！”“命运敲门的声音”在1798年所作《c小调钢琴奏鸣曲》(作品10之1)第三乐章中就已经出现过，以后又出现于《D大调弦乐四重奏》(作品18之3)第三乐章、《热情奏鸣曲》(作品57号)第一乐章、第三《列奥诺拉》序曲(作品72号)、《降E大调弦乐四重奏》(作品74号)等一系列作品中。可见，通过斗争战胜命运，是贝多芬一贯的创作思想。《命运交响曲》所表现的如火如荼的斗争热情，具有强大的感染力。西班牙女低音歌唱家马丽勃兰第一次听《命运交响曲》时，吓得心惊肉跳，不得不退席而去。拿破仑一个旧日的卫兵，听了第四乐章开头的主题，禁不住跳起来喊道：“这就是皇上！”柏辽兹把《命运交响曲》中惊心动魄的斗争场景，看作是“奥赛罗听信埃古的谗言，误认黛丝德蒙娜与人私通时的可怕的暴怒。”舒曼认为：“尽管你时常听到这部交响曲，但它对你总是有一股不变的威力——正象自然界的现象虽然时时发生，却总教人感到惊恐一样。”1830年五、六月间，门德尔松在魏玛逗留了两星期，和歌德作最后一次会晤，在钢琴上为他演奏了古今著名的作品。歌德听了《命运交响曲》的第一乐章后大为激动，他说：“这是壮丽宏伟、 惊心动魄的，简直要把房子震坍了。如果许多人一起演奏，还不知道会怎么样呢。”1841年3月，恩格斯听了《命运交响曲》的演出。他在写给妹妹的信中赞美这部作品说：“如果你不知道这奇妙的东西，那么你一生就算什么也没有听见。”他说，他在第一乐章里听到了“那种完全的绝望的悲哀，那种忧伤的痛苦”；在第二乐章里听到了“那种爱情的温柔的忧思”；而第三、第四乐章里“用小号表达出来的强劲有力、年轻的、自由的欢乐”，又是那么鼓舞人心。恩格斯用短短的几句话，揭示了《命运交响曲》的精髓。

PHP程序员上机面试题（并附答案，回答好的加分）

过几天要去复试了，给些好的上机面试题我看看吧！要PHP的，并带答案

某大公司的PHP面试题

管理提醒: 本帖被 haowubai 执行取消置顶操作(2009-07-30)
1. 如何用php的环境变量得到一个网页地址的内容？ip地址又要怎样得到？
[php]
echo $_SERVER ['PHP_SELF'];
echo $_SERVER ['SERVER_ADDR'];
[/php]

2. 求两个日期的差数，例如2007-2-5 ~ 2007-3-6 的日期差数
[php]
$begin=strtotime('2007-2-5');
$end=strtotime('2007-3-6');
echo ($end-$begin)/(24*3600);
[/php]

3. 请写一个函数，实现以下功能：
字符串“open_door” 转换成 “OpenDoor”、”make_by_id” 转换成 ”MakeById”。
[php]
function changeStyle(& $str)

/*$str = str_replace ( "_", " ", $str );
$str = ucwords ( $str );
$str = str_replace ( " ", "", $str );
return $str;*/

$arrStr=explode('_',$str);
foreach($arrStr as $key=>$value)
$arrStr[$key]=strtoupper(substr($value,0,1)).substr($value,1);

return implode('',$arrStr);

$s = "open_door";
echo changeStyle ( $s );
[/php]

4. 要求写一段程序，实现以下数组$arr1转换成数组$arr2：
[php]$arr1 = array (
'0' => array ('fid' => 1, 'tid' => 1, 'name' =>'Name1' ),
'1' => array ('fid' => 1, 'tid' => 2 , 'name' =>'Name2' ),
'2' => array ('fid' => 1, 'tid' => 5 , 'name' =>'Name3' ),
'3' => array ('fid' => 1, 'tid' => 7 , 'name' =>'Name4' ),
'4' => array ('fid' => 3, 'tid' => 9, 'name' =>'Name5' )
);
$arr2 = array (
'0' => array (
'0' => array ( 'tid' => 1, 'name' => 'Name1'),
'1' => array ( 'tid' => 2, 'name' => 'Name2'),
'2' => array ( 'tid' => 5, 'name' => 'Name3'),
'3' => array ( 'tid' => 7, 'name' => 'Name4')
),
'1' => array (
'0' => array ( 'tid' => 9, 'name' => 'Name5' )
)
);
<?php
$arr1 = array (
'0' => array ('fid' => 1, 'tid' => 1, 'name' =>'Name1' ),
'1' => array ('fid' => 1, 'tid' => 2 , 'name' =>'Name2' ),
'2' => array ('fid' => 1, 'tid' => 5 , 'name' =>'Name3' ),
'3' => array ('fid' => 1, 'tid' => 7 , 'name' =>'Name4' ),
'4' => array ('fid' => 3, 'tid' => 9, 'name' =>'Name5' )
);
function changeArrayStyle($arr)
foreach($arr as $key=>$value)
$result[$value['fid']][]=$value;

return array_values($result);

