Linux下面oracle环境的搭建

Posted 2020-10-02

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标题：Linux下面oracle环境的搭建

主题：

Oracle数据库环境准备

第一部分：安装oracle软件包

1.安装

VMware Tools

安装vmware-tools工具

步骤1、点击---->虚拟机----->安装Vmware Tools

步骤2、df -h

[[email protected] ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda2 20G 8.3G 11G 45% /

/dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boot

tmpfs 1.5G 0 1.5G 0% /dev/shm

/dev/scd0 2.8G 2.8G 0 100% /media/Enterprise Linux dvd 20090908

步骤3、挂在VMwareTools镜像

mount /dev/scd0 /mnt/

df -h

[[email protected] ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda2 20G 8.3G 11G 45% /

/dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boot

tmpfs 1.5G 0 1.5G 0% /dev/shm

/dev/scd0 2.8G 2.8G 0 100% /media/Enterprise Linux dvd 20090908

/dev/scd0 2.8G 2.8G 0 100% /mnt

步骤4、cp /mnt/VMwareTools… /etc/opt/

cd /opt/

步骤5、解压VMwareTools包

tar -zxvf VMwareTools…

cd vmware-tools-distrib

步骤6、./vmware-install.pl

一路回车

最后reboot一下

2.配置ip地址

计算机名

配置主机

防火墙设置

1，配置IP地址

vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0

BOOTPROTO=none

HWADDR=00:0C:29:D3:D9:8D

ONBOOT=yes

IPADDR=192.168.1.253

NETMASK=255.255.255.0

/etc/init.d/network restart

chkconfig network on

ifconfig eth0

2，配置计算机名字

vim /etc/sysconfig/network

NETWORKING=yes

NETWORKING_IPV6=no

HOSTNAME=server253.oracle.com

修改临时主机名

hostname server253.oracle.com

3，配置主机

vim /etc/hosts

# Do not remove the following line, or various programs

# that require network functionality will fail.

127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost

::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6

192.168.1.253 server253.oracle.com server253

ping server253.oracle.com

ping server253

4，防火墙设置

system-config-securitylevel

3.配置yum仓库

点击虚拟机---->设置----->CD\DVD(SATA)---->使用ISO映像文件(M)---->

设备状态---->勾选上已连接

df -h

mount /dev/scd0 /mnt/

vim /etc/yum.repos.d/server.repo

[base]

name=rhel5.4

baseurl=file:///mnt/Server

enabled=1

gpgcheck=0

4.检查软件的必要性

Checking the Software Requirements

binutils-2.15.92.0.2-13.EL4

compat-db-4.1.25-9 -----

compat-libstdc++-296-2.96-132.7.2

control-center-2.8.0-12

gcc-3.4.3-22.1.EL4

gcc-c++-3.4.3-22.1.EL44

glibc-2.3.4-2.9

glibc-common-2.3.4-2.9

libstdc++-3.4.3-22.1

libstdc++-devel-3.4.3-22.1

make-3.80-5

pdksh-5.2.14-30

sysstat-5.0.5-1

setarch-1.6-1

[[email protected] ~]rpm -qa|grep compat-db

[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install compat-db

[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa|grep pdksh

[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install pdksh

[[email protected] ~]# rpm -qa|grep sysstat

[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install sysstat

5.检查网络步骤

1. ifconfig eth0

eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:D3:D9:8D

inet addr:192.168.1.253 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0

inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fed3:d98d/64 Scope:Link

UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1

RX packets:112 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000

RX bytes:14414 (14.0 KiB) TX bytes:16767 (16.3 KiB)

Base address:0x2000 Memory:fd5c0000-fd5e0000

vim /etc/sysconfig/network
system-config-securitylevel

6.配置名称解析

vim /etc/hosts

# Do not remove the following line, or various programs

# that require network functionality will fail.

127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost

::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6

192.168.1.253 server253.oracle.com server253

ping server253.oracle.com

ping server253

7. 创建安装软件需要账户名和组

8. 判断nobody 是否存在

Creating Required Operating System Groups and Users

创建三个用户

[[email protected] ~]# useradd dba

[[email protected] ~]# useradd oinstall

[[email protected] ~]# useradd oper

[[email protected] ~]# id oracle

uid=500(oracle) gid=500(oracle) groups=500(oracle)

