BeautifulSoup文档3-详细方法 | 如何对文档树进行遍历?

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3-详细方法 | 如何对文档树进行遍历?

  • 以下实例还是官网的例子:
html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
    <body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>

<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>

<p class="story">...</p>
"""

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, 'html.parser')

1 子节点

1.1 tag的名字

1.1.1 获取head标签

# 获取head
print(soup.head)
  • 输出为:
<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>

1.1.2 获取title

# 获取title
print(soup.title)
  • 输出为:
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>

1.1.3 获取body标签中的第一个b标签

# 获取<body>标签中的第一个<b>标签
print(soup.body.b)
  • 输出为:
<b>The Dormouse's story</b>

1.1.4 获得当前名字的第一个tag

# 获得当前名字的第一个tag
print(soup.a)
  • 输出为:
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>

1.1.5 获取所有a标签

# 获取所有a标签
print(soup.find_all('a'))
  • 输出为:
[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>, 
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, 
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]

1.2 .contents 和 .children

  • .contents 属性将tag子节点以列表的方式输出:
# .contents属性将`tag`子节点以列表的方式输出
head_tag = soup.head
print(head_tag)
print(head_tag.contents)
title_tag = head_tag.contents[0]
print(title_tag)
print(title_tag.contents)
  • 输出为:
<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
[<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
["The Dormouse's story"]
  • .children 生成器,可以对tag的子节点进行循环:
# .children生成器,可以对tag的子节点进行循环
for child in title_tag.children:
    print(child)
  • 输出为:
The Dormouse's story

1.3 .descendants

  • .descendants 属性对所有tag的子孙节点进行递归循环:
for child in head_tag.descendants:
    print(child)
  • 输出为:
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
The Dormouse's story

1.4 .string

  • 如果tag只有一个 NavigableString 类型子节点,那么这个tag可以使用 .string 得到子节点:
# 如果tag只有一个 NavigableString 类型子节点,那么这个tag可以使用 .string 得到子节点:
print(title_tag.string)
  • 输出为:
The Dormouse's story

1.5 .strings 和 stripped_strings

  • 如果tag中包含多个字符串,可以使用 .strings 来循环获取:
for string in soup.strings:
    print(repr(string))
  • 输出为:
'\\n'
"The Dormouse's story"
'\\n'
'\\n'
"The Dormouse's story"
'\\n'
'Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\\n'
'Elsie'
',\\n'
'Lacie'
' and\\n'
'Tillie'
';\\nand they lived at the bottom of a well.'
'\\n'
'...'
'\\n'

  • 使用 .stripped_strings 可以去除多余空白内容:
# 使用 .stripped_strings 可以去除多余空白内容:
for string in soup.stripped_strings:
    print(repr(string))
  • 输出为:
"The Dormouse's story"
"The Dormouse's story"
'Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were'
'Elsie'
','
'Lacie'
'and'
'Tillie'
';\\nand they lived at the bottom of a well.'
'...'

2 父节点

2.1 .parent

  • 通过 .parent 属性来获取某个元素的父节点;
  • head标签是title标签的父节点:
#  通过 .parent 属性来获取某个元素的父节点,head标签是title标签的父节点:
title_tag = soup.title
print(title_tag)
print(title_tag.parent)
  • 输出为:
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>

2.2 .parents

  • 通过元素的 .parents 属性可以递归得到元素的所有父辈节点:
link = soup.a
print(link)
for parent in link.parents:
    if parent is None:
        print(parent)
    else:
        print(parent.name)
  • 输出为:
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>
p
body
html
[document]

3 兄弟节点

  • 两个标签是同一层,他们是同一个元素的子节点,则这两个标签是兄弟节点;
  • 如下,b和c标签是兄弟节点:
sibling_soup = BeautifulSoup("<a><b>text1</b><c>text2</c></b></a>")
print(sibling_soup.prettify())
  • 输出为:
<a>
 <b>
  text1
 </b>
 <c>
  text2
 </c>
</a>

3.1 .next_sibling 和 .previous_sibling

  • 使用 .next_sibling.previous_sibling 属性来查询兄弟节点:
# 使用 .next_sibling 和 .previous_sibling 属性来查询兄弟节点:
print(sibling_soup.b.next_sibling)
print(sibling_soup.c.previous_sibling)
  • 输出为:
<c>text2</c>
<b>text1</b>

