mysql数据操作

Posted 2020-10-28 jason-lin

数据增删改查

插入数据

1. 插入完整数据（顺序插入）
    语法一：
    INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);

    语法二：
    INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);

2. 指定字段插入数据
    语法：
    INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);

3. 插入多条记录
    语法：
    INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
        (值1,值2,值3…值n),
        (值1,值2,值3…值n),
        (值1,值2,值3…值n);

4. 插入查询结果
    语法：
    INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) 
                    SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2
                    WHERE …;

更新数据

语法：
    UPDATE 表名 SET
        字段1=值1,
        字段2=值2,
        WHERE CONDITION;

示例：
    UPDATE student set sname=‘sb‘,sex=‘male‘ WHERE sid=2;

删除数据

语法：
    DELETE FROM 表名 
        WHERE CONITION;

示例：
    DELETE FROM student WHERE sid=2;

权限管理

#授权表
user #该表放行的权限，针对：所有数据，所有库下所有表，以及表下的所有字段
db #该表放行的权限，针对：某一数据库，该数据库下的所有表，以及表下的所有字段
tables_priv #该表放行的权限。针对：某一张表，以及该表下的所有字段
columns_priv #该表放行的权限，针对：某一个字段

#按图解释：
user：放行db1，db2及其包含的所有
db：放行db1，及其db1包含的所有
tables_priv:放行db1.table1，及其该表包含的所有
columns_prive:放行db1.table1.column1，只放行该字段

代码示例

创建用户
create user ‘egon‘@‘1.1.1.1‘ identified by ‘123‘;
create user ‘egon‘@‘192.168.1.%‘ identified by ‘123‘;
create user ‘egon‘@‘%‘ identified by ‘123‘;


#授权：对文件夹，对文件，对文件某一字段的权限
查看帮助：help grant
常用权限有：select,update,alter,delete
all可以代表除了grant之外的所有权限

#针对所有库的授权:*.*
grant select on *.* to ‘egon1‘@‘localhost‘ identified by ‘123‘; #只在user表中可以查到egon1用户的select权限被设置为Y

#针对某一数据库：db1.*
grant select on db1.* to ‘egon2‘@‘%‘ identified by ‘123‘; #只在db表中可以查到egon2用户的select权限被设置为Y

#针对某一个表：db1.t1
grant select on db1.t1 to ‘egon3‘@‘%‘ identified by ‘123‘;  #只在tables_priv表中可以查到egon3用户的select权限

#针对某一个字段：
mysql> select * from t3;
+------+-------+------+
| id   | name  | age  |
+------+-------+------+
|    1 | egon1 |   18 |
|    2 | egon2 |   19 |
|    3 | egon3 |   29 |
+------+-------+------+

grant select (id,name),update (age) on db1.t3 to ‘egon4‘@‘localhost‘ identified by ‘123‘; 
#可以在tables_priv和columns_priv中看到相应的权限
mysql> select * from tables_priv where user=‘egon4‘\\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Host: localhost
         Db: db1
       User: egon4
 Table_name: t3
    Grantor: [email protected]
  Timestamp: 0000-00-00 00:00:00
 Table_priv:
Column_priv: Select,Update
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from columns_priv where user=‘egon4‘\\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Host: localhost
         Db: db1
       User: egon4
 Table_name: t3
Column_name: id
  Timestamp: 0000-00-00 00:00:00
Column_priv: Select
*************************** 2. row ***************************
       Host: localhost
         Db: db1
       User: egon4
 Table_name: t3
Column_name: name
  Timestamp: 0000-00-00 00:00:00
Column_priv: Select
*************************** 3. row ***************************
       Host: localhost
         Db: db1
       User: egon4
 Table_name: t3
Column_name: age
  Timestamp: 0000-00-00 00:00:00
Column_priv: Update
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#删除权限
revoke select on db1.* from ‘egon‘@‘%‘;