将用户加入到组

usermod -g oinstall -G oinstall,dba,oper,oracle oracle

[[email protected] ~]# id oracle

uid=500(oracle) gid=502(oinstall) groups=502(oinstall),500(oracle),501(dba),503(oper)

8,Verifying that the User nobody Exists 判断nobody是否存在

原因：外部作业必须存在nobody

[[email protected] ~]# id nobody

uid=99(nobody) gid=99(nobody) groups=99(nobody)

9. 内核参数

Configuring Kernel Parameters

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

kernel.shmall = 2097152

kernel.shmmax = 2147483648

kernel.shmmni = 4096

kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128

fs.file-max = 65536

net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000

net.core.rmem_default = 1048576

net.core.rmem_max = 1048576

net.core.wmem_default = 262144

net.core.wmem_max = 262144

-shmall :该参数表示系统依次可以使用的共享内存段的总容量（以页为单位）。默认值是2097152，通常不需要修改

-shmmax:该参数定义了单个进程能够使用的共享内存段的最大尺寸（以字节为单位），默认为32MB，对于ORACLE来说，该默认值太低了，通常将其设置为2GB

-shmmin:该内核参数用于设置系统范围内共享内存段的最大个数，该参数的默认值是4096，通常不需要更改

-sem:该参数表示设置的信号量

-file-max: 该参数表示文件句柄的最大数量，文件句柄设置表示在linux系统中可以打开的文件数量

[[email protected] ~]# sysctl -p

10. 配置SHELL 限制

配置SHELL限制

a,vim /etc/security/limits.conf

oracle soft nproc 2047

oracle hard nproc 16384

oracle soft nofile 1024

oracle hard nofile 65536

b,vi /etc/pam.d/login

session required /lib/security/pam_limits.so

session required pam_limits.so

c,Depending on the oracle user‘s default shell

vi /etc/profile

if [ $USER = "oracle" ]; then

if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then

ulimit -p 16384

ulimit -n 65536

else

ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536

11. 创建所需要的目录

创建所需要的目录

Identifying Required Software Directories

a,Oracle Base Directory--- 根目录必须手工创建

mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle

b,Oracle Inventory Directory

名字：oracle_base/oraInventory --产品清单列表

/u01/app/oracle/oraInventory You do not need to create it. 安装自动创建

c,Oracle Home Directory 软件所安装的目录

每安装一个产品都会有一相应的oralce home目录，You do not need to create this directory.

建议你们创建

/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1

d,命令

# mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle

# chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle

# chmod -R 775 /u01/app/oracle

测试

ll /u01/app

12.配置oracle 用户环境

Configuring the oracle User‘s Environment

su - oracle

cd /home/oracle

vim .bash_profile

umask 022

ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle 根目录

ORACLE_SID=orcl

export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_SID

[[email protected] ~]# source .bash_profile

13.准备安装介质

a,如何将安装介质上传到linux

b,tool

c,使用root上传，使用解压，查看权限

unzip 包名

chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01

chmod -R 775 /u01

14. su -

oracle

[[email protected] ~]$ su - root

[[email protected] ~]# xhost +

access control disabled, clients can connect from any host

[[email protected] ~]# su - oracle

[[email protected] ~]$ xclock

15.

安装你的数据库软件

16.安装过程要做的事情

[[email protected] ~]$ cd /u01/database/

[[email protected] database]$ ./runInstaller

a,vim /home/oracle/.base_profile

umask 022

ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle

ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/10.2.0/db_1

ORACLE_SID=orcl

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

export PATH ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_SID ORACLE_HOME

b,不要选默认创建数据库，这里只是安装数据库软件

c.最后以root身份执行2个脚本：

orainstRoot.sh==用来更新最终的产品清单信息

root.sh ==根据当前主机的信息生成一些使用脚本，如dbca

[[email protected] ~]$ source .bash_profile

[[email protected] ~]$ cd /u01/database/

[[email protected] database]$ ./runInstaller

[[email protected] /]# /u01/app/oracle/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh

