内核解读之内存管理内存管理三级架构之内存区域zone

Posted 2023-02-27 奇妙之二进制

文章目录

• • 1、zone类型
  • 2、zone结构体
  • 3、zone的初始化流程

1、zone类型

NUMA结构下, 每个处理器CPU与一个本地内存直接相连, 而不同处理器之前则通过总线进行进一步的连接, 因此相对于任何一个CPU访问本地内存的速度比访问远程内存的速度要快, 而Linux为了兼容NUMA结构, 把物理内存相依照CPU的不同node分成簇, 一个CPU-node对应一个本地内存pgdata_t。

这样已经很好的表示物理内存了, 在一个理想的计算机系统中, 一个页框就是一个内存的分配单元, 可用于任何事情:存放内核数据, 用户数据和缓冲磁盘数据等等。任何种类的数据页都可以存放在任页框中, 没有任何限制。

但是Linux内核又把各个物理内存节点分成n个不同的管理区域zone, 这是为什么呢?

因为实际的计算机体系结构有硬件的诸多限制, 这限制了页框可以使用的方式。尤其是, Linux内核必须处理两种硬件约束。

ISA总线的直接内存存储DMA处理器有一个严格的限制:他们只能对RAM的前16MB进行寻址。

在具有大容量RAM的现代32位计算机中, CPU不能直接访问所有的物理地址, 因为线性地址空间太小, 内核不可能直接映射所有物理内存到线性地址空间。

对于每个node中的内存，Linux分成了若干内存管理区域，定义在mmzone.h的枚举类型zone_type中，

enum zone_type 
	/*
	 * ZONE_DMA and ZONE_DMA32 are used when there are peripherals not able
	 * to DMA to all of the addressable memory (ZONE_NORMAL).
	 * On architectures where this area covers the whole 32 bit address
	 * space ZONE_DMA32 is used. ZONE_DMA is left for the ones with smaller
	 * DMA addressing constraints. This distinction is important as a 32bit
	 * DMA mask is assumed when ZONE_DMA32 is defined. Some 64-bit
	 * platforms may need both zones as they support peripherals with
	 * different DMA addressing limitations.
	 */
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
	ZONE_DMA,
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
	ZONE_DMA32,
#endif
	/*
	 * Normal addressable memory is in ZONE_NORMAL. DMA operations can be
	 * performed on pages in ZONE_NORMAL if the DMA devices support
	 * transfers to all addressable memory.
	 */
	ZONE_NORMAL,
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
	/*
	 * A memory area that is only addressable by the kernel through
	 * mapping portions into its own address space. This is for example
	 * used by i386 to allow the kernel to address the memory beyond
	 * 900MB. The kernel will set up special mappings (page
	 * table entries on i386) for each page that the kernel needs to
	 * access.
	 */
	ZONE_HIGHMEM,
#endif
	/*
	 * ZONE_MOVABLE is similar to ZONE_NORMAL, except that it contains
	 * movable pages with few exceptional cases described below. Main use
	 * cases for ZONE_MOVABLE are to make memory offlining/unplug more
	 * likely to succeed, and to locally limit unmovable allocations - e.g.,
	 * to increase the number of THP/huge pages. Notable special cases are:
	 *
	 * 1. Pinned pages: (long-term) pinning of movable pages might
	 *    essentially turn such pages unmovable. Therefore, we do not allow
	 *    pinning long-term pages in ZONE_MOVABLE. When pages are pinned and
	 *    faulted, they come from the right zone right away. However, it is
	 *    still possible that address space already has pages in
	 *    ZONE_MOVABLE at the time when pages are pinned (i.e. user has
	 *    touches that memory before pinning). In such case we migrate them
	 *    to a different zone. When migration fails - pinning fails.
	 * 2. memblock allocations: kernelcore/movablecore setups might create
	 *    situations where ZONE_MOVABLE contains unmovable allocations
	 *    after boot. Memory offlining and allocations fail early.
	 * 3. Memory holes: kernelcore/movablecore setups might create very rare
	 *    situations where ZONE_MOVABLE contains memory holes after boot,
	 *    for example, if we have sections that are only partially
	 *    populated. Memory offlining and allocations fail early.
	 * 4. PG_hwpoison pages: while poisoned pages can be skipped during
	 *    memory offlining, such pages cannot be allocated.
	 * 5. Unmovable PG_offline pages: in paravirtualized environments,
	 *    hotplugged memory blocks might only partially be managed by the
	 *    buddy (e.g., via XEN-balloon, Hyper-V balloon, virtio-mem). The
	 *    parts not manged by the buddy are unmovable PG_offline pages. In
	 *    some cases (virtio-mem), such pages can be skipped during
	 *    memory offlining, however, cannot be moved/allocated. These
	 *    techniques might use alloc_contig_range() to hide previously
	 *    exposed pages from the buddy again (e.g., to implement some sort
	 *    of memory unplug in virtio-mem).
	 * 6. ZERO_PAGE(0), kernelcore/movablecore setups might create
	 *    situations where ZERO_PAGE(0) which is allocated differently
	 *    on different platforms may end up in a movable zone. ZERO_PAGE(0)
	 *    cannot be migrated.
	 * 7. Memory-hotplug: when using memmap_on_memory and onlining the
	 *    memory to the MOVABLE zone, the vmemmap pages are also placed in
	 *    such zone. Such pages cannot be really moved around as they are
	 *    self-stored in the range, but they are treated as movable when
	 *    the range they describe is about to be offlined.
	 *
	 * In general, no unmovable allocations that degrade memory offlining
	 * should end up in ZONE_MOVABLE. Allocators (like alloc_contig_range())
	 * have to expect that migrating pages in ZONE_MOVABLE can fail (even
	 * if has_unmovable_pages() states that there are no unmovable pages,
	 * there can be false negatives).
	 */
	ZONE_MOVABLE,
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DEVICE
	ZONE_DEVICE,
#endif
	__MAX_NR_ZONES

