String
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String类被设计成一个最终类，不能被继承。
1、字符串常量放在常量池，所有相同值得字符串常量是相等的。
String str="测试字符串";
String str2="测试字符串";
System.out.println("str2.equal(str)"+(str2.equals(str)));
System.out.println("str2==str"+(str2==str));结果：
str2.equal(str) true
str2==str true
2、非字符串常量值
String str2="测试字符串";
String str=new String("测试字符串");
System.out.println("str2.equal(str)"+(str2.equals(str)));
System.out.println("str2==str"+(str2==str));结果：
str2.equal(str) true
str2==str false
Java7开始，字符串常量池被移到了Heap空间，Heap空间的大小只受制于机器的真实内存大小，因此，在Java7下使用String.intern()能更有效地减少重复String对象对内存的占用。
public final class String
implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence
/** The value is used for character storage. */
private final char value[];
/** Cache the hash code for the string */
private int hash; // Default to 0
/** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
private static final long serialVersionUID = -6849794470754667710L;
/**
* Class String is special cased within the Serialization Stream Protocol.
*
* A String instance is written initially into an ObjectOutputStream in the
* following format:
* <pre>
* <code>TC_STRING</code> (utf String)
* </pre>
* The String is written by method <code>DataOutput.writeUTF</code>.
* A new handle is generated to refer to all future references to the
* string instance within the stream.
*/
private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =
new ObjectStreamField[0];
/**
* Initializes a newly created @code String object so that it represents
* an empty character sequence. Note that use of this constructor is
* unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
*/
public String()
this.value = new char[0];
/**
* Initializes a newly created @code String object so that it represents
* the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other words, the
* newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless an
* explicit copy of @code original is needed, use of this constructor is
* unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
*
* @param original
* A @code String
*/
public String(String original)
this.value = original.value;
this.hash = original.hash;
/**
* Allocates a new @code String so that it represents the sequence of
* characters currently contained in the character array argument. The
* contents of the character array are copied; subsequent modification of
* the character array does not affect the newly created string.
*
* @param value
* The initial value of the string
*/
public String(char value[])
this.value = Arrays.copyOf(value, value.length);
/**
* Allocates a new @code String that contains characters from a subarray
* of the character array argument. The @code offset argument is the
* index of the first character of the subarray and the @code count
* argument specifies the length of the subarray. The contents of the
* subarray are copied; subsequent modification of the character array does
* not affect the newly created string.
*
* @param value
* Array that is the source of characters
*
* @param offset
* The initial offset
*
* @param count
* The length
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
* If the @code offset and @code count arguments index
* characters outside the bounds of the @code value array
*/
public String(char value[], int offset, int count)
if (offset < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
if (count < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
// Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
if (offset > value.length - count)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
this.value = Arrays.copyOfRange(value, offset, offset+count);
/**
* Allocates a new @code String that contains characters from a subarray
* of the <a href="Character.html#unicode">Unicode code point</a> array
* argument. The @code offset argument is the index of the first code
* point of the subarray and the @code count argument specifies the
* length of the subarray. The contents of the subarray are converted to
* @code chars; subsequent modification of the @code int array does not
* affect the newly created string.
*
* @param codePoints
* Array that is the source of Unicode code points
*
* @param offset
* The initial offset
*
* @param count
* The length
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* If any invalid Unicode code point is found in @code
* codePoints
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
* If the @code offset and @code count arguments index
* characters outside the bounds of the @code codePoints array
*
* @since 1.5
*/
public String(int[] codePoints, int offset, int count)
if (offset < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
if (count < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
// Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
if (offset > codePoints.length - count)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
final int end = offset + count;
// Pass 1: Compute precise size of char[]
int n = count;
for (int i = offset; i < end; i++)
int c = codePoints[i];
if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(c))
continue;
else if (Character.isValidCodePoint(c))
n++;
else throw new IllegalArgumentException(Integer.toString(c));
// Pass 2: Allocate and fill in char[]
final char[] v = new char[n];
for (int i = offset, j = 0; i < end; i++, j++)
int c = codePoints[i];
if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(c))
v[j] = (char)c;
else
Character.toSurrogates(c, v, j++);
this.value = v;
/**
* Allocates a new @code String constructed from a subarray of an array
* of 8-bit integer values.
*
* <p> The @code offset argument is the index of the first byte of the
* subarray, and the @code count argument specifies the length of the
* subarray.
*
* <p> Each @code byte in the subarray is converted to a @code char as
* specified in the method above.
*
* @deprecated This method does not properly convert bytes into characters.
* As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
* @code String constructors that take a @link
* java.nio.charset.Charset, charset name, or that use the platform's
* default charset.