[[email protected] /]# /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/root.sh

第二部分：创建侦听

[[email protected] ~]$ netca

-bash: netca: command not found

查看netca所在的路径

[[email protected] bin]$ ls netca

netca

[[email protected] bin]$ pwd

/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/bin

[[email protected] ~]$ vim .bash_profile

umask 022

ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle

ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/10.2.0/db_1

ORACLE_SID=orcl

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin

export PATH ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_SID ORACLE_HOME

[[email protected] ~]$ source .bash_profile

[[email protected] ~]$ netca

[[email protected] ~]$ lsnrctl status

[[email protected] ~]$ netstat -tunlp |grep 1521

(Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info

will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.)

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:1521 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14633/tnslsnr

第三部分：创建数据库

------------创建数据库-----dbca--

一是采用脚本的方式

二是采用图形界面

[[email protected] ~]$ dbca

使用DBCA创建第一个数据库：orcl

全局数据库名：数据库名+域名

oracle sid：实例名

默认实例名和数据库名一样，也可以不一样

enterprise manager (EM)

EM采用网页形式对数据库进行管理

有2种类型的EM：

一是采用GRID CONTROL-它可以管理多台主机以及多个数据库，必须在主机上安装agent

二是采用Database control 只能管理一个数据库

数据库管理方式

1 grid control 默认不可选，原因：你没有配置grid contol agent

2 dbconsole 管理

一定要选择此模板

查看创建的数据库信息

[[email protected] orcl]$ ls

adump bdump cdump dpdump pfile udump

[[email protected] orcl]$ pwd

/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl

cd admin/实例名/ 审计跟踪警告日志

[[email protected] admin]$ cd orcl/bdump/

[[email protected] bdump]$ ls

alert_orcl.log orcl_lgwr_16683.trc orcl_lgwr_16778.trc orcl_lgwr_16845.trc

cd /u01/app/oracle/oradata/实例名/ 数据库文件

这里十二个文件要写脚本

[[email protected] orcl]$ ls

control01.ctl example01.dbf redo03.log temp01.dbf

control02.ctl redo01.log sysaux01.dbf undotbs01.dbf

control03.ctl redo02.log system01.dbf users01.dbf

[[email protected] orcl]$ pwd

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl

ps -elf |grep ora

[[email protected] dbs]$ ps -elf|grep ora

0 S root 3548 3523 0 78 0 - 494 stext Aug13 ? 00:00:10 hald-addon-storage: polling /dev/scd0

4 S root 9164 6840 0 77 0 - 1230 wait Aug13 pts/2 00:00:00 su - oracle

4 S oracle 9165 9164 0 76 0 - 1135 wait Aug13 pts/2 00:00:00 -bash

4 S root 9261 9216 0 77 0 - 1230 wait Aug13 pts/2 00:00:00 su - oracle

4 S oracle 9262 9261 0 75 0 - 1135 wait Aug13 pts/2 00:00:00 -bash

4 S root 9893 9753 0 77 0 - 1230 wait Aug13 pts/2 00:00:00 su - oracle

4 S oracle 9894 9893 0 75 0 - 1135 wait Aug13 pts/2 00:00:00 -bash

4 S root 10010 9967 0 77 0 - 1230 wait Aug13 pts/2 00:00:00 su - oracle

4 S oracle 10011 10010 0 75 0 - 1135 wait Aug13 pts/2 00:00:00 -bash

4 S root 14109 4694 0 77 0 - 1230 wait Aug13 pts/1 00:00:00 su - oracle

4 S oracle 14110 14109 0 76 0 - 1135 - Aug13 pts/1 00:00:00 -bash

0 S oracle 14633 1 0 76 0 - 10567 stext Aug13 ? 00:00:00 /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/bin/tnslsnr LISTENER -inherit

