oracle子查询
Posted 李慕白
tags:
篇首语:本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理,主要介绍了oracle子查询相关的知识,希望对你有一定的参考价值。
子查询:当一个查询的结果时另一个查询的条件时,即嵌入在其它SQL语句中的select语句,也成为嵌套查询。
子查询可以返回单行结果,可以返回多行结果,也可以不返回结果
使用子查询注意事项:
1、子查询可以嵌套多层
2、子查询需要圆括号()括起来
3、当在DDL语句中引用子查询时,可以带有order by语句,但当在where子句中,set子句中引用子查询时,不能带有order by语句
根据查询的结果(内部嵌套查询的结果)把子查询的类型分为单行子查询和多行子查询
1、单行子查询:
只返回一行数据的子查询语句
单行操作符:> >= < <= < > =
例:SELECT * FROM emp WHERE job=(SELECT job FROM emp WHERE empno=7876)AND sal>(SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE empno=7521);
2、多行子查询:
是指返回多行数据的子查询语句,使用多行操作符:
操作符 |
描述 |
In |
等于列表中的任何一个 |
any |
子查询返回的任意一个值比较,相同的还有some |
all |
和子查询返回的所有值比较 |
Exists |
|
此时不允许对其使用单行记录比较运算符
select * from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno);//非法
①IN操作符
SELECT * FROM emp t WHERE t.deptno IN(30,40);
②ALL操作符 如果在where条件中加入 > all ,意思是大于每一个,也就是大于最大的
SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal>ALL(SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE deptno=30);
③ANY即任何一个。如果在where条件中加入>any ,意思是大于任何一个,也就是大于最小的
SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal>ANY(SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE deptno=30);
④SOME即一些。和any用法基本相同。用any的地方都可以用some代替。不过some大多用在=操作中。表示等于所选集合中的任何一个。当然any也可以用于=操作中,效果和some相同。
SELECT * FROM emp e WHERE e.sal=SOME(SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE deptno=30);
⑤exists
SELECT * FROM emp WHERE EXISTS(SELECT * FROM emp WHERE deptno=30);
3、多列子查询:
多列子查询返回多列结果的内部select语句,多列子查询中的列的比较有成对比较和不
成对比较,两种方法。多列子查询分为成对比较多列子查询和非成对比较多列子查询。SELECT * FROM emp WHERE (deptno,job)=(SELECT deptno,job FROM emp WHERE ename=‘WARD‘);
Nvl函数:如果是空值就替换成另一个值
如nvl(字段,‘x’)字段值等于null就这个函数得到的结果就是‘x‘,一般用于存在空值比较的情况下,比如字段a与字段b都是int型,其中一个等于null另一个为非空值,你使用a<>b是不成立的,使用此条件查询你将丢失这条本来不相等的数据,可以如此用法nvl(字段,-1)<>nvl(字段,-1),这样就可以得到想要查询的数据,当然查询数据的前提是此字段值不能有-1值才能用这种写法
①成对比较
查询那些职员是工资为所任职位最高的
SELECT * FROM emp WHERE (sal,NVL(comm,-1)) IN (SELECT sal,NVL(comm,-1) FROM emp WHERE deptno=30);
这里,子查询返回每一种职位的最高工资和职位的名称。之后主查询的每一行中的工资和职位都要与子查询返回列表中的最高工资和职位相比较,只有当两者同时完全匹配时才显示该数据行。
②非成对比较
若我想知道哪些职员的工资与某一职位的最高工资相同,则:
SELECT empno,ename,sal,job
FROM emp
WHERE sal IN (SELECT MAX(sal)
FROM emp
GROUP BY job)
AND job IN (SELECT DISTINCT job
FROM emp);
这是一种典型的非成对比较的多列子查询。
create table student( sno varchar2(10) primary key, sname varchar2(20), sage number(2), ssex varchar2(5) ); create table teacher( tno varchar2(10) primary key, tname varchar2(20) ); create table course( cno varchar2(10), cname varchar2(20), tno varchar2(20), constraint pk_course primary key (cno,tno) ); create table sc( sno varchar2(10), cno varchar2(10), score number(4,2), constraint pk_sc primary key (sno,cno) ); #/*******初始化学生表的数据******/ insert into student values (‘s001‘,‘张三‘,23,‘男‘); insert into student values (‘s002‘,‘李四‘,23,‘男‘); insert into student values (‘s003‘,‘吴鹏‘,25,‘男‘); insert