;

可以看到上面有些区的定义是这样的：

#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
   /*
    * A memory area that is only addressable by the kernel through
    * mapping portions into its own address space. This is for example
    * used by i386 to allow the kernel to address the memory beyond
    * 900MB. The kernel will set up special mappings (page
    * table entries on i386) for each page that the kernel needs to
    * access.
    */
   ZONE_HIGHMEM,
#endif

这表明这些区是可以配置的，并不一定会存在。如在64位系统中, 并不需要高端内存, 因为64位linux支持的最大物理内存为64TB, 对于虚拟地址空间的划分，将0x0000,0000,0000,0000 – 0x0000,7fff,ffff,f000这128T地址用于用户空间；而0xffff,8000,0000,0000以上的128T为系统空间地址, 这远大于当前我们系统中的内存空间, 因此所有的物理地址都可以直接映射到虚拟地址, 不需要高端内存的特殊映射。

管理区的类型用zone_type表示, 有如下几种：

管理内存域	描述
ZONE_DMA	需要单独管理DMA的物理页面的原因: 1、DMA使用物理地址访问内存，不经过MMU 2、需要连续的缓冲区 为了能够提供物理上连续的缓冲区，必须从物理地址空间专门划分一段区域用于DMA。
ZONE_DMA32	不解释
ZONE_NORMA	表示内核能够直接线性映射的普通内存区域。比如内核程序中代码段、全局变量以及kmalloc获取的堆内存等。从此处获取内存一般是连续的，但是不能太大。
ZONE_HIGHMEM	标记了超出内核虚拟地址空间的物理内存段, 因此这段地址不能被内核直接映射，它的存在是为了解决前面提及的内存映射不够的问题。这个区域比较复杂可细分为三部分。但64位的cpu不存在虚拟地址不够用的问题，所以不存在高端内存区，arm32也即将消亡，所以我们不会再讨论高端内存区。
ZONE_MOVABLE	内核定义了一个伪内存域ZONE_MOVABLE, 在防止物理内存碎片的机制memory migration中需要使用该内存域，供防止物理内存碎片的极致使用。
ZONE_DEVICE	为支持热插拔设备而分配的Non Volatile Memory非易失性内存

2、zone结构体

一个管理区域用结构体struct zone来描述，struct zone在linux/mmzone.h中定义。

struct zone 
	/* Read-mostly fields */

	/* zone watermarks, access with *_wmark_pages(zone) macros */
	unsigned long _watermark[NR_WMARK];
      
	unsigned long watermark_boost;

	unsigned long nr_reserved_highatomic;