0 S oracle 16837 1 0 78 0 - 250810 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_pmon_orcl

0 S oracle 16839 1 0 78 0 - 250657 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_psp0_orcl

0 S oracle 16841 1 0 78 0 - 250657 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_mman_orcl

0 S oracle 16843 1 0 78 0 - 251174 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbw0_orcl

0 S oracle 16845 1 0 76 0 - 254545 - Aug13 ? 00:00:01 ora_lgwr_orcl

0 S oracle 16847 1 0 78 0 - 250781 - Aug13 ? 00:00:03 ora_ckpt_orcl

0 S oracle 16849 1 0 77 0 - 251051 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_smon_orcl

0 S oracle 16851 1 0 80 0 - 250657 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_reco_orcl

0 S oracle 16853 1 0 75 0 - 251056 - Aug13 ? 00:00:01 ora_cjq0_orcl

0 S oracle 16855 1 0 78 0 - 251353 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_mmon_orcl

0 S oracle 16857 1 0 78 0 - 250657 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_mmnl_orcl

0 S oracle 16859 1 0 78 0 - 250817 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_d000_orcl

0 S oracle 16861 1 0 75 0 - 250809 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_s000_orcl

0 S oracle 16866 1 0 79 0 - 250657 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_qmnc_orcl

0 S oracle 17090 1 0 78 0 - 251063 - Aug13 ? 00:00:02 ora_j000_orcl

0 S oracle 17811 1 0 75 0 - 251044 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_q000_orcl

0 S oracle 17813 1 0 78 0 - 250656 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 ora_q001_orcl

0 S oracle 17856 1 0 75 0 - 2031 - Aug13 pts/1 00:00:00 /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/perl/bin/perl /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/bin/emwd.pl dbconsole /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/server253.oracle.com_orcl/sysman/log/emdb.nohup

0 S oracle 17881 17856 0 78 0 - 148091 stext Aug13 pts/1 00:00:29 /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/jdk/bin/java -server -Xmx256M -XX:MaxPermSize=96m -XX:MinHeapFreeRatio=20 -XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio=40 -DORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1 -Doracle.home=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/oc4j -Doracle.oc4j.localhome=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/server253.oracle.com_orcl/sysman -DEMSTATE=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/server253.oracle.com_orcl -Doracle.j2ee.dont.use.memory.archive=true -Djava.protocol.handler.pkgs=HTTPClient -Doracle.security.jazn.config=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/oc4j/j2ee/OC4J_DBConsole_server253.oracle.com_orcl/config/jazn.xml -Djava.security.policy=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/oc4j/j2ee/OC4J_DBConsole_server253.oracle.com_orcl/config/java2.policy -Djava.security.properties=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/oc4j/j2ee/home/config/jazn.security.props -DEMDROOT=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/server253.oracle.com_orcl -Dsysman.md5password=true -Drepapi.oracle.home=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1 -Ddisable.checkForUpdate=true -Djava.awt.headless=true -jar /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/oc4j/j2ee/home/oc4j.jar -config /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/oc4j/j2ee/OC4J_DBConsole_server253.oracle.com_orcl/config/server.xml

0 S oracle 18060 1 0 77 0 - 253384 - Aug13 ? 00:00:03 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)

0 S oracle 18062 1 0 75 0 - 251086 - Aug13 ? 00:00:01 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)

0 S oracle 18064 1 0 75 0 - 251348 - Aug13 ? 00:00:05 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)

0 S oracle 19902 17856 0 77 0 - 14604 stext Aug13 pts/1 00:00:03 /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/bin/emagent

