mysql-查询
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select查询
select查询语句:
语法:
(
select field_name ...
from tb_name
where 查询条件
group by field_name ... having 过滤条件 (分组查询和分组查询过滤)
order by field_name asc(升序) desc(降序) (查询结果排序)
limit
)
where 和 having 都有条件判断的功能(过滤)
区别:
where 是在分组之前进行过滤
haing 是在分组之后进行过滤
1、条件查询:
select field_name ... from tb_name ... where field_name>values; 返回field_name 大于 values 的记录
select field_name ... from tb_name ... where field_name in(value1,value2, ... ); 返回 field_name 等于 value 中的一个的记录。
select field_name ... from tb_name ... where field_name not in(value1,value2 ...); 返回field_name 不在其中的记录。
select field_name ... from tb_name ... where field_name between value1 and value2; 返回field_name 的value 在value1 和 value2 之间的记录。
select field_name ... from tb_name ... where field_name not between value1 and value2; 返回field_name 的value 不在value1 和value2 之间的记录。
2、模糊查询:
select field_name ... from tb_name ... where field_name like ‘a%b/a_b‘; 其中:% 表示多个任意字符,_ 表示一个任意字符。(查询field_name以a开头,以b结尾的所有记录)
3、空值查询:
select field_name ... from tb_name ... where field_name is null;
eg:
select * from massege where 总分 between 550 and 600;
select * from massege where 总分 not between 500 and 600;
select * from massege where 总分 like ‘5%‘;
select * from massege where 总分 like ‘__5‘;
4、查询结果去重:distinct
select distinct field_name from tb_name;
5、分组查询:
select field_name as total from tb_name group by field_name;
select age,count(2) as‘姓名‘ from stu_temp group by age; count(1)/count(*) 都是统计数据的
select age,group_concat(name) as‘姓名‘ from stu_temp group by age; group_concat(field_name)显示该组中的全部field_name。
select age,group_concat(name) as‘姓名‘ from stu_temp group by age having count(name)>3; having count(field_name)>values 过滤掉count(field_name)<values 的分组,只显示大于的分组。
select age,count(2) as‘姓名‘ from stu_temp group by age with rollup; rollup 统计归纳。
6、分页查询:
create table stu_temp(
id int(10) unsigned primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
age int(10) not null
);
insert into stu_temp values(null,‘qqq‘,19),(null,‘www‘,20),(null,‘eee‘,18),(null,‘aaa‘,19)
,(null,‘sss‘,20),(null,‘ddd‘,18),(null,‘zzz‘,20),(null,‘xxx‘,19),(null,‘ccc‘,20),(null,‘vvv‘,18);
insert into product values(null,‘qqq‘,‘20170601‘),(null,‘www‘,‘20170602‘),(null,‘eee‘,‘20170603‘),(null,‘aaa‘,‘20170601‘),(null,‘qqq‘,‘20170601‘);
子查询:
笛卡尔积:两个表的所有行组合以后构成的结果集。
交叉查询
select *
from employee
cross join department;
等价于:
select *
from employee,department;
内连接查询 :返回符合 on 后面的查询条件的rows
inner join (内连接):基于联合条件进行的多表查询。匹配多个表中的行,并且允许你去查询在两个表中都包含的列的行。它被直接用在from的后面
inner join 的使用条件:
1、在from 后面指定主表
2、指定和主表连接的表,理论上,你可以联合多个表,但是为了更好的查询,应该限制表的个数
3、指定联合条件,联合条件应该在 inner join 的关键字 on 的后面。联合条件值匹配多表的规则。
SELECT employee.`name` as ‘姓名‘ ,department.`name` as ‘部门‘
FROM employee
INNER JOIN department on department.id=employee.dep_id
WHERE department.id=4;
SELECT e.`name` as ‘姓名‘ ,d.`name` as ‘部门‘ 这里是利用 as 为表其了别名(as 可以省略)
FROM employee as e
INNER JOIN department as d on d.id=e.dep_id
WHERE d.id=4;
左外连接查询(left [outer] join):返回左表的所有rows和右表中与左表符合查询条件的所有rows
select e.`name` as ‘姓名‘,d.name as ‘年龄‘
from employee as e
left join department as d on e.dep_id=d.id;
右外连接查询(right [outer] join):返回右表的所有rows和左表中与右表符合查询条件的所有rows
select e.`name` as ‘姓名‘,d.name as ‘年龄‘
from employee as e
right join department as d on e.dep_id=d.id;
全外连接查询(full [outer] join):返回
select e.`name` as ‘姓名‘,d.name as ‘年龄‘
from employee as e
full join department as d on e.dep_id=d.id;
但:mysql 不支持 full [outer] join 语法,使用下列语法代替全外连接
(既:将左外连接和右外连接用 union 合并,就是 mysql 的全外连接)
select *
from `employee`
left join `department` on `employee`.dep_id=`department`.id
union
select *
from `employee`
right join `department` on `employee`.dep_id=`department`.id;
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