1030 MySQL单表操作和多表操作

Posted 2020-12-01 断指轩辕

单表操作

分组

分组指的是,将所有的记录按照某个相同字段进行归类
group by
用法:
select 聚合函数,选取的字段 from employee group by 选取的字段;
加别名:
select 聚合函数 as 别名,选取的字段 from employee group by 选取的字段;
以性别分组为例:
select count(id),gender from employee group by gender;
group by:是分组的关键词
group by 必须和 聚合函数(count) 出现
count(计数),sum(求和),min(最小),max(最大)
having
表示对group by 之后的数据,进行第二次的筛选
select depart_id,avg(age) from employee group by depart_id; #第一次筛选
select depart_id,avg(age) from employee group by depart_id having avg(age) > 35; #having第二次筛选
where条件语句和group by分组语句的优先级
where > group by > having

升序和降序

order by
order by 字段名 asc(升序) desc(降序)
多字段进行排序
例:
age desc,id asc
表示:先对age进行降序,如果有相同age的,用id进行升序
select * from employee order by age desc,id asc;

分页

limit
limit offset, size
offset: 行数据索引
size: 取多少条数据
select * from employee limit 0,10;
select * from employee limit 10,10;

总结

使用顺序
select * from 表名 where 条件 group by 条件 having 条件 order by 条件 limit 条件;
where > group by > having > order by > limit

多表操作*******

外键

使用原因
减少占用的空间
只需要修改一次department表中的数据,其余的表中的数据会相应的跟着修改
一对多
使用方法
constraint 外键名 foreign key (被约束的字段) references 约束的表(约束的字段)

create table department(
    id int auto_increment primary key,
    name varcher(32) not null default ''
)charset=utf8;
    
insert into department (name) valuse ('研发部');
insert into department (name) valuse ('销售部');
    
create table userinfo(
    id int auto_incremrnt primary key,
    name varcher(32) not null default '',
    depart_id int not null default 1,
    constraint fk_user_depart foreign key (depart_id) references department (id),
    constraint fk_user_depart foreign key (被绑定列) references department (绑定列)
)charset=utf8;
    
insert into userinfo (name,depart_id) valuse ('name1',1);
insert into userinfo (name,depart_id) valuse ('name2',2);

多对多

create table boy(
    id int auto_increment primary key,
    bname varchar(32) not null default ''
)charset=utf8;

insert into boy (bname) values ('zhangsan'),('lisi'),('zhaoliu');

create table girl(
    id int auto_increment primary key,
    gname varchar(32) not null default ''
)charset=utf8;

insert into girl (gname) values ('cuihua'),('gangdan'),('jianguo');

create table boy_girl(
    id int auto_increment primary key,
    bid int not null default 1,
    gid int not null default 1,
    constraint fk_boy_girl_boy foreign key (bid) references boy(id),
    constraint fk_boy_girl_boy foreign key (gid) references girl(id)
)charset=utf8;

insert into boy_girl (bid,gid) values (1,1),(1,2),(2,3),(3,3),(2,2);

select * from boy left join boy_girl on boy.id = boy_girl.bid left join girl on gir.id = boy_girl.gid; #获取名字和id

select bname,gname from boy left join boy_girl on boy.id = boy_girl.bid left join girl on girl.id = boy_girl.gid; #获取名字

select bname,gname from boy left join boy_girl on boy.id = boy_girl.bid left join girl on gril.id = boy_gril.gid where bname = 'zhangsan'; #获取男名字是'zhangsan'的表

一对一

user :
id|name|age
:-:|:-:|:-:
1|x1|11
2|x2|12
3|x3|13
由于salary是比较敏感的字段,所以要把他独立出来
private:
id|salary|uid (外键+unique)
:-:|:-:|:-:
1|2000|1
2|3000|2
3|4000|3

create table user(
    id int auto_increment primary key,
    name varchar(32) not null default ''
)charset=utf8;

insert into user (name) values ('x1'),('x2'),('xx');

create table priv(
    id int auto_increment primary key,
    salary int not null default 0,
    uid int not null default 1,
    constraint fk_priv_user foreign key (uid) references user(id),
    unique(uid)
)charset=utf8;
#不能重复,不然会报错
insert into priv (salary,uid) values (2000,1);
insert into priv (salary,uid) values (3000,2);
insert into priv (salary,uid) values (4000,3);

多表连查

left join …… on ……

    select * from userinfo left join department on depart_id = department.id;
    select userinfo.name as uname,department.dname from userinfo left join department on depart_id = department.id; #无的不显示

right join …… on ……

    select userinfo.name as uname, department.name as dname from userinfo right join department on depart_id = departmrnt.id; #无的显示NULL

inner join(了解)

select * from department inner join userinfo on department.id = userinfo.depart_id;