*
* @param ascii
* The bytes to be converted to characters
*
* @param hibyte
* The top 8 bits of each 16-bit Unicode code unit
*
* @param offset
* The initial offset
* @param count
* The length
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
* If the @code offset or @code count argument is invalid
*
* @see #String(byte[], int)
* @see #String(byte[], int, int, java.lang.String)
* @see #String(byte[], int, int, java.nio.charset.Charset)
* @see #String(byte[], int, int)
* @see #String(byte[], java.lang.String)
* @see #String(byte[], java.nio.charset.Charset)
* @see #String(byte[])
*/
@Deprecated
public String(byte ascii[], int hibyte, int offset, int count)
checkBounds(ascii, offset, count);
char value[] = new char[count];
if (hibyte == 0)
for (int i = count; i-- > 0;)
value[i] = (char)(ascii[i + offset] & 0xff);
else
hibyte <<= 8;
for (int i = count; i-- > 0;)
value[i] = (char)(hibyte | (ascii[i + offset] & 0xff));
this.value = value;
/**
* Allocates a new @code String containing characters constructed from
* an array of 8-bit integer values. Each character <i>c</i>in the
* resulting string is constructed from the corresponding component
* <i>b</i> in the byte array such that:
*
* <blockquote><pre>
* <b><i>c</i></b> == (char)(((hibyte & 0xff) << 8)
* | (<b><i>b</i></b> & 0xff))
* </pre></blockquote>
*
* @deprecated This method does not properly convert bytes into
* characters. As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
* @code String constructors that take a @link
* java.nio.charset.Charset, charset name, or that use the platform's
* default charset.
*
* @param ascii
* The bytes to be converted to characters
*
* @param hibyte
* The top 8 bits of each 16-bit Unicode code unit
*
* @see #String(byte[], int, int, java.lang.String)
* @see #String(byte[], int, int, java.nio.charset.Charset)
* @see #String(byte[], int, int)
* @see #String(byte[], java.lang.String)
* @see #String(byte[], java.nio.charset.Charset)
* @see #String(byte[])
*/
@Deprecated
public String(byte ascii[], int hibyte)
this(ascii, hibyte, 0, ascii.length);
/* Common private utility method used to bounds check the byte array
* and requested offset & length values used by the String(byte[],..)
* constructors.
*/
private static void checkBounds(byte[] bytes, int offset, int length)
if (length < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(length);
if (offset < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
if (offset > bytes.length - length)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + length);
/**
* Constructs a new @code String by decoding the specified subarray of
* bytes using the specified charset. The length of the new @code String
* is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal to the length
* of the subarray.
*
* <p> The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid
* in the given charset is unspecified. The @link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control
* over the decoding process is required.
*
* @param bytes
* The bytes to be decoded into characters
*
* @param offset
* The index of the first byte to decode
*
* @param length
* The number of bytes to decode
* @param charsetName
* The name of a supported @linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset
* charset
*
* @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
* If the named charset is not supported
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
* If the @code offset and @code length arguments index
* characters outside the bounds of the @code bytes array
*
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length, String charsetName)
throws UnsupportedEncodingException
if (charsetName == null)
throw new NullPointerException("charsetName");
checkBounds(bytes, offset, length);
this.value = StringCoding.decode(charsetName, bytes, offset, length);
/**
* Constructs a new @code String by decoding the specified subarray of
* bytes using the specified @linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset charset.
* The length of the new @code String is a function of the charset, and
* hence may not be equal to the length of the subarray.
*
* <p> This method always replaces malformed-input and unmappable-character
* sequences with this charset's default replacement string. The @link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control
* over the decoding process is required.
*
* @param bytes
* The bytes to be decoded into characters
*
* @param offset
* The index of the first byte to decode
*
* @param length
* The number of bytes to decode
*
* @param charset
* The @linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset charset to be used to
* decode the @code bytes
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
* If the @code offset and @code length arguments index
* characters outside the bounds of the @code bytes array
*
* @since 1.6
*/
public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length, Charset charset)
if (charset == null)
throw new NullPointerException("charset");
checkBounds(bytes, offset, length);
this.value = StringCoding.decode(charset, bytes, offset, length);
/**
* Constructs a new @code String by decoding the specified array of bytes
* using the specified @linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset charset. The
* length of the new @code String is a function of the charset, and hence
* may not be equal to the length of the byte array.
*
* <p> The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid
* in the given charset is unspecified. The @link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control
* over the decoding process is required.
*
* @param bytes
* The bytes to be decoded into characters
*
* @param charsetName
* The name of a supported @linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset
* charset
*
* @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
* If the named charset is not supported
*
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public String(byte bytes[], String charsetName)
throws UnsupportedEncodingException
this(bytes, 0, bytes.length, charsetName);
/**
* Constructs a new @code String by decoding the specified array of
* bytes using the specified @linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset charset.
* The length of the new @code String is a function of the charset, and
* hence may not be equal to the length of the byte array.
*
* <p> This method always replaces malformed-input and unmappable-character
* sequences with this charset's default replacement string. The @link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control
* over the decoding process is required.
*
* @param bytes
* The bytes to be decoded into characters
*
* @param charset
* The @linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset charset to be used to
* decode the @code bytes
*
* @since 1.6
*/
public String(byte bytes[], Charset charset)
this(bytes, 0, bytes.length, charset);
/**
* Constructs a new @code String by decoding the specified subarray of
* bytes using the platform's default charset. The length of the new
* @code String is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal
* to the length of the subarray.