	/*
	 * We don't know if the memory that we're going to allocate will be
	 * freeable or/and it will be released eventually, so to avoid totally
	 * wasting several GB of ram we must reserve some of the lower zone
	 * memory (otherwise we risk to run OOM on the lower zones despite
	 * there being tons of freeable ram on the higher zones).  This array is
	 * recalculated at runtime if the sysctl_lowmem_reserve_ratio sysctl
	 * changes.
	 */
	long lowmem_reserve[MAX_NR_ZONES];
	/*zone 中预留的内存, 为了防止一些代码必须运行在低地址区域，所以事先保留一些低地址区域的内存。*/

#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
	int node; /*NUMA体系下需要知道该zone属于哪个结点，因为有多个节点*/
#endif
	struct pglist_data	*zone_pgdat;   /* 这个zone所属内存节点 */
	struct per_cpu_pages	__percpu *per_cpu_pageset; 
	struct per_cpu_zonestat	__percpu *per_cpu_zonestats;
	/*
	 * the high and batch values are copied to individual pagesets for
	 * faster access
	 */
	int pageset_high;
	int pageset_batch;

#ifndef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM
	/*
	 * Flags for a pageblock_nr_pages block. See pageblock-flags.h.
	 * In SPARSEMEM, this map is stored in struct mem_section
	 */
	unsigned long		*pageblock_flags;
#endif /* CONFIG_SPARSEMEM */

	/* zone_start_pfn == zone_start_paddr >> PAGE_SHIFT */
	unsigned long		zone_start_pfn; /*区域的起始帧号*/

	/*
	 * spanned_pages is the total pages spanned by the zone, including
	 * holes, which is calculated as:
	 * 	spanned_pages = zone_end_pfn - zone_start_pfn;
	 *
	 * present_pages is physical pages existing within the zone, which
	 * is calculated as:
	 *	present_pages = spanned_pages - absent_pages(pages in holes);
	 *
	 * present_early_pages is present pages existing within the zone
	 * located on memory available since early boot, excluding hotplugged
	 * memory.
	 *
	 * managed_pages is present pages managed by the buddy system, which
	 * is calculated as (reserved_pages includes pages allocated by the
	 * bootmem allocator):
	 *	managed_pages = present_pages - reserved_pages;
	 *
	 * cma pages is present pages that are assigned for CMA use
	 * (MIGRATE_CMA).
	 *
	 * So present_pages may be used by memory hotplug or memory power
	 * management logic to figure out unmanaged pages by checking
	 * (present_pages - managed_pages). And managed_pages should be used
	 * by page allocator and vm scanner to calculate all kinds of watermarks
	 * and thresholds.
	 *
	 * Locking rules:
	 *
	 * zone_start_pfn and spanned_pages are protected by span_seqlock.
	 * It is a seqlock because it has to be read outside of zone->lock,
	 * and it is done in the main allocator path.  But, it is written
	 * quite infrequently.
	 *
	 * The span_seq lock is declared along with zone->lock because it is
	 * frequently read in proximity to zone->lock.  It's good to
	 * give them a chance of being in the same cacheline.
	 *
	 * Write access to present_pages at runtime should be protected by
	 * mem_hotplug_begin/done(). Any reader who can't tolerant drift of
	 * present_pages should use get_online_mems() to get a stable value.
	 */
	atomic_long_t		managed_pages; /*present_pages中被buddy system管理的业数*/
	unsigned long		spanned_pages;   /*  总页数，包含空洞  */
	unsigned long		present_pages;   /*  可用页数，不包含空洞  */
#if defined(CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG)
	unsigned long		present_early_pages;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
	unsigned long		cma_pages;
#endif

	const char		*name;

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION
	/*
	 * Number of isolated pageblock. It is used to solve incorrect
	 * freepage counting problem due to racy retrieving migratetype
	 * of pageblock. Protected by zone->lock.
	 */
	unsigned long		nr_isolate_pageblock;
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG
	/* see spanned/present_pages for more description */
	seqlock_t		span_seqlock;
#endif

	int initialized;

	/* Write-intensive fields used from the page allocator */
	CACHELINE_PADDING(_pad1_);

	/* free areas of different sizes */
	struct free_area	free_area[MAX_ORDER]; /* 伙伴系统：zone区域的内存被分成11种2的n次方大小的内存块，相同大小的内存块通过链表组织起来 */