0 S oracle 19945 1 0 76 0 - 251627 - Aug13 ? 00:00:02 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)

0 S oracle 19956 1 0 75 0 - 251093 - Aug13 ? 00:00:01 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)

0 S oracle 24484 1 0 76 0 - 251073 - Aug13 ? 00:00:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)

0 S oracle 24953 1 0 79 0 - 251081 - 00:00 ? 00:00:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)

0 S oracle 24957 1 0 78 0 - 251084 - 00:00 ? 00:00:00 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)

0 R oracle 25086 10011 0 77 0 - 1065 - 00:02 pts/2 00:00:00 ps -elf

0 R oracle 25087 10011 0 78 0 - 980 - 00:02 pts/2 00:00:00 grep ora

还多了一个文件夹

[[email protected] ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME

[[email protected] db_1]$ ls

assistants has log oraInst.loc server253.oracle.com_orcl

bin hs md ord slax

cdata install mesg oui sqlj

cfgtoollogs install.platform mgw owm sqlplus

clone inventory network perl srvm

config javavm nls plsql sysman

crs jdbc oc4j precomp uix

css jdk odbc racg wwg

ctx jlib olap rdbms xdk

dbs jre OPatch relnotes

demo ldap opmn root.sh

diagnostics lib oracore root.sh.old

[[email protected] db_1]$ pwd

/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1

这里的实例在启动的时候，第一个读到的是spfileorcl.ora文件，一旦此文件丢了，你的实例就崩啦，以后排错，第一个要修复的文件就是这个文件

[[email protected] db_1]$ cd dbs

[[email protected] dbs]$ ls

hc_orcl.dat initdw.ora init.ora lkORCL orapworcl spfileorcl.ora

[[email protected] dbs]$

如何证明创建数据库成功

[[email protected] ~]$ sqlplus sys/oracle as sysdba

-bash: sqlplus: command not found

[[email protected] ~]$ vim .bash_profile

umask 022

ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle

ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/10.2.0/db_1

ORACLE_SID=orcl

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin

export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_SID ORACLE_HOME PATH

[[email protected] ~]$ source .bash_profile

[[email protected] ~]$ sqlplus sys/oracle as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Aug 14 00:15:00 2017

Connected to:

Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

SQL>

方法一：

SQL> select * from tab;

3643 rows selected.

方法二：

SQL> shutdown abort

ORACLE instance shut down.

SQL> exit

Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

[[email protected] ~]$ sqlplus sys/oracle as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Aug 14 00:22:38 2017

Connected to an idle instance.

SQL>

启动过程中有三个过程

no mount
mount
open

如果三个过程都OK，那么数据库启动成功

SQL> startup

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 926941184 bytes

Fixed Size 1222672 bytes

Variable Size 243271664 bytes

Database Buffers 679477248 bytes

Redo Buffers 2969600 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SQL>

第四部分：oracle登录模式

1.数据库的连接方式介绍

oracle登录模式

连接基本使用

连接--

1、EM-企业化管理器（图形管理）

2、isqlplus--（JAVA）

3、sqlplus

2.sys账号登录

sqlplus账号/密码 as sysdba

[[email protected] ~]$ sqlplus sys/oracle as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Aug 14 06:27:25 2017

Connected to:

Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

SQL>

3.sys账户采用的是系统身份验证

例如：

[[email protected] ~]$ sqlplus xiaoming/oracle as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Aug 14 06:29:53 2017

Connected to:

Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

SQL> show user

USER is "SYS"

SQL>

所以系统账号还可以这样登录

[[email protected] ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Aug 14 06:31:08 2017

Connected to:

Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

SQL>

注：只要你的oracle账号可以登录到你的系统上面来，那么你的SQL就可以登录

4.查看当前登录的账号

SQL> show user

USER is "SYS"

5.退出登录

SQL> exit

Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

[[email protected] ~]$

6.普通账号的登录

oracle数据库在创建的时候，提供三个账号：

sys

scott

scott账号默认登录的时候，密码为tiger，但是登录时候发现账号被锁定了

[[email protected] ~]$ sqlplus scott/tiger

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Aug 14 06:44:42 2017

ERROR:

ORA-28000: the account is locked

Enter user-name:

7.解锁普通账号

[[email protected] ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL> show user

USER is "SYS"

SQL> alter user scott account unlock ;

User altered.

[[email protected] ~]$ sqlplus scott/tiger

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Aug 14 06:49:14 2017

ERROR:

ORA-28001: the password has expired

Changing password for scott

New password:

Retype new password:

Password changed

Connected to:

Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

SQL> show user

USER is "SCOTT"

SQL>

8.修改普通账号密码

SQL> show user

USER is "SCOTT"

SQL> alter user scott identified by redhat;

User altered.

注意：注意：用户自己本身也可以修改自己的密码，一般情况是不被允许的

9.同时解锁和修改密码

SQL> alter user scott account unlock identified by oracle;

alter user scott account unlock identified by oracle

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

SQL> show user;

USER is "SYS"

SQL> alter user scott account unlock identified by oracle;

User altered.