*
* <p> The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid
* in the default charset is unspecified. The @link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control
* over the decoding process is required.
*
* @param bytes
* The bytes to be decoded into characters
*
* @param offset
* The index of the first byte to decode
*
* @param length
* The number of bytes to decode
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
* If the @code offset and the @code length arguments index
* characters outside the bounds of the @code bytes array
*
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length)
checkBounds(bytes, offset, length);
this.value = StringCoding.decode(bytes, offset, length);
/**
* Constructs a new @code String by decoding the specified array of bytes
* using the platform's default charset. The length of the new @code
* String is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal to the
* length of the byte array.
*
* <p> The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid
* in the default charset is unspecified. The @link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control
* over the decoding process is required.
*
* @param bytes
* The bytes to be decoded into characters
*
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public String(byte bytes[])
this(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
/**
* Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of characters
* currently contained in the string buffer argument. The contents of the
* string buffer are copied; subsequent modification of the string buffer
* does not affect the newly created string.
*
* @param buffer
* A @code StringBuffer
*/
public String(StringBuffer buffer)
synchronized(buffer)
this.value = Arrays.copyOf(buffer.getValue(), buffer.length());
/**
* Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of characters
* currently contained in the string builder argument. The contents of the
* string builder are copied; subsequent modification of the string builder
* does not affect the newly created string.
*
* <p> This constructor is provided to ease migration to @code
* StringBuilder. Obtaining a string from a string builder via the @code
* toString method is likely to run faster and is generally preferred.
*
* @param builder
* A @code StringBuilder
*
* @since 1.5
*/
public String(StringBuilder builder)
this.value = Arrays.copyOf(builder.getValue(), builder.length());
/*
* Package private constructor which shares value array for speed.
* this constructor is always expected to be called with share==true.
* a separate constructor is needed because we already have a public
* String(char[]) constructor that makes a copy of the given char[].
*/
String(char[] value, boolean share)
// assert share : "unshared not supported";
this.value = value;
/**
* Package private constructor
*
* @deprecated Use @link #String(char[],int,int) instead.
*/
@Deprecated
String(int offset, int count, char[] value)
this(value, offset, count);
/**
* Returns the length of this string.
* The length is equal to the number of <a href="Character.html#unicode">Unicode
* code units</a> in the string.
*
* @return the length of the sequence of characters represented by this
* object.
*/
public int length()
return value.length;
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if, and only if, @link #length() is <tt>0</tt>.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if @link #length() is <tt>0</tt>, otherwise
* <tt>false</tt>
*
* @since 1.6
*/
public boolean isEmpty()
return value.length == 0;
/**
* Returns the <code>char</code> value at the
* specified index. An index ranges from <code>0</code> to
* <code>length() - 1</code>. The first <code>char</code> value of the sequence
* is at index <code>0</code>, the next at index <code>1</code>,
* and so on, as for array indexing.
*
* <p>If the <code>char</code> value specified by the index is a
* <a href="Character.html#unicode">surrogate</a>, the surrogate
* value is returned.
*
* @param index the index of the <code>char</code> value.
* @return the <code>char</code> value at the specified index of this string.
* The first <code>char</code> value is at index <code>0</code>.
* @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the <code>index</code>
* argument is negative or not less than the length of this
* string.
*/
public char charAt(int index)
if ((index < 0) || (index >= value.length))
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
return value[index];
/**
* Returns the character (Unicode code point) at the specified
* index. The index refers to <code>char</code> values
* (Unicode code units) and ranges from <code>0</code> to
* @link #length()<code> - 1</code>.
*
* <p> If the <code>char</code> value specified at the given index
* is in the high-surrogate range, the following index is less
* than the length of this <code>String</code>, and the
* <code>char</code> value at the following index is in the
* low-surrogate range, then the supplementary code point
* corresponding to this surrogate pair is returned. Otherwise,
* the <code>char</code> value at the given index is returned.
*
* @param index the index to the <code>char</code> values
* @return the code point value of the character at the
* <code>index</code>
* @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the <code>index</code>
* argument is negative or not less than the length of this
* string.
* @since 1.5
*/
public int codePointAt(int index)
if ((index < 0) || (index >= value.length))
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
return Character.codePointAtImpl(value, index, value.length);
/**
* Returns the character (Unicode code point) before the specified
* index. The index refers to <code>char</code> values
* (Unicode code units) and ranges from <code>1</code> to @link
* CharSequence#length() length.
*
* <p> If the <code>char</code> value at <code>(index - 1)</code>
* is in the low-surrogate range, <code>(index - 2)</code> is not
* negative, and the <code>char</code> value at <code>(index -
* 2)</code> is in the high-surrogate range, then the
* supplementary code point value of the surrogate pair is
* returned. If the <code>char</code> value at <code>index -
* 1</code> is an unpaired low-surrogate or a high-surrogate, the
* surrogate value is returned.