into student values (‘s004‘,‘琴沁‘,20,‘女‘); insert into student values (‘s005‘,‘王丽‘,20,‘女‘); insert into student values (‘s006‘,‘李波‘,21,‘男‘); insert into student values (‘s007‘,‘刘玉‘,21,‘男‘); insert into student values (‘s008‘,‘萧蓉‘,21,‘女‘); insert into student values (‘s009‘,‘陈萧晓‘,23,‘女‘); insert into student values (‘s010‘,‘陈美‘,22,‘女‘); commit; #/******************初始化教师表***********************/ insert into teacher values (‘t001‘, ‘刘阳‘); insert into teacher values (‘t002‘, ‘谌燕‘); insert into teacher values (‘t003‘, ‘胡明星‘); commit; #/***************初始化课程表****************************/ insert into course values (‘c001‘,‘J2SE‘,‘t002‘); insert into course values (‘c002‘,‘Java Web‘,‘t002‘); insert into course values (‘c003‘,‘SSH‘,‘t001‘); insert into course values (‘c004‘,‘Oracle‘,‘t001‘); insert into course values (‘c005‘,‘SQL SERVER 2005‘,‘t003‘); insert into course values (‘c006‘,‘C#‘,‘t003‘); insert into course values (‘c007‘,‘javascript‘,‘t002‘); insert into course values (‘c008‘,‘DIV+CSS‘,‘t001‘); insert into course values (‘c009‘,‘php‘,‘t003‘); insert into course values (‘c010‘,‘EJB3.0‘,‘t002‘); commit; #/***************初始化成绩表***********************/ insert into sc values (‘s001‘,‘c001‘,78.9); insert into sc values (‘s002‘,‘c001‘,80.9); insert into sc values (‘s003‘,‘c001‘,81.9); insert into sc values (‘s004‘,‘c001‘,60.9); insert into sc values (‘s001‘,‘c002‘,82.9); insert into sc values (‘s002‘,‘c002‘,72.9); insert into sc values (‘s003‘,‘c002‘,81.9); insert into sc values (‘s001‘,‘c003‘,59);
#1、查询“c001”课程比“c002”课程成绩高的所有学生的学号; select * from sc a, sc b where a.sno=b.sno and a.cno=‘c001‘ and b.cno=‘c002‘ and a.score>b.score; #2、查询平均成绩大于60 分的同学的学号和平均成绩; select st.sname,ss.sco from student st,(select sno,avg(score)sco from sc group by sno)ss where st.sno=ss.sno and sco>=60; #3、查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩; select st.sname,ss.* from student st,(select sno,count(score)sco,sum(score) from sc group by sno)ss where st.sno=ss.sno; #4、查询姓“刘”的老师的个数; select count(*) from teacher where tname like ‘%刘%‘; #5、查询没学过“谌燕”老师课的同学的学号、姓名; select sc.sno,acno.* from sc sc,(select co.cno from course co,(select tno from teacher where tname=‘谌燕‘)tn where co.tno<>tn.tno)acno where acno.cno=sc.cno; #6、查询学过“c001”并且也学过编号“c002”课程的同学的学号、姓名; select sa.sname,sc.sno from sc sc,(select st.sname,s.* from student st,(select sno,cno from sc where cno in(‘c001‘))s where st.sno=s.sno)sa where sc.sno=sa.sno and sc.cno=‘c002‘; #7、查询学过“谌燕”老师所教的所有课的同学的学号、姓名; select distinct st.sname from student st,sc sc join (select cno from teacher te join course co on(te.tno=co.tno) where te.tname=‘谌燕‘)aca on(sc.cno=aca.cno) where st.sno=sc.sno; #9、查询所有课程成绩小于60 分的同学的学号、姓名; select st.sname,sc.sno from student st join sc sc on(st.sno=sc.sno)where sc.score<60; #10、查询没有学全所有课的同学的学号、姓名; select sname,st.sno,scn.cn from