07 MySQL之视图
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01-视图的含义
视图是从一个或者多个表中导出的,视图的行为与表非常相似,但视图是一个虚拟表。视图还可以从已经存在的视图的基础上定义。
02-创建视图
# 基本语法格式: CREATE [OR REPLACE] [ALGORITHM = {UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE}] VIEW view_name [(column_list)] AS SELECT_statement [WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION] CREATE表示创建新视图;REPLACE表示替换已经创建的视图; ALGORITHM表示视图选择的算法;view_name 为视图的名称; column_list 为属性列;SELECT_statement表示select语句;WITH[CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION 参数表示视图在更新时保证在视图的权限范围之内。 ALGORITHM的取值有3个,分别是 UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE, UNDEFINED 表示mysql将自动选择算法; MERGE 表示将使用的视图语句与视图定义合并起来,使得视图定义的某一部分取代语句对应的部分; TEMPTABLE 表示将视图的结果存入临时表,然后用临时表来执行语句。 CASCADED | LOCAL 为可选参数,CASCADED 为默认值,表示更新视图时要满足所有相关视图和表的条件; LOCAL 表示更新视图时满足该视图本身定义的条件即可。
在单表上创建视图:
mysql> mysql> create t (quantity int, price int); ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 6 Current database: test_db Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec) mysql> insert into t values (3, 50); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> create view view_t as select quantity,price, quantity*price from t; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> select * from views_t; ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table ‘test_db.views_t‘ doesn‘t exist mysql> select * from view_t; +----------+-------+----------------+ | quantity | price | quantity*price | +----------+-------+----------------+ | 3 | 50 | 150 | +----------+-------+----------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> create view view_t2 (qty, price, total) as select quantity, price, quantity*price from t; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from view_t2; +------+-------+-------+ | qty | price | total | +------+-------+-------+ | 3 | 50 | 150 | +------+-------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
在多表上创建视图
mysql> create table student (s_id int, name varchar(255)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into student values (1, ‘liming‘), (2, ‘wangwu‘), (3, ‘lisi‘); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> create table stu_info (s_id int, glass varchar(255), address varchar(255)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into stu_info values (1, ‘wuban‘, ‘jilin‘), (2, ‘liuban‘, ‘shandong‘), (3, ‘qiban‘, ‘beijing‘); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 # 创建视图 mysql> create view stu_glass (id, name, glass) as select student.s_id, student.name, stu_info.glass from student, stu_info where student.s_id = stu_info.s_id; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> select * from stu_glass; +------+--------+--------+ | id | name | glass | +------+--------+--------+ | 1 | liming | wuban | | 2 | wangwu | liuban | | 3 | lisi | qiban | +------+--------+--------+ 3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
03-查看视图
查看视图是查看数据库中已存在的视图的定义。查看视图必须要有 SHOW VIEW 的权限,MySQL数据库下的user 表中保存着这个信息。
查看视图的方法包括:DESCRIBE、SHOW TABLE STATUS 和 SHOW CREATE VIEW。
DESCRIBE、SHOW TABLE STATUS 和 SHOW CREATE VIEW。 # 1、使用DESCRIBE 语句查看视图基本信息 DESCRIBE 视图名; 例: mysql> DESCRIBE stu_glass; +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | | | glass | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> DESC view_t; +----------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | quantity | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | price | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | quantity*price | bigint(21) | YES | | NULL | | +----------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 2、使用SHOW TABLE STATUS语句查看视图基本信息 语法如下: SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE ‘视图名‘; 例: mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS like ‘view_t‘ G *************************** 1. row *************************** Name: view_t Engine: NULL Version: NULL Row_format: NULL Rows: NULL Avg_row_length: NULL Data_length: NULL Max_data_length: NULL Index_length: NULL Data_free: NULL Auto_increment: NULL Create_time: NULL Update_time: NULL Check_time: NULL Collation: NULL Checksum: NULL Create_options: NULL Comment: VIEW 1 row in set (0.00 sec) # 3、使用 SHOW CREATE VIEW 语句查看视图详细信息 语法如下: SHOW CREATE VIEW 视图名; 例: mysql> SHOW CREATE VIEW view_t G; *************************** 1. row *************************** View: view_t Create View: CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`skip-grants user`@`skip-grants host` SQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `view_t` AS select `t`.`quantity` AS `quantity`,`t`.`price` AS `price`,(`t`.`quantity` * `t`.`price`) AS `quantity*price` from `t` character_set_client: utf8 collation_connection: utf8_general_ci 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified # 4、在views表中查看视图详细信息 在MySQL中,information_schema 数据库下的views表中存储了所有视图的定义。通过对views表的查询,可以查看数据库中所有视图的详细信息,查询语句如下: SELECT * FROM information_schema.views; 查询结果太长就不在这里显示,结果显示当前以及定义的所有视图的详细信息,在这里也可以看到前面定义的 stu_glass、view_t 视图的详细信息。
04-修改视图
# 1、使用 CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW 语句修改视图 语法如下: CREATE [OR REPLACE] [ALGORITHM = {UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE}] VIEW view_name [(column_list)] AS SELECT_statement [WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION] 修改视图的语句和创建视图的语句是完全一样的。当视图已经存在时,修改语句对视图进行修改;当视图不存在时,创建视图。 例: mysql> desc view_t; +----------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | quantity | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | price | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | quantity*price | bigint(21) | YES | | NULL | | +----------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create or replace view view_t as select * from t; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> desc view_t; +----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | quantity | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | price | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 2、使用 ALTER 语句修改视图 语法如下: ALTER [ALGORITHM = {UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE}] VIEW view_name [(column_list)] AS SELECT_statement [WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION] ALTER VIEW view_t AS SELECT quantity from t; 例: mysql> desc view_t; +----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | quantity | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | price | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> ALTER VIEW view_t AS SELECT quantity from t; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> desc view_t; +----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | quantity | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
05-更新视图
1、更新视图是指通过视图来插入、更新、删除表中的数据,因为视图是一个虚拟表,其中没有数据。 2、通过视图更新的时候都是转到基本表上进行更新的,如果对视图增加或者删除记录,实际上是对基本表增加或者删除记录。 # 1、使用 UPDATE 语句更新视图 view_t UPDATE view_t SET quantity=5; 例: mysql> select * from view_t; +----------+ | quantity | +----------+ | 3 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> UPDATE view_t SET quantity=5; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from view_t; +----------+ | quantity | +----------+ | 5 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) # 当视图中包含有如下内容时,视图的更新操作将不能被执行: (1)视图中不包含基本表中被定义为非空的列。 (2)在定义视图的 SELECT 语句后的字段列表中使用了数学表达式。 (3)在定义视图的SELECT 语句后的字段列表中使用了聚合函数。 (4)在定义视图的SELECT 语句中使用了DISTINCT,UNION,TOP,GROUP BY 或HAVING子句。
06-删除视图
当视图不再需要时,可以将其删除。删除一个或多个使用 DROP VIEW 语句, 语法如下: DROP VIEW [IF EXISTS] view_name [, view_name] ... [RESTRICT | CASCADE] 其中,view_name 是要删除的视图名称,可以添加多个需要的视图名称,各个名称之间使用逗号分隔开。 删除视图必须拥有 DROP 权限。 例: mysql> drop view if exists stu_glass; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
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