SQL>

10.解锁hr账号

sqlplus / as sysdba;

alter user hr account unlock identified by redhat;

exit

sqlplus hr/redhat;

show user;

11.用户之间的切换

----conn hr/redhat---- 切换到hr账号上面

----conn / as sysdba-- 切换到sys账号上面

---conn sys/oracle as sysdba---切换到sys账号上面

SQL> show user

USER is "SYS"

SQL> alter user hr account unlock identified by redhat;

User altered.

SQL> show user;

USER is "SYS"

SQL> conn scott/oracle

Connected.

SQL> show user;

USER is "SCOTT"

SQL>

12.帮助文件

--------------------------帮助-----------------------------------

---help index ---帮助索引

---？shutdown---- 查找shutdown的使用功能

---？set-----查找set的使用功能

SQL> help index

Enter Help [topic] for help.

@ COPY PAUSE SHUTDOWN

@@ DEFINE PRINT SPOOL

/ DEL PROMPT SQLPLUS

ACCEPT DESCRIBE QUIT START

APPEND DISCONNECT RECOVER STARTUP

ARCHIVE LOG EDIT REMARK STORE

ATTRIBUTE EXECUTE REPFOOTER TIMING

BREAK EXIT REPHEADER TTITLE

BTITLE GET RESERVED WORDS (SQL) UNDEFINE

CHANGE HELP RESERVED WORDS (PL/SQL) VARIABLE

CLEAR HOST RUN WHENEVER OSERROR

COLUMN INPUT SAVE WHENEVER SQLERROR

COMPUTE LIST SET

CONNECT PASSWORD SHOW

SQL> ? shutdown

SHUTDOWN

--------

Shuts down a currently running Oracle Database instance, optionally

closing and dismounting a database.

SHUTDOWN [ABORT|IMMEDIATE|NORMAL|TRANSACTIONAL [LOCAL]]

SQL> ? set

SET

---

Sets a system variable to alter the SQL*Plus environment settings

for your current session. For example, to:

- set the display width for data

- customize html formatting

- enable or disable printing of column headings

- set the number of lines per page

In iSQL*Plus, you can also use the Preferences screen to set

system variables.

SET system_variable value

where system_variable and value represent one of the following clauses:

APPI[NFO]{OFF|ON|text} NUM[WIDTH] {10|n}

ARRAY[SIZE] {15|n} PAGES[IZE] {14|n}

AUTO[COMMIT] {OFF|ON|IMM[EDIATE]|n} PAU[SE] {OFF|ON|text}

AUTOP[RINT] {OFF|ON} RECSEP {WR[APPED]|EA[CH]|OFF}

AUTORECOVERY {OFF|ON} RECSEPCHAR {_|c}

AUTOT[RACE] {OFF|ON|TRACE[ONLY]} SERVEROUT[PUT] {ON|OFF}

[EXP[LAIN]] [STAT[ISTICS]] [SIZE {n | UNLIMITED}] [FOR[MAT]

BLO[CKTERMINATOR] {.|c|ON|OFF} {WRA[PPED] |

CMDS[EP] {;|c|OFF|ON} WOR[D_WRAPPED] |

COLSEP {_|text} TRU[NCATED]}]