student st join (select distinct sno,count(*)cn from sc group by sc.sno)scn on(st.sno=scn.sno) where scn.cn=(select distinct count(cno) from course); select st.sname,st.sno from student st join (select sc.sno sn,count(sc.cno) cou from sc group by sc.sno) scs on st.sno=scs.sn where scs.cou <(select count(cno) from course); #11、查询至少有一门课与学号为“s001”的同学所学相同的同学的学号和姓名; select distinct st.sno, sname from student st join sc sc on (st.sno = sc.sno) where sc.cno in (select cno from sc where sno = ‘s001‘) and sc.sno<>‘s001‘; #13、把“SC”表中“谌燕”老师教的课的成绩都更改为此课程的平均成绩; #update sc sc set sc.score=update sc sc set sc.score=(select tc.cno,round(avg(sc.score),2)av from (select * from teacher te join course co on(te.tno=co.tno) where te.tname=‘谌燕‘)tc join sc sc on(tc.cno=sc.cno) group by tc.cno)cnn.score where sc.cno=cnn.av; select tc.cno,round(avg(sc.score),2) from (select * from teacher te join course co on(te.tno=co.tno) where te.tname=‘谌燕‘)tc join sc sc on(tc.cno=sc.cno) group by tc.cno; #14、查询和“s001”号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学学号和姓名; select cno from sc where sno=‘s001‘; #15、删除学习“谌燕”老师课的SC 表记录; delete from sc where sc.cno in(select cno from teacher te join course co on(te.tno=co.tno) where te.tname=‘谌燕‘) #17、查询各科成绩最高和最低的分:以如下形式显示:课程ID,最高分,最低分 select cno,max(score),min(score) from sc group by cno; #18、按各科 平均成绩 从 低到高 和 及格率的百分数 从高到低顺序 #select count(score) from sc where score>=60 group by cno ; select cno,avg(score)acs,savg.cnu,(count(score)-savg.cnu)/count(score)*100 from sc, (select count(score)cnu,avg(score)acs2 from sc where score<60 order by acs2 desc)savg group by savg.cnu,cno order by acs desc; #21、查询各科成绩前三名的记录:(不考虑成绩并列情况) select * from (select S.*,rownum rn from (select * from sc order by score desc)S where rownum<=3)where rn>=1; #22、查询每门课程被选修的学生数 select cno,count(cno) from sc group by cno; #23、查询出只选修了一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名 select st.sname,st.sno from student st join (select distinct sc.* from sc sc join (select sno,count(cno)cnum from sc group by sno)ss on(sc.sno=ss.sno) where ss.cnum=1)ssb on(st.sno=ssb.sno); #24、查询男生、女生人数 select ssex,count(ssex) from student st group by ssex; #25、查询姓“张”的学生名单 select sname from student where sname like ‘%张%‘; #26、查询同名同性学生名单,并统计同名人数 select st.* from student st join (select sname,count(sname)cnum from student group by sname)scomm on(st.sname=scomm.sname) where scomm.cnum>1; #27、1981 年出生的学生名单(注:Student 表中Sage 列的类型是number) select * from student where to_char(sysdate,‘yyyy‘)-sage =‘1981‘; #28、查询每门课程的平均成绩,结果按平均成绩升序排列,平均成绩相同时,按课程号降序排列 select cno,avg(score)lim from sc group by cno order by lim asc; #29、查询平均成绩大于85 的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩 select st.sname,st.sno,savg.lim from student st join (select sno,avg(score)lim from sc group by sno)savg on(st.sno=savg.sno) where