$arr2=changeArrayStyle($arr1);
echo "<pre>";
var_dump($arr2);
[/php]

5. 请简述数据库设计的范式及应用。
一般第3范式就足以，用于表结构的优化，这样做既可以避免应用程序过于复杂同时也避免了SQL语句过于庞大所造成系统效率低下。
ANSWER：
第一范式：若关系模式R的每一个属性是不可再分解的，再属于第一范式。
第二范式：若R属于第一范式，且所有的非码属性都完全函数依赖于码属性，则为第二范式。
第三范式：若R属于第二范式，且所有的非码属性没有一个是传递函数依赖于候选码，则属于第三范式。
6.一个表中的Id有多个记录，把所有这个id的记录查出来，并显示共有多少条记录数，用SQL语句及视图、存储过程分别实现。
存储过程：
[php]
DELIMITER //
create procedure proc_countNum(in columnId int,out rowsNo int)
begin
select count(*) into rowsNo from member where member_id=columnId;
end
call proc_countNum(1,@no);
select @no;

[/php]
视图：
create view v_countNum as select member_id,count(*) as countNum from member group by member_id
select countNum from v_countNum where member_id=1
7 表中有A B C三列,用SQL语句实现：当A列大于B列时选择A列否则选择B列，当B列大于C列时选择B列否则选择C列。
[php]select
case
when first_name>middle_name then
case when first_name>last_name then first_name
else last_name end
else
case when middle_name>last_name then middle_name else last_name
end
end as name
from member
[/php]
8请简述项目中优化sql语句执行效率的方法,从哪些方面,sql语句性能如何分析?
ANSWER: sql优化有鸟用，不如直接加索引。
9 如果模板是用smarty模板。怎样用section语句来显示一个名为$data的数组。比如：
[php]$data = array(
[0] => array( [id]=8 [name]=’name1′)
[1] => array( [id]=10 [name]=’name2′)
[2] => array( [id]=15 [name]=’name3′)
……
)[/php]
写出在模板页的代码？ 若用foreach语句又要怎样显示呢？
占无答案.
10 写一个函数，能够遍历一个文件夹下的所有文件和子文件夹。（目录操作）
[php] <?php
$d = dir(dirname(__file__));
//echo "Handle: " . $d->handle . "\n";
//echo "Path: " . $d->path . "\n";
while ( false !== ($entry = $d->read ()) )
echo $entry . "<br />";

$d->close ();
[/php]

11 两张表 city表和province表。分别为城市与省份的关系表。
city:
id City Provinceid
1 广州 1
2 深圳 1
3 惠州 1
4 长沙 2
5 武汉 3
………. 广州
province:
id Province
1 广东
2 湖南
3 湖北
……….
（1） 写一条sql语句关系两个表，实现：显示城市的基本信息。？
（2） 显示字段：城市id ，城市名， 所属省份 。
如：
Id（城市id） Cityname(城市名) Privence(所属省份)
。。。。。。。。。
。。。。。。。。。
（2）如果要统计每个省份有多少个城市，请用group by 查询出来。？
显示字段：省份id ，省份名，包含多少个城市。
ANSWER:
1.select A.id,A.Cityname,B.Province from city A,province B where A.provinceid=B.id
2.select B.id,B.Province,count(*) as num from city A,province B where A.provinceid=B.id group by B.id
12. 按照你的经验请简述软件工程进行软件开发的步骤。以下工具Rational Rose、PowerDesigner、Project、VSS或CVS、TestDirector使用过那种,有缺点是什么？
公司用dbdesigner及cvs,测试管理工具用的是Mantis
13. 请简述操作系统的线程与进程的区别。列举LINUX下面你使用过的软件？
14. 请使用伪语言结合数据结构冒泡排序法对以下一组数据进行排序 10 2 36 14 10 25 23 85 99 45。
[php]function bubble_sort(& $arr)
$number=count($arr);
for($i=0;$i<$number-1;$i++)
for($j=0;$j<$number-1-$i;$j++)
if($arr[$j]>$arr[$j+1])
$tmp=$arr[$j];
$arr[$j]=$arr[$j+1];
$arr[$j+1]=$tmp;




$str="10 2 36 14 10 25 23 85 99 45";
$arr=explode(" ",$str);
bubble_sort($arr);
echo "<pre>";
var_dump($arr);
[/php] 参考技术A 题集网上有一套php的面试题：http://www.tijee.com/tags/46-php-face-questions/posts