*
* @param index the index following the code point that should be returned
* @return the Unicode code point value before the given index.
* @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the <code>index</code>
* argument is less than 1 or greater than the length
* of this string.
* @since 1.5
*/
public int codePointBefore(int index)
int i = index - 1;
if ((i < 0) || (i >= value.length))
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
return Character.codePointBeforeImpl(value, index, 0);
/**
* Returns the number of Unicode code points in the specified text
* range of this <code>String</code>. The text range begins at the
* specified <code>beginIndex</code> and extends to the
* <code>char</code> at index <code>endIndex - 1</code>. Thus the
* length (in <code>char</code>s) of the text range is
* <code>endIndex-beginIndex</code>. Unpaired surrogates within
* the text range count as one code point each.
*
* @param beginIndex the index to the first <code>char</code> of
* the text range.
* @param endIndex the index after the last <code>char</code> of
* the text range.
* @return the number of Unicode code points in the specified text
* range
* @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the
* <code>beginIndex</code> is negative, or <code>endIndex</code>
* is larger than the length of this <code>String</code>, or
* <code>beginIndex</code> is larger than <code>endIndex</code>.
* @since 1.5
*/
public int codePointCount(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
if (beginIndex < 0 || endIndex > value.length || beginIndex > endIndex)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
return Character.codePointCountImpl(value, beginIndex, endIndex - beginIndex);
/**
* Returns the index within this <code>String</code> that is
* offset from the given <code>index</code> by
* <code>codePointOffset</code> code points. Unpaired surrogates
* within the text range given by <code>index</code> and
* <code>codePointOffset</code> count as one code point each.
*
* @param index the index to be offset
* @param codePointOffset the offset in code points
* @return the index within this <code>String</code>
* @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if <code>index</code>
* is negative or larger then the length of this
* <code>String</code>, or if <code>codePointOffset</code> is positive
* and the substring starting with <code>index</code> has fewer
* than <code>codePointOffset</code> code points,
* or if <code>codePointOffset</code> is negative and the substring
* before <code>index</code> has fewer than the absolute value
* of <code>codePointOffset</code> code points.
* @since 1.5
*/
public int offsetByCodePoints(int index, int codePointOffset)
if (index < 0 || index > value.length)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
return Character.offsetByCodePointsImpl(value, 0, value.length,
index, codePointOffset);
/**
* Copy characters from this string into dst starting at dstBegin.
* This method doesn't perform any range checking.
*/
void getChars(char dst[], int dstBegin)
System.arraycopy(value, 0, dst, dstBegin, value.length);
/**
* Copies characters from this string into the destination character
* array.
* <p>
* The first character to be copied is at index <code>srcBegin</code>;
* the last character to be copied is at index <code>srcEnd-1</code>
* (thus the total number of characters to be copied is
* <code>srcEnd-srcBegin</code>). The characters are copied into the
* subarray of <code>dst</code> starting at index <code>dstBegin</code>
* and ending at index:
* <p><blockquote><pre>
* dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
* </pre></blockquote>
*
* @param srcBegin index of the first character in the string
* to copy.
* @param srcEnd index after the last character in the string
* to copy.
* @param dst the destination array.
* @param dstBegin the start offset in the destination array.
* @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException If any of the following
* is true:
* <ul><li><code>srcBegin</code> is negative.
* <li><code>srcBegin</code> is greater than <code>srcEnd</code>
* <li><code>srcEnd</code> is greater than the length of this
* string
* <li><code>dstBegin</code> is negative
* <li><code>dstBegin+(srcEnd-srcBegin)</code> is larger than
* <code>dst.length</code></ul>
*/
public void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char dst[], int dstBegin)
if (srcBegin < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
if (srcEnd > value.length)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
if (srcBegin > srcEnd)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd - srcBegin);
System.arraycopy(value, srcBegin, dst, dstBegin, srcEnd - srcBegin);
/**
* Copies characters from this string into the destination byte array. Each
* byte receives the 8 low-order bits of the corresponding character. The
* eight high-order bits of each character are not copied and do not
* participate in the transfer in any way.
*
* <p> The first character to be copied is at index @code srcBegin; the
* last character to be copied is at index @code srcEnd-1. The total
* number of characters to be copied is @code srcEnd-srcBegin. The
* characters, converted to bytes, are copied into the subarray of @code
* dst starting at index @code dstBegin and ending at index:
*
* <blockquote><pre>
* dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
* </pre></blockquote>
*
* @deprecated This method does not properly convert characters into
* bytes. As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
* @link #getBytes() method, which uses the platform's default charset.