CON[CAT] {.|c|ON|OFF} *SHIFT[INOUT] {VIS[IBLE] |

COPYC[OMMIT] {0|n} INV[ISIBLE]}

COPYTYPECHECK {ON|OFF} *SHOW[MODE] {OFF|ON}

DEF[INE] {&|c|ON|OFF} *SQLBL[ANKLINES] {OFF|ON}

DESCRIBE [DEPTH {1|n|ALL}] SQLC[ASE] {MIX[ED] |

[LINENUM {OFF|ON}] [INDENT {OFF|ON}] LO[WER] | UP[PER]}

ECHO {OFF|ON} *SQLCO[NTINUE] {> | text}

*EDITF[ILE] file_name[.ext] *SQLN[UMBER] {ON|OFF}

EMB[EDDED] {OFF|ON} SQLPLUSCOMPAT[IBILITY] {x.y[.z]}

ESC[APE] {\|c|OFF|ON} *SQLPRE[FIX] {#|c}

FEED[BACK] {6|n|ON|OFF} *SQLP[ROMPT] {SQL>|text}

FLAGGER {OFF|ENTRY|INTERMED[IATE]|FULL} SQLT[ERMINATOR] {;|c|ON|OFF}

*FLU[SH] {ON|OFF} *SUF[FIX] {SQL|text}

HEA[DING] {ON|OFF} *TAB {ON|OFF}

HEADS[EP] {||c|ON|OFF} *TERM[OUT] {ON|OFF}

INSTANCE [instance_path|LOCAL] *TI[ME] {OFF|ON}

LIN[ESIZE] {80|n} ({150|n} iSQL*Plus) TIMI[NG] {OFF|ON}

LOBOF[FSET] {1|n} *TRIM[OUT] {ON|OFF}

LOGSOURCE [pathname] *TRIMS[POOL] {OFF|ON}

LONG {80|n} UND[ERLINE] {-|c|ON|OFF}

LONGC[HUNKSIZE] {80|n} VER[IFY] {ON|OFF}

MARK[UP] HTML [OFF|ON] WRA[P] {ON|OFF}

[HEAD text] [BODY text] [TABLE text] XQUERY {BASEURI text|

[ENTMAP {ON|OFF}] ORDERING{UNORDERED|

[SPOOL {OFF|ON}] ORDERED|DEFAULT}|

[PRE[FORMAT] {OFF|ON}] NODE{BYVALUE|BYREFERENCE|

NEWP[AGE] {1|n|NONE} DEFAULT}|

NULL text CONTEXT text}

NUMF[ORMAT] format

An asterisk (*) indicates the SET option is not supported in iSQL*Plus.

13.启用历史记录功能

---需要安装rlwrap包----

因为是源码包，所以有点麻烦

.gz结尾的包

所以gunzip rlwrap-0.37.tar.gz

rlwrap-0.37.tar

tar -xvf rlwrap-0.37.tar

源代码安装其实是最简单的，不用搭建yum仓库

第一种方式：分两步解开

只要一步就可以解开带.gz的压缩包

tar -zxvf rlwrap-0.37.tar.gz

vim REDEAME 查看安装说明

搜索

：/INSTALL

/INSTALL

源码包安装方式，需要两步，其实下面就合成了一步

./configure; make install

需要root权限安装rlwrap-0.37.tar

./configure; make install

如果安装不成功需要检查这两个软件包是否有安装

ls |grep readline

readline-5.1-3.el5.i386.rpm

readline-devel-5.1-3.el5.i386.rpm

rpm -qa|grep readline

ls |grep libter

libtermcap-2.0.8-46.1.i386.rpm

libtermcap-devel-2.0.8-46.1.i386.rpm

rpm -qa|grep libter

---------检验------------

su - oracle

sqlplus / as sysdba;

selecct * from tab;

exit

发现报错，使用不了

因为rlwrap是安装在linux系统上面的，所以每次使用的时候都必须告诉oracle系统

rlwrap sqlplus / as sysdba;

现在发现是可以上翻看，下查看的

可以通过取别名来实现

alias sqlplus=‘rlwrap sqlplus‘ 不过这个是临时的

要想要永久的生效需要在oracle家目录下面配置.bash_profile文件

ls -a

vim .bash_profile

alias sqlplus=‘rlwrap sqlplus‘ 添加这一项即可

保存退出后source .bash_profile

第五部分：oracle下面的文本编辑器

为解决这个问题

SQL> select ename,sal,hiredata

2 from emp

3 where sal=800

4 ;

select ename,sal,hiredata

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00904: "HIREDATA": invalid identifier

------需要修改编辑器------

su - oracle

vim .bash_profile

EDITOR=vim

export EDITOR

source .bash_profile

SQL> conn scott/oracle

Connected.