单表查询

SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                  WHERE 条件
                  GROUP BY field
                  HAVING 筛选
                  ORDER BY field
                  LIMIT 限制条数

单表查询的优先级

1.找到表:from

2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录

3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组

4.将分组的结果进行having过滤

5.执行select

6.去重

7.将结果按条件排序：order by

8.限制结果的显示条数

简单查询实战

company.employee
    员工id      id                  int             
    姓名        emp_name            varchar
    性别        sex                 enum
    年龄        age                 int
    入职日期     hire_date           date
    岗位        post                varchar
    职位描述     post_comment        varchar
    薪水        salary              double
    办公室       office              int
    部门编号     depart_id           int



#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) not null default ‘male‘, #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);


#查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex          | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) | NO   |     | male    |                |
| age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
| hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

#插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
(‘egon‘,‘male‘,18,‘20170301‘,‘老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使‘,7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
(‘alex‘,‘male‘,78,‘20150302‘,‘teacher‘,1000000.31,401,1),
(‘wupeiqi‘,‘male‘,81,‘20130305‘,‘teacher‘,8300,401,1),
(‘yuanhao‘,‘male‘,73,‘20140701‘,‘teacher‘,3500,401,1),
(‘liwenzhou‘,‘male‘,28,‘20121101‘,‘teacher‘,2100,401,1),
(‘jingliyang‘,‘female‘,18,‘20110211‘,‘teacher‘,9000,401,1),
(‘jinxin‘,‘male‘,18,‘19000301‘,‘teacher‘,30000,401,1),
(‘成龙‘,‘male‘,48,‘20101111‘,‘teacher‘,10000,401,1),

(‘歪歪‘,‘female‘,48,‘20150311‘,‘sale‘,3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
(‘丫丫‘,‘female‘,38,‘20101101‘,‘sale‘,2000.35,402,2),
(‘丁丁‘,‘female‘,18,‘20110312‘,‘sale‘,1000.37,402,2),
(‘星星‘,‘female‘,18,‘20160513‘,‘sale‘,3000.29,402,2),
(‘格格‘,‘female‘,28,‘20170127‘,‘sale‘,4000.33,402,2),

(‘张野‘,‘male‘,28,‘20160311‘,‘operation‘,10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
(‘程咬金‘,‘male‘,18,‘19970312‘,‘operation‘,20000,403,3),
(‘程咬银‘,‘female‘,18,‘20130311‘,‘operation‘,19000,403,3),
(‘程咬铜‘,‘male‘,18,‘20150411‘,‘operation‘,18000,403,3),
(‘程咬铁‘,‘female‘,18,‘20140512‘,‘operation‘,17000,403,3)
;

#ps：如果在windows系统中，插入中文字符，select的结果为空白，可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk

简单查询

#简单查询
    SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id 
    FROM employee;

    SELECT * FROM employee;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee;

#避免重复DISTINCT
    SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;    

#通过四则运算查询
    SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
    SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
    SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;

#定义显示格式
   CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
   SELECT CONCAT(‘姓名: ‘,name,‘  年薪: ‘, salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;

   CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
   SELECT CONCAT_WS(‘:‘,name,salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;

distinct、concat 用法

select concat(‘<名字:‘,name,‘>    ‘,‘<薪资:‘,salary,‘>‘) from employee;
select distinct depart_id from employee;
select name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;

WHERE 用法

where字句中可以使用：

1. 比较运算符：> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
4. like ‘egon%‘
   pattern可以是%或_，
   %表示任意多字符
   _表示一个字符
5. 逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not

#1:单条件查询
    SELECT name FROM employee
        WHERE post=‘sale‘;
        
#2:多条件查询
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE post=‘teacher‘ AND salary>10000;

#3:关键字BETWEEN AND
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号，需要用IS)
    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NULL;

    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
        
    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment=‘‘; 注意‘‘是空字符串，不是null
    ps：
        执行
        update employee set post_comment=‘‘ where id=2;
        再用上条查看，就会有结果了