*
* @param srcBegin
* Index of the first character in the string to copy
*
* @param srcEnd
* Index after the last character in the string to copy
*
* @param dst
* The destination array
*
* @param dstBegin
* The start offset in the destination array
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
* If any of the following is true:
* <ul>
* <li> @code srcBegin is negative
* <li> @code srcBegin is greater than @code srcEnd
* <li> @code srcEnd is greater than the length of this String
* <li> @code dstBegin is negative
* <li> @code dstBegin+(srcEnd-srcBegin) is larger than @code
* dst.length
* </ul>
*/
@Deprecated
public void getBytes(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, byte dst[], int dstBegin)
if (srcBegin < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
if (srcEnd > value.length)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
if (srcBegin > srcEnd)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd - srcBegin);
int j = dstBegin;
int n = srcEnd;
int i = srcBegin;
char[] val = value; /* avoid getfield opcode */
while (i < n)
dst[j++] = (byte)val[i++];
/**
* Encodes this @code String into a sequence of bytes using the named
* charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
*
* <p> The behavior of this method when this string cannot be encoded in
* the given charset is unspecified. The @link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder class should be used when more control
* over the encoding process is required.
*
* @param charsetName
* The name of a supported @linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset
* charset
*
* @return The resultant byte array
*
* @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
* If the named charset is not supported
*
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public byte[] getBytes(String charsetName)
throws UnsupportedEncodingException
if (charsetName == null) throw new NullPointerException();
return StringCoding.encode(charsetName, value, 0, value.length);
/**
* Encodes this @code String into a sequence of bytes using the given
* @linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset charset, storing the result into a
* new byte array.
*
* <p> This method always replaces malformed-input and unmappable-character
* sequences with this charset's default replacement byte array. The
* @link java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder class should be used when more
* control over the encoding process is required.
*
* @param charset
* The @linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset to be used to encode
* the @code String
*
* @return The resultant byte array
*
* @since 1.6
*/
public byte[] getBytes(Charset charset)
if (charset == null) throw new NullPointerException();
return StringCoding.encode(charset, value, 0, value.length);
/**
* Encodes this @code String into a sequence of bytes using the
* platform's default charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
*
* <p> The behavior of this method when this string cannot be encoded in
* the default charset is unspecified. The @link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder class should be used when more control
* over the encoding process is required.
*
* @return The resultant byte array
*
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public byte[] getBytes()
return StringCoding.encode(value, 0, value.length);
/**
* Compares this string to the specified object. The result is @code
* true if and only if the argument is not @code null and is a @code
* String object that represents the same sequence of characters as this
* object.
*
* @param anObject
* The object to compare this @code String against
*
* @return @code true if the given object represents a @code String
* equivalent to this string, @code false otherwise
*
* @see #compareTo(String)
* @see #equalsIgnoreCase(String)
*/
public boolean equals(Object anObject)
if (this == anObject)
return true;
if (anObject instanceof String)
String anotherString = (String) anObject;
int n = value.length;
if (n == anotherString.value.length)
char v1[] = value;
char v2[] = anotherString.value;
int i = 0;
while (n-- != 0)
if (v1[i] != v2[i])
return false;
i++;
return true;
return false;
/**
* Compares this string to the specified @code StringBuffer. The result
* is @code true if and only if this @code String represents the same
* sequence of characters as the specified @code StringBuffer.
*
* @param sb
* The @code StringBuffer to compare this @code String against
*
* @return @code true if this @code String represents the same
* sequence of characters as the specified @code StringBuffer,
* @code false otherwise
*
* @since 1.4
*/
public boolean contentEquals(StringBuffer sb)
synchronized (sb)
return contentEquals((CharSequence) sb);
/**
* Compares this string to the specified @code CharSequence. The result
* is @code true if and only if this @code String represents the same
* sequence of char values as the specified sequence.
*
* @param cs
* The sequence to compare this @code String against
*
* @return @code true if this @code String represents the same
* sequence of char values as the specified sequence, @code
* false otherwise
*
* @since 1.5
*/
public boolean contentEquals(CharSequence cs)
if (value.length != cs.length())
return false;
// Argument is a StringBuffer, StringBuilder
if (cs instanceof AbstractStringBuilder)
char v1[] = value;
char v2[] = ((AbstractStringBuilder) cs).getValue();
int i = 0;
int n = value.length;
while (n-- != 0)
if (v1[i] != v2[i])
return false;
i++;
return true;
// Argument is a String
if (cs.equals(this))
return true;
// Argument is a generic CharSequence
char v1[] = value;
int i = 0;
int n = value.length;
while (n-- != 0)
if (v1[i] != cs.charAt(i))
return false;
i++;
return true;
/**
* Compares this @code String to another @code String, ignoring case
* considerations. Two strings are considered equal ignoring case if they
* are of the same length and corresponding characters in the two strings
* are equal ignoring case.
*
* <p> Two characters @code c1 and @code c2 are considered the same
* ignoring case if at least one of the following is true:
* <ul>
* <li> The two characters are the same (as compared by the
* @code == operator)
* <li> Applying the method @link
* java.lang.Character#toUpperCase(char) to each character
* produces the same result
* <li> Applying the method @link
* java.lang.Character#toLowerCase(char) to each character
* produces the same result
* </ul>
*
* @param anotherString
* The @code String to compare this @code String against
*
* @return @code true if the argument is not @code null and it
* represents an equivalent @code String ignoring case; @code
* false otherwise
*
* @see #equals(Object)
*/
public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString)
return (this == anotherString) ? true
: (anotherString != null)
&& (anotherString.value.length == value.length)
&& regionMatches(true, 0, anotherString, 0, value.length);
/**
* Compares two strings lexicographically.