	/* zone flags, see below */
	unsigned long		flags;
/*
enum zone_flags 
	ZONE_BOOSTED_WATERMARK,		/* zone recently boosted watermarks.
					 * Cleared when kswapd is woken.
					 */
	ZONE_RECLAIM_ACTIVE,		/* kswapd may be scanning the zone. */
;
*/
    
	/* Primarily protects free_area */
	spinlock_t		lock;

	/* Write-intensive fields used by compaction and vmstats. */
	CACHELINE_PADDING(_pad2_);

	/*
	 * When free pages are below this point, additional steps are taken
	 * when reading the number of free pages to avoid per-cpu counter
	 * drift allowing watermarks to be breached
	 */
	unsigned long percpu_drift_mark;

#if defined CONFIG_COMPACTION || defined CONFIG_CMA
	/* pfn where compaction free scanner should start */
	unsigned long		compact_cached_free_pfn;
	/* pfn where compaction migration scanner should start */
	unsigned long		compact_cached_migrate_pfn[ASYNC_AND_SYNC];
	unsigned long		compact_init_migrate_pfn;
	unsigned long		compact_init_free_pfn;
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_COMPACTION
	/*
	 * On compaction failure, 1<<compact_defer_shift compactions
	 * are skipped before trying again. The number attempted since
	 * last failure is tracked with compact_considered.
	 * compact_order_failed is the minimum compaction failed order.
	 */
	unsigned int		compact_considered;
	unsigned int		compact_defer_shift;
	int			compact_order_failed;
#endif

#if defined CONFIG_COMPACTION || defined CONFIG_CMA
	/* Set to true when the PG_migrate_skip bits should be cleared */
	bool			compact_blockskip_flush;
#endif

	bool			contiguous;

	CACHELINE_PADDING(_pad3_);
	/* Zone statistics */ /* zone统计信息 */
	atomic_long_t		vm_stat[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS];
	atomic_long_t		vm_numa_event[NR_VM_NUMA_EVENT_ITEMS];
 ____cacheline_internodealigned_in_smp;

每个zone在系统启动时会计算出 3 个水位值, 分别为 WMAKR_MIN, WMARK_LOW, WMARK_HIGH 水位, 这在页面分配器和 kswapd 页面回收中会用到。

enum zone_watermarks 
    WMARK_MIN,
    WMARK_LOW,
    WMARK_HIGH,
    WMARK_PROMO,
    NR_WMARK
;

当系统中可用内存很少的时候，系统进程kswapd被唤醒, 开始回收释放page, 水印这些参数(WMARK_MIN, WMARK_LOW, WMARK_HIGH)影响着这个代码的行为。

每个zone有三个水平标准：watermark[WMARK_MIN], watermark[WMARK_LOW], watermark[WMARK_HIGH]，帮助确定zone中内存分配使用的压力状态：

标准	描述
watermark[WMARK_MIN]	当空闲页面的数量达到page_min所标定的数量的时候， 说明页面数非常紧张, 分配页面的动作和kswapd线程同步运行.WMARK_MIN所表示的page的数量值，是在内存初始化的过程中调用free_area_init_core中计算的。这个数值是根据zone中的page的数量除以一个>1的系数来确定的。通常是这样初始化的ZoneSizeInPages/12
watermark[WMARK_LOW]	当空闲页面的数量达到WMARK_LOW所标定的数量的时候，说明页面刚开始紧张, 则kswapd线程将被唤醒，并开始释放回收页面
watermark[WMARK_HIGH]	当空闲页面的数量达到page_high所标定的数量的时候， 说明内存页面数充足, 不需要回收, kswapd线程将重新休眠，通常这个数值是page_min的3倍

由于页框频繁的分配和释放，内核在每个zone中放置了一些事先保留的页框。这些页框只能由来自本地CPU的请求使用，存放在per_cpu_pages。

/* Fields and list protected by pagesets local_lock in page_alloc.c */
struct per_cpu_pages 
	spinlock_t lock;	/* Protects lists field */
	int count;		/* number of pages in the list */
	int high;		/* high watermark, emptying needed */
	int batch;		/* chunk size for buddy add/remove */
	short free_factor;	/* batch scaling factor during free */
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
	short expire;		/* When 0, remote pagesets are drained */
#endif