SQL> show user

USER is "SCOTT"

SQL> select ename,sal,hiredata

2 from emp

3 where sal=800

4 ;

select ename,sal,hiredata

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00904: "HIREDATA": invalid identifier

敲一个ed，进行纠正编辑

SQL> ed

Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select ename,sal,hiredate

2 from emp

3* where sal=800

4 ;

或者

SQL> ed

Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select ename,sal,hiredate

2 from emp

3* where sal=800

4 /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------

SMITH 800 17-DEC-80

SQL>

SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------

SMITH 800 17-DEC-80

SQL>

！也可以退出oracle数据库

l列出oracle数据里面的缓存信息

scott模式下面所有的对象

scott这人账号里面一共有四个对象

这里的对象叫表

SQL> /

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------

DEPT TABLE

EMP TABLE

BONUS TABLE

SALGRADE TABLE

得到表里面产生的信息

SQL> select * from EMP

2 ;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO

----------

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO

----------

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO

----------

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO

----------

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO

----------

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300

14 rows selected.

我现在想要知道EMP里面有哪些列？

从emp表里面得到了8个列

SQL> desc emp

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)

ENAME VARCHAR2(10)

JOB VARCHAR2(9)

MGR NUMBER(4)

HIREDATE DATE

SAL NUMBER(7,2)

COMM NUMBER(7,2)

DEPTNO NUMBER(2)

SQL>

SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp;

/ 通过/可以再次执行一遍

-------------如何永久的保存--------

SQL> select ename,sal from emp;

SQL> save /u01/a.sql

Created file /u01/a.sql

注意保存一定要保存绝对路径

------------如何调用保存的脚步----------

第一种方法：@/u01/a.sql 就可以直接的调出来

第二钟方法：start /u01/a.sql

-------将保存的命令调到缓存但是不执行-------

SQL> get /u01/b.sql

1 select ename,sal

2 from emp

3* where sal=3000

get调出来，但是不执行

----------------我想要临时的切换到linux环境下面怎么办-----------------------

！就可以到linux环境

exit 从linux环境又切换到oracle环境

----------------直接退出oracle环境--------------

exit 在oracle环境下面直接的输入exit就可以直接的退出oracle环境

host和！功能一样

---------在不退出oracle的环境下删除u01下面的a.sql--------

SQL> rm -rf /u01/a.sql

SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "rm -rf /u0..." - rest of line ignored.

SQL>

---在前面添加一个感叹号即可完成-----

SQL> ! rm -rf /u01/a.sql

SQL> ! ls /u01

10201_database_linux32.zip app database rlwrap-0.37.tar.gz.bak

afiedt.buf b.sql rlwrap-0.37.tar.gz

SQL>

SQL> ! mkdir /u01/aa

SQL> ! ls -l /u01

total 654232

-rwxr-xr-x 1 oracle oinstall 668734007 Nov 6 2009 10201_database_linux32.zip

drwxr-xr-x 2 oracle oinstall 4096 Aug 13 00:48 aa

-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 43 Aug 13 00:33 afiedt.buf

drwxr-xr-x 3 oracle oinstall 4096 Aug 8 22:38 app

-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 43 Aug 13 00:32 b.sql

drwxr-xr-x 6 oracle oinstall 4096 Jul 3 2005 database

-rwxrw-rw- 1 root root 251438 Nov 19 2011 rlwrap-0.37.tar.gz

-rwxr--r-- 1 root root 251438 Aug 12 21:55 rlwrap-0.37.tar.gz.bak

SQL>

---------------要求是把查询使用的命令加上查询的结果全部都保存下来----------------

SQL> spool /u01/a.txt

SQL> select ename from emp;

ENAME

----------

SMITH

ALLEN

WARD

JONES

MARTIN

BLAKE

CLARK

SCOTT

KING

TURNER

ADAMS

ENAME

----------

JAMES

FORD

MILLER

14 rows selected.

SQL> spool off 结果大功告成

SQL> !

[[email protected] u01]$ ls

10201_database_linux32.zip app database

aa a.txt rlwrap-0.37.tar.gz

afiedt.buf b.sql rlwrap-0.37.tar.gz.bak

[[email protected] u01]$ vim a.txt

[[email protected] u01]$

vim a.txt

本文出自 “简单、自然就好” 博客，请务必保留此出处http://vbers.blog.51cto.com/7913703/1955997

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