* The comparison is based on the Unicode value of each character in
* the strings. The character sequence represented by this
* <code>String</code> object is compared lexicographically to the
* character sequence represented by the argument string. The result is
* a negative integer if this <code>String</code> object
* lexicographically precedes the argument string. The result is a
* positive integer if this <code>String</code> object lexicographically
* follows the argument string. The result is zero if the strings
* are equal; <code>compareTo</code> returns <code>0</code> exactly when
* the @link #equals(Object) method would return <code>true</code>.
* <p>
* This is the definition of lexicographic ordering. If two strings are
* different, then either they have different characters at some index
* that is a valid index for both strings, or their lengths are different,
* or both. If they have different characters at one or more index
* positions, let <i>k</i> be the smallest such index; then the string
* whose character at position <i>k</i> has the smaller value, as
* determined by using the < operator, lexicographically precedes the
* other string. In this case, <code>compareTo</code> returns the
* difference of the two character values at position <code>k</code> in
* the two string -- that is, the value:
* <blockquote><pre>
* this.charAt(k)-anotherString.charAt(k)
* </pre></blockquote>
* If there is no index position at which they differ, then the shorter
* string lexicographically precedes the longer string. In this case,
* <code>compareTo</code> returns the difference of the lengths of the
* strings -- that is, the value:
* <blockquote><pre>
* this.length()-anotherString.length()
* </pre></blockquote>
*
* @param anotherString the <code>String</code> to be compared.
* @return the value <code>0</code> if the argument string is equal to
* this string; a value less than <code>0</code> if this string
* is lexicographically less than the string argument; and a
* value greater than <code>0</code> if this string is
* lexicographically greater than the string argument.
*/
public int compareTo(String anotherString)
int len1 = value.length;
int len2 = anotherString.value.length;
int lim = Math.min(len1, len2);
char v1[] = value;
char v2[] = anotherString.value;
int k = 0;
while (k < lim)
char c1 = v1[k];
char c2 = v2[k];
if (c1 != c2)
return c1 - c2;
k++;
return len1 - len2;
/**
* A Comparator that orders <code>String</code> objects as by
* <code>compareToIgnoreCase</code>. This comparator is serializable.
* <p>
* Note that this Comparator does <em>not</em> take locale into account,
* and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales.
* The java.text package provides <em>Collators</em> to allow
* locale-sensitive ordering.
*
* @see java.text.Collator#compare(String, String)
* @since 1.2
*/
public static final Comparator<String> CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER
= new CaseInsensitiveComparator();
private static class CaseInsensitiveComparator
implements Comparator<String>, java.io.Serializable
// use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.2.2 for interoperability
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8575799808933029326L;
public int compare(String s1, String s2)
int n1 = s1.length();
int n2 = s2.length();
int min = Math.min(n1, n2);
for (int i = 0; i < min; i++)
char c1 = s1.charAt(i);
char c2 = s2.charAt(i);
if (c1 != c2)
c1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
c2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
if (c1 != c2)
c1 = Character.toLowerCase(c1);
c2 = Character.toLowerCase(c2);
if (c1 != c2)
// No overflow because of numeric promotion
return c1 - c2;
return n1 - n2;
/**
* Compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case
* differences. This method returns an integer whose sign is that of
* calling <code>compareTo</code> with normalized versions of the strings
* where case differences have been eliminated by calling
* <code>Character.toLowerCase(Character.toUpperCase(character))</code> on
* each character.
* <p>
* Note that this method does <em>not</em> take locale into account,
* and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales.
* The java.text package provides <em>collators</em> to allow
* locale-sensitive ordering.
*
* @param str the <code>String</code> to be compared.
* @return a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as the
* specified String is greater than, equal to, or less
* than this String, ignoring case considerations.
* @see java.text.Collator#compare(String, String)
* @since 1.2
*/
public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str)
return CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER.compare(this, str);
/**
* Tests if two string regions are equal.
* <p>
* A substring of this <tt>String</tt> object is compared to a substring
* of the argument other. The result is true if these substrings
* represent identical character sequences. The substring of this
* <tt>String</tt> object to be compared begins at index <tt>toffset</tt>
* and has length <tt>len</tt>. The substring of other to be compared
* begins at index <tt>ooffset</tt> and has length <tt>len</tt>. The
* result is <tt>false</tt> if and only if at least one of the following
* is true:
* <ul><li><tt>toffset</tt> is negative.
* <li><tt>ooffset</tt> is negative.
* <li><tt>toffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of this
* <tt>String</tt> object.
* <li><tt>ooffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of the other
* argument.