savg.lim>85; #30、查询课程名称为“数据库”,且分数低于60 的学生姓名和分数 select distinct st.sname,cs.score from student st join (select * from course co join sc sc on(co.cno=sc.cno))cs on(st.sno=cs.sno)where cs.score<60 and cs.cname=‘数据库‘; #31、查询所有学生的选课情况; select distinct st.sname,cs.cname from student st join (select * from course co join sc sc on(co.cno=sc.cno))cs on(st.sno=cs.sno); #32、查询任何一门课程成绩在70 分以上的姓名、课程名称和分数; select distinct st.sname,cs.score,cs.cname from student st join (select * from course co join sc sc on(co.cno=sc.cno))cs on(st.sno=cs.sno)where cs.score>70; #33、查询不及格的课程,并按课程号从大到小排列 select * from sc where score<60 order by sno desc; #34、查询课程编号为c001 且课程成绩在80 分以上的学生的学号和姓名; select st.sname,st.sno from student st join (select * from sc where cno=‘c001‘ and score>80)snum on(st.sno=snum.sno); #35、求选了课程的学生人数 select count(ss.sno) from (select distinct sno from sc)ss; #36、查询选修“谌燕”老师所授课程的学生中,成绩最高的学生姓名及其成绩 select st.sname,cnum.score from student st join (select distinct * from sc sc where cno in(select distinct cno from course co join (select tno from teacher where tname=‘谌燕‘)ten on(co.tno=ten.tno)) order by score desc)cnum on(st.sno=cnum.sno) where rownum=1; #37、查询各个课程及相应的选修人数 #(select cno,count(cno) from sc group by cno); select co.cname,cns.cnum from course co join (select cno,count(cno)cnum from sc group by cno)cns on(co.cno=cns.cno); #39、查询每门功课成绩最好的前两名 select cno from sc order by score desc group by cno; #40、统计每门课程的学生选修人数(超过10 人的课程才统计)。要求输出课程号和选修人数,查询结果按人数降序排列,若人数相同,按课程号升序排列 #41、检索至少选修两门课程的学生学号 select sno from (select sno,count(cno)cnum from sc group by sno) where cnum>=2; #42、查询全部学生都选修的课程的课程号和课程名 #select count(*) from (select distinct sno from sc); #select cno,count(cno)cns from sc group by cno; #select cno from (select count(*)num from (select distinct sno from sc))cs1,(select cno,count(cno)cns from sc group by cno)cs2 where cs2.cns=cs1.num; select cname,scs.cno from course co join (select cno from (select count(*)num from (select distinct sno from sc))cs1, (select cno,count(cno)cns from sc group by cno)cs2 where cs2.cns=cs1.num)scs on(co.cno=scs.cno); #43、查询没学过“谌燕”老师讲授的任一门课程的学生姓名 #select co.cno from course co join (select tno from teacher where tname=‘谌燕‘)tn on(co.tno=tn.tno); select sname from student where sno not in (select distinct sno from sc where cno in(select co.cno from course co join (select tno from teacher where tname=‘谌燕‘)tn on(co.tno=tn.tno))); #44、查询两门以上不及格课程的同学的学号及其平均成绩 #select sno,count(sno),avg(score) from sc where score < 60 group by sno; select * from (select sno,count(sno)cnum,avg(score) from sc where score < 60 group by sno)avs where avs.cnum>1; #45、检索“c004”课程分数小于60,按分数降序排列的同学学号 select sno from sc where cno=‘c004‘ and score<60 order by score desc; #46、删除“s002”同学的“c001”课程的成绩 delete from sc where sno=‘s002‘ and cno=‘c001‘;
以上是关于oracle子查询的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章