All about Blockchain

Posted 2021-04-29 北外高翻海棠社

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The Blockchain is basically a public list of transactions, a more transparent record. You could think of this digital ledger like a game of dominoes. The Blockchain is powered by a decentralized network of computers that all work on the same task, no one owns the system, everyone helps run it.

区块链基本上是更为透明的公开交易记录。你可以将这种电子账簿想象成多米诺骨牌游戏。区块链由从事同一个任务的去中心化电脑网络推动，没有人拥有该体系，人人都可参与运行。

· Blockchain  

   n. 区块链

[例] A Blockchain is a chain of blocks that contains information.

区块链是由包含信息的不同区块组成的链条。

· Decentralized  

   adj. 去中心化的

[例] Bitcoin, created in 2009, was the first decentralized cryptocurrency.

于2009年出现的比特币，开创了去中心化加密货币的先河。

Whenever a transaction is initiated between two computers, it has to be certified by another. That makes it difficult for anyone that cheat. For the sale to go through, a bunch of mining computers have to try and solve a cryptographic puzzle, sort of like a really complicated math problem. Once one computer solves that puzzle, a record of a successful transaction gets added to the list for everyone to see. All editions are permanent, so no one can delete or change the data. You could only keep at it.
两台电脑之间创建的任何交易，都要经过第三台电脑的认证，这使得交易记录很难舞弊。为确保这项交易顺利进行，众多挖矿电脑要尽量解决一个密码学难题，就像解答一个非常复杂的数学难题一样。一旦有一台电脑解决了这一难题，这项成功的交易就会记录到区块链上，人人皆可查看。所有编辑都是永久性的，没人能删除或改变数据，只能记账。

· Mine   v. 挖矿

  Miner   n.矿工

  Mining pool   n. 矿池

[例] Bitcoin mining is the process by which transactions are verified and added to the public ledger, and also the means through which new bitcoin are released.
比特币里的挖矿指的是对交易进行认证，并将交易记到公共账本的过程，通过这个方法也会生成新的比特币。

 

· Cryptographic

   adj. 密码学的

[例] A hash is the result of a cryptographic function that takes an arbitrarily sized string of data, performs a mathematical encryption function on it, and returns a fixed-size string.

哈希值是通过加密函数获得的结果，这种加密函数需要获取任意大小的字符串数据，用算法对其进行加密，然后返回一个固定大小的字符串。

The exchange of cryptocurrencies is a clear use case. But Blockchain could also be useful for other types of record keeping. Let's say you're a farmer and you lose the deed to your land in a fire or a flood. If the government lost your paperwork, too, you may be out of luck. But if you uploaded that deed to the Blockchain, it's easy to prove that you own that land.

加密货币交易是区块链的典型应用。除此之外，区块链也可应用于其他类型的记录。假设你是农民，在火灾或洪水中失去了土地契约。如果政府也遗失了你的文件，那你就倒霉了。但是，如果你曾经将契约上传到区块链，你就能轻易证明自己拥有那片土地。

· Clear use  

  词组 典型的（应用、案例等）

 原文clear use case的含义是clear application，即典型应用。 

[例] Last year, Ethereum did not have a clear use case, according to a lot of people.

去年，许多人说以太坊没有典型的应用。

[例] She is always pre-occupied with the worst-case scenarios. A clear case of excessive worrying.

她总关注最坏的可能，典型的忧虑过度。

· Deed

  n. <法> 所有权转让证书（尤指地契）

此处的deed与后文的paperwork呼应，政府对地契的转让都有相应的记录和存档，定义如下：

“A written instrument, which has been signed and delivered, by which one individual, the grantor, conveys title(ownership) to real property to another individual, the grantee. Legal policy mandates that a deed to real property be a matter of public record.”

· Paperwork

 n.（集体名词）全部文件

[例] Make at least two copies of your paperwork（文件复印件）, and save a copy for your records.

· 你会怎么表达“比如说/假设”？

let’s say是非常自然的一种表达，也可以说if/suppose/ assume (that)

[例] Let’s say you’ve gone back in time…

假如你穿越回到过去……

 · “倒霉”怎么说？

除了司空见惯的unfortunate，还可以用文中的out of luck，be down on one’s luck。

如果最近一直倒霉，还可以用这个词组地道地表达诸事不顺、“水逆”等含义。

In fact, people are experimenting with Blockchain technology in a variety of places, from preventing voter fraud to storing health records, to authenticating memes on the Internet, or exploring the technology's possibilities with companies like Bank of America investing in their own Blockchain tools. But for right now, those experiments are still in the early stages and it might be a while before we see the kind of crazy Blockchain takeover that the media is talking about.

实际上，人们正在探索区块链技术的各种应用，比如避免选民欺诈、存储医疗记录、鉴定互联网模因。美国银行等自主研发区块链工具的公司也在探索区块链技术的可能性。但目前，这些试验仍处于早期阶段，要看到媒体所谈论的区块链统治世界的疯狂图景，可能为时尚早。

· voter fraud

  <词组> 选民欺诈

包括双重投票、冒充公民身份投票等。区块链让每张选票的信息都上链，从而有效避免选民欺诈。

·  authenticate

  v. 证明……是真实的

[例] The blockchain can authenticate transactions.

区块链可以验证交易的真实性。

  authenticate sth as sth

[例] Experts have authenticated the writing as that of Byron himself.

专家鉴定这字迹是拜伦的亲笔。

·  Internet memes

   <专> 网络模因

指一夕间在互联网上被大量宣传及转播，一举成为备受注目的事物，参见维基百科。

· Bank of America

  <专> 美国银行

以资产计是美国第一大商业银行。已经申请或获得了至少43项区块链专利，成为主要银行和科技公司中，拥有区块链专利数量最多的一个。

下图是美国区块链专利持有数量排前十位的公司：

区块链养猫

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图文：李宋乐颖、尹柔茜、王春卿

排版/审校：刘佳琛

图片来源：

cryptocurrencynews.com/price-analysis/ethereum/ethereum-price-watch-04-02-2018/

fmwaweru.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-verify-your-land-title-deed-is.html

ncscnews.com/index.php/2017/07/24/blockchain-the-answer-to-voter-fraud/

patentvue.com/2018/01/12/blockchain-patent-filings-dominated-by-financial-services-industry/

资料来源：

http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1802/27/sn.01.html

zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/網路爆紅事物

tech.qq.com/a/20180117/005164.htm

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