* <li>There is some nonnegative integer <i>k</i> less than <tt>len</tt>
* such that:
* <tt>this.charAt(toffset+<i>k</i>) != other.charAt(ooffset+<i>k</i>)</tt>
* </ul>
*
* @param toffset the starting offset of the subregion in this string.
* @param other the string argument.
* @param ooffset the starting offset of the subregion in the string
* argument.
* @param len the number of characters to compare.
* @return <code>true</code> if the specified subregion of this string
* exactly matches the specified subregion of the string argument;
* <code>false</code> otherwise.
*/
public boolean regionMatches(int toffset, String other, int ooffset,
int len)
char ta[] = value;
int to = toffset;
char pa[] = other.value;
int po = ooffset;
// Note: toffset, ooffset, or len might be near -1>>>1.
if ((ooffset < 0) || (toffset < 0)
|| (toffset > (long)value.length - len)
|| (ooffset > (long)other.value.length - len))
return false;
while (len-- > 0)
if (ta[to++] != pa[po++])
return false;
return true;
/**
* Tests if two string regions are equal.
* <p>
* A substring of this <tt>String</tt> object is compared to a substring
* of the argument <tt>other</tt>. The result is <tt>true</tt> if these
* substrings represent character sequences that are the same, ignoring
* case if and only if <tt>ignoreCase</tt> is true. The substring of
* this <tt>String</tt> object to be compared begins at index
* <tt>toffset</tt> and has length <tt>len</tt>. The substring of
* <tt>other</tt> to be compared begins at index <tt>ooffset</tt> and
* has length <tt>len</tt>. The result is <tt>false</tt> if and only if
* at least one of the following is true:
* <ul><li><tt>toffset</tt> is negative.
* <li><tt>ooffset</tt> is negative.
* <li><tt>toffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of this
* <tt>String</tt> object.
* <li><tt>ooffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of the other
* argument.
* <li><tt>ignoreCase</tt> is <tt>false</tt> and there is some nonnegative
* integer <i>k</i> less than <tt>len</tt> such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* this.charAt(toffset+k) != other.charAt(ooffset+k)
* </pre></blockquote>
* <li><tt>ignoreCase</tt> is <tt>true</tt> and there is some nonnegative
* integer <i>k</i> less than <tt>len</tt> such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* Character.toLowerCase(this.charAt(toffset+k)) !=
Character.toLowerCase(other.charAt(ooffset+k))
* </pre></blockquote>
* and:
* <blockquote><pre>
* Character.toUpperCase(this.charAt(toffset+k)) !=
* Character.toUpperCase(other.charAt(ooffset+k))
* </pre></blockquote>
* </ul>
*
* @param ignoreCase if <code>true</code>, ignore case when comparing
* characters.
* @param toffset the starting offset of the subregion in this
* string.
* @param other the string argument.
* @param ooffset the starting offset of the subregion in the string
* argument.
* @param len the number of characters to compare.
* @return <code>true</code> if the specified subregion of this string
* matches the specified subregion of the string argument;
* <code>false</code> otherwise. Whether the matching is exact
* or case insensitive depends on the <code>ignoreCase</code>
* argument.
*/
public boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase, int toffset,
String other, int ooffset, int len)
char ta[] = value;
int to = toffset;
char pa[] = other.value;
int po = ooffset;
// Note: toffset, ooffset, or len might be near -1>>>1.
if ((ooffset < 0) || (toffset < 0)
|| (toffset > (long)value.length - len)
|| (ooffset > (long)other.value.length - len))
return false;
while (len-- > 0)
char c1 = ta[to++];
char c2 = pa[po++];
if (c1 == c2)
continue;
if (ignoreCase)
// If characters don't match but case may be ignored,
// try converting both characters to uppercase.
// If the results match, then the comparison scan should
// continue.
char u1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
char u2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
if (u1 == u2)
continue;
// Unfortunately, conversion to uppercase does not work properly
// for the Georgian alphabet, which has strange rules about case
// conversion. So we need to make one last check before
// exiting.
if (Character.toLowerCase(u1) == Character.toLowerCase(u2))
continue;
return false;
return true;
/**
* Tests if the substring of this string beginning at the
* specified index starts with the specified prefix.
*
* @param prefix the prefix.
* @param toffset where to begin looking in this string.
* @return <code>true</code> if the character sequence represented by the
* argument is a prefix of the substring of this object starting
* at index <code>toffset</code>; <code>false</code> otherwise.
* The result is <code>false</code> if <code>toffset</code> is
* negative or greater than the length of this
* <code>String</code> object; otherwise the result is the same
* as the result of the expression
* <pre>
* this.substring(toffset).startsWith(prefix)
* </pre>
*/
public boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset)
char ta[] = value;
int to = toffset;
char pa[] = prefix.value;
int po = 0;
int pc = prefix.value.length;
// Note: toffset might be near -1>>>1.
if ((toffset < 0) || (toffset > value.length - pc))
return false;
while (--pc >= 0)
if (ta[to++] != pa[po++])
return false;
return true;
/**
* Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.