	/* Lists of pages, one per migrate type stored on the pcp-lists */
	struct list_head lists[NR_PCP_LISTS];
 ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;

当per_cpu_pages里的page数超过high值时，就会归还batch个pages给zone的buddy system。如果pcp没有free page了，每次从zone中批量分配batch个pages。

关于pcp技术后面还会深入。

struct free_area free_area[MAX_ORDER];
伙伴系统：zone区域的内存被分成11种2的n次方大小的内存块，相同大小的内存块通过链表组织起来。

struct free_area 
	struct list_head	free_list[MIGRATE_TYPES];
	unsigned long		nr_free;
;

enum migratetype 
	MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE,
	MIGRATE_MOVABLE,
	MIGRATE_RECLAIMABLE,
	MIGRATE_PCPTYPES,	/* the number of types on the pcp lists */
	MIGRATE_HIGHATOMIC = MIGRATE_PCPTYPES,
#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
	/*
	 * MIGRATE_CMA migration type is designed to mimic the way
	 * ZONE_MOVABLE works.  Only movable pages can be allocated
	 * from MIGRATE_CMA pageblocks and page allocator never
	 * implicitly change migration type of MIGRATE_CMA pageblock.
	 *
	 * The way to use it is to change migratetype of a range of
	 * pageblocks to MIGRATE_CMA which can be done by
	 * __free_pageblock_cma() function.
	 */
	MIGRATE_CMA,
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION
	MIGRATE_ISOLATE,	/* can't allocate from here */
#endif
	MIGRATE_TYPES
;

这张图画的非常棒，展示了内存各级的关系：

3、zone的初始化流程

--->setup_arch
  --->bootmem_init
      ---->sparse_init
      ---->zone_sizes_init
         --->free_area_init
            ---->free_area_init_node

void __init bootmem_init(void)

	unsigned long min, max;

	min = PFN_UP(memblock_start_of_DRAM());
	max = PFN_DOWN(memblock_end_of_DRAM());

	early_memtest(min << PAGE_SHIFT, max << PAGE_SHIFT);

	max_pfn = max_low_pfn = max;
	min_low_pfn = min;
...

bootmem_init从memblock管理的物理内存计算出物理内存的最大和最小PFN，用于初始化zone。

free_area_init初始化了所有node结点结构体pg_data_t和每个node的zone。关于node结点的初始化可以参看前面的文章，简而言之就是从设备树解析出有多少个node结点，以及每个node结点的内存区间。

然后对每个node调用free_area_init_node：

static void __init free_area_init_node(int nid)

	pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
	unsigned long start_pfn = 0;
	unsigned long end_pfn = 0;

	/* pg_data_t should be reset to zero when it's allocated */
	WARN_ON(pgdat->nr_zones || pgdat->kswapd_highest_zoneidx);

	get_pfn_range_for_nid(nid, &start_pfn, &end_pfn);

	pgdat->node_id = nid;
	pgdat->node_start_pfn = start_pfn;
	pgdat->per_cpu_nodestats = NULL;

	if (start_pfn != end_pfn) 
		pr_info("Initmem setup node %d [mem %#018Lx-%#018Lx]\\n", nid,
			(u64)start_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT,
			end_pfn ? ((u64)end_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT) - 1 : 0);
	 else 
		pr_info("Initmem setup node %d as memoryless\\n", nid);
	

	calculate_node_totalpages(pgdat, start_pfn, end_pfn);

	alloc_node_mem_map(pgdat);
	pgdat_set_deferred_range(pgdat);

	free_area_init_core(pgdat);

初始化了pg_data_t的部分成员，主要计算每个结点的内存页数（每个结点的内存区间存放在memblock里，根据memblock来初始化每个结点的内存区间）、空洞内存页数，每个zone的起始pfn、可用页数（除去一部分用来存放mem_map）、平铺页数（包含空洞）、存在页数(原始物理内存页数)、free_area链表数组等。

如果是平坦内存模型，alloc_node_mem_map函数用于给pg_data_t的node_mem_map分配空间；

如果不是，alloc_node_mem_map是个空函数，因为稀疏内存模型不用pg_data_t里的node_mem_map存放物理page。

这张图画的非常棒，展示了内存各级的关系：

下一节将介绍page结构体。