3.2 .next_siblings 和 .previous_siblings

  • 通过 .next_siblings.previous_siblings 属性可以对当前节点的兄弟节点迭代输出:
for sibling in soup.a.next_siblings:
    print(repr(sibling))
for sibling in soup.find(id="link3").previous_siblings:
    print(repr(sibling))
  • 输出为:
',\\n'
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>
' and\\n'
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
';\\nand they lived at the bottom of a well.'
' and\\n'
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>
',\\n'
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>
'Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\\n'

4 回退和前进

4.1 .next_element 和 .previous_element

  • .next_element 属性指向解析过程中下一个被解析的对象(字符串或tag):
last_a_tag = soup.find("a", id="link3")
print(last_a_tag)
print(last_a_tag.next_sibling)
  • 输出为:
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
  • .previous_element 属性刚好与 .next_element 相反,它指向当前被解析的对象的前一个解析对象:
print(last_a_tag.previous_element)
print(last_a_tag.previous_element.next_element)
  • 输出为:
 and
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>

4.2 .next_elements 和 .previous_elements

  • 通过 .next_elements.previous_elements 的迭代器就可以向前或向后访问文档的解析内容:
for element in last_a_tag.next_elements:
    print(repr(element))
  • 输出为:
'Tillie'
';\\nand they lived at the bottom of a well.'
'\\n'
<p class="story">...</p>
'...'
'\\n'

5 本为涉及的源码:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# 作者:NoamaNelson
# 日期:2023/2/16
# 文件名称:bs03.py
# 作用:BeautifulSoup的使用
# 联系:VX(NoamaNelson)
# 博客:https://blog.csdn.net/NoamaNelson

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
    <body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>

<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>

<p class="story">...</p>
"""

soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, 'html.parser')

# ====== 子节点======
# 获取head
print(soup.head)

# 获取title
print(soup.title)

# 获取<body>标签中的第一个<b>标签
print(soup.body.b)

# 获得当前名字的第一个tag
print(soup.a)

# 获取所有a标签
print(soup.find_all('a'))

# .contents属性将`tag`子节点以列表的方式输出
head_tag = soup.head
print(head_tag)
print(head_tag.contents)
title_tag = head_tag.contents[0]
print(title_tag)
print(title_tag.contents)

# .children生成器,可以对tag的子节点进行循环
for child in title_tag.children:
    print(child)

# .descendants属性对所有tag的子孙节点进行递归循环
for child in head_tag.descendants:
    print(child)

# 如果tag只有一个 NavigableString 类型子节点,那么这个tag可以使用 .string 得到子节点:
print(title_tag.string)

# 如果tag中包含多个字符串,可以使用 .strings来循环获取
for string in soup.strings:
    print(repr(string))

# 使用 .stripped_strings 可以去除多余空白内容:
for string in soup.stripped_strings:
    print(repr(string))


# ====== 父节点======
#  通过 .parent 属性来获取某个元素的父节点,head标签是title标签的父节点:
title_tag = soup.title
print(title_tag)
print(title_tag.parent)

# 通过元素的 .parents 属性可以递归得到元素的所有父辈节点
link = soup.a
print(link)
for parent in link.parents:
    if parent is None:
        print(parent)
    else:
        print(parent.name)


# ====== 兄弟节点======
sibling_soup = BeautifulSoup("<a><b>text1</b><c>text2</c></b></a>", 'html.parser')
print(sibling_soup.prettify())

# 使用 .next_sibling 和 .previous_sibling 属性来查询兄弟节点:
print(sibling_soup.b.next_sibling)
print(sibling_soup.c.previous_sibling)

# 通过 .next_siblings 和 .previous_siblings 属性可以对当前节点的兄弟节点迭代输出
for sibling in soup.a.next_siblings:
    print(repr(sibling))
for sibling in soup.find(id="link3").previous_siblings:
    print(repr(sibling))


# ====== 回退和前进======
# .next_element 属性指向解析过程中下一个被解析的对象(字符串或tag)
last_a_tag = soup.find("a", id="link3")
print(last_a_tag)
print(last_a_tag.next_sibling)

# .previous_element 属性刚好与 .next_element 相反,它指向当前被解析的对象的前一个解析对象
print(last_a_tag.previous_element)
print(last_a_tag.previous_element.next_element)

# 通过 .next_elements 和 .previous_elements 的迭代器就可以向前或向后访问文档的解析内容
for element in last_a_tag.next_elements:
    print(repr(element))

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