*
* @param prefix the prefix.
* @return <code>true</code> if the character sequence represented by the
* argument is a prefix of the character sequence represented by
* this string; <code>false</code> otherwise.
* Note also that <code>true</code> will be returned if the
* argument is an empty string or is equal to this
* <code>String</code> object as determined by the
* @link #equals(Object) method.
* @since 1. 0
*/
public boolean startsWith(String prefix)
return startsWith(prefix, 0);
/**
* Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
*
* @param suffix the suffix.
* @return <code>true</code> if the character sequence represented by the
* argument is a suffix of the character sequence represented by
* this object; <code>false</code> otherwise. Note that the
* result will be <code>true</code> if the argument is the
* empty string or is equal to this <code>String</code> object
* as determined by the @link #equals(Object) method.
*/
public boolean endsWith(String suffix)
return startsWith(suffix, value.length - suffix.value.length);
/**
* Returns a hash code for this string. The hash code for a
* <code>String</code> object is computed as
* <blockquote><pre>
* s[0]*31^(n-1) + s[1]*31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
* </pre></blockquote>
* using <code>int</code> arithmetic, where <code>s[i]</code> is the
* <i>i</i>th character of the string, <code>n</code> is the length of
* the string, and <code>^</code> indicates exponentiation.
* (The hash value of the empty string is zero.)
*
* @return a hash code value for this object.
*/
public int hashCode()
int h = hash;
if (h == 0 && value.length > 0)
char val[] = value;
for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++)
h = 31 * h + val[i];
hash = h;
return h;
/**
* Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of
* the specified character. If a character with value
* <code>ch</code> occurs in the character sequence represented by
* this <code>String</code> object, then the index (in Unicode
* code units) of the first such occurrence is returned. For
* values of <code>ch</code> in the range from 0 to 0xFFFF
* (inclusive), this is the smallest value <i>k</i> such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* this.charAt(<i>k</i>) == ch
* </pre></blockquote>
* is true. For other values of <code>ch</code>, it is the
* smallest value <i>k</i> such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* this.codePointAt(<i>k</i>) == ch
* </pre></blockquote>
* is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in this
* string, then <code>-1</code> is returned.
*
* @param ch a character (Unicode code point).
* @return the index of the first occurrence of the character in the
* character sequence represented by this object, or
* <code>-1</code> if the character does not occur.
*/
public int indexOf(int ch)
return indexOf(ch, 0);
/**
* Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
* specified character, starting the search at the specified index.
* <p>
* If a character with value <code>ch</code> occurs in the
* character sequence represented by this <code>String</code>
* object at an index no smaller than <code>fromIndex</code>, then
* the index of the first such occurrence is returned. For values
* of <code>ch</code> in the range from 0 to 0xFFFF (inclusive),
* this is the smallest value <i>k</i> such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* (this.charAt(<i>k</i>) == ch) && (<i>k</i> >= fromIndex)
* </pre></blockquote>
* is true. For other values of <code>ch</code>, it is the
* smallest value <i>k</i> such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* (this.codePointAt(<i>k</i>) == ch) && (<i>k</i> >= fromIndex)
* </pre></blockquote>
* is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in this
* string at or after position <code>fromIndex</code>, then
* <code>-1</code> is returned.
*
* <p>
* There is no restriction on the value of <code>fromIndex</code>. If it
* is negative, it has the same effect as if it were zero: this entire
* string may be searched. If it is greater than the length of this
* string, it has the same effect as if it were equal to the length of
* this string: <code>-1</code> is returned.
*
* <p>All indices are specified in <code>char</code> values
* (Unicode code units).
*
* @param ch a character (Unicode code point).
* @param fromIndex the index to start the search from.
* @return the index of the first occurrence of the character in the
* character sequence represented by this object that is greater
* than or equal to <code>fromIndex</code>, or <code>-1</code>
* if the character does not occur.
*/
public int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)
final int max = value.length;
if (fromIndex < 0)
fromIndex = 0;
else if (fromIndex >= max)
// Note: fromIndex might be near -1>>>1.
return -1;
if (ch < Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT)
// handle most cases here (ch is a BMP code point or a
// negative value (invalid code point))
final char[] value = this.value;
for (int i = fromIndex; i < max; i++)
if (value[i] == ch)
return i;
return -1;
else
return indexOfSupplementary(ch, fromIndex);
/**
* Handles (rare) calls of indexOf with a supplementary character.
*/
private int indexOfSupplementary(int ch, int fromIndex)
if (Character.isValidCodePoint(ch))
final char[] value = this.value;
final char hi = Character.highSurrogate(ch);
final char lo = Character.lowSurrogate(ch);
final int max = value.length - 1;
for (int i = fromIndex; i < max; i++)
if (value[i] == hi && value[i + 1] == lo)
return i;
return -1;
/**
* Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of
* the specified character. For values of <code>ch</code> in the
* range from 0 to 0xFFFF (inclusive), the index (in Unicode co以上是关于String的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章
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