#5:关键字IN集合查询
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
    
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
    通配符’%’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE ‘eg%‘;

    通配符’_’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE ‘al__‘;

小练习

1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪

答案

select name,age from employee where post = ‘teacher‘;
select name,age from employee where post=‘teacher‘ and age > 30; 
select name,age,salary from employee where post=‘teacher‘ and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select name,age,salary from employee where post=‘teacher‘ and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,age,salary from employee where post=‘teacher‘ and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,salary*12 from employee where post=‘teacher‘ and name like ‘jin%‘;

分组查询:GROUP BY

#1、首先明确一点：分组发生在where之后，即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的

#2、分组指的是：将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类，比如针对员工信息表的职位分组，或者按照性别进行分组等

#3、为何要分组呢？
    取每个部门的最高工资
    取每个部门的员工数
    取男人数和女人数

小窍门：‘每’这个字后面的字段，就是我们分组的依据


#4、大前提：
    可以按照任意字段分组，但是分组完毕后，比如group by post，只能查看post字段，如果想查看组内信息，需要借助于聚合函数

ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY

#查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下：
mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION

#！！！注意
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY的语义就是确定select target list中的所有列的值都是明确语义，简单的说来，在ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式下，target list中的值要么是来自于聚集函数的结果，要么是来自于group by list中的表达式的值。


#设置sql_mole如下操作(我们可以去掉ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式)：
mysql> set global sql_mode=‘STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION‘;

mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
+-------------------+
| @@global.sql_mode |
+-------------------+
|                   |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp group by post; 
+----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex    | age | hire_date  | post                       | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 14 | 张野 | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation                  | NULL         |   10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
|  9 | 歪歪 | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale                       | NULL         |    3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
|  2 | alex | male   |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                    | NULL         | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  1 | egon | male   |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)


#由于没有设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,于是也可以有结果，默认都是组内的第一条记录，但其实这是没有意义的

mysql> set global sql_mode=‘ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY‘;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit #设置成功后，一定要退出，然后重新登录方可生效
Bye

mysql> use db1;
Database changed
mysql> select * from emp group by post; #报错
ERROR 1055 (42000): ‘db1.emp.id‘ isn‘t in GROUP BY
mysql> select post,count(id) from emp group by post; #只能查看分组依据和使用聚合函数
+----------------------------+-----------+
| post                       | count(id) |
+----------------------------+-----------+
| operation                  |         5 |
| sale                       |         5 |
| teacher                    |         7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 |         1 |
+----------------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

GROUP BY

单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
    SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    注意：我们按照post字段分组，那么select查询的字段只能是post，想要获取组内的其他相关信息，需要借助函数

GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组，并查看组内成员名
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;

GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
    select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组，并查看每个组有多少人

强调

如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据，则每一条记录自成一组，这种分组没有意义
多条记录之间的某个字段值相同，该字段通常用来作为分组的依据

聚合函数

#强调：聚合函数聚合的是组的内容，若是没有分组，则默认一组

示例：
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
    SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;

HAVING过滤

#！！！执行优先级从高到低：where > group by > having 
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前，因而Where中可以有任意字段，但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。

#2. Having发生在分组group by之后，因而Having中可以使用分组的字段，无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数

查询排序:ORDER BY

按单列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age排序，如果年纪相同，则按照薪资排序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age,
        salary DESC;

限制查询的记录数:LIMIT

示例：
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
        LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
    
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始，即先查询出第一条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始，即先查询出第6条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

使用正则表达式查询

```
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP ‘^ale‘;

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP ‘on$‘;

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP ‘m{2}‘;

小结：对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE name = ‘egon‘;
WHERE name LIKE ‘yua%‘;
WHERE name REGEXP ‘on$‘;
``
转自：http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7267592.html

多表查询

https://www.luffycity.com/python-book/di-8-zhang-mysql-shu-ju-ku/84-shu-ju-cao-zuo/843-duo-biao-cha-xun.html