R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象
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对于一维的分布,几何对象的选择是由变量的类型指定的:
重量与价格的散点图中加入了平滑曲线。左图为dsmall数据集,右图为完整数据集。
qplot(carat, price, data = dsmall, geom = c("point", "smooth"))
qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, geom = c("point", "smooth"))
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/6b008d105a5341d09f724dbb10b19fb3.jpg)
左图是 span=0.2,右图是 span=1
qplot(carat, price, data = dsmall,
geom = c("point", "smooth"), span = 0.2)
qplot(carat, price, data = dsmall,
geom = c("point", "smooth"), span = 1)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/03544c6e10504cbaa8b43662433a9a3d.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/9b82a726593d47218ddfd598da2ae6e4.jpg)
library(mgcv)
qplot(carat, price, data = dsmall,
geom = c("point", "smooth"), method = "gam",
formula = y ~ s(x))
qplot(carat, price, data = dsmall,
geom = c("point", "smooth"), method = "gam",
formula = y ~ s(x, bs = "cs"))
数据量超过1000时使用第二个
左图是formula=y~s(x),右图是formula=y~s(x,bs='cs')。
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/a7e1d58db651434296ed31109f51b5cc.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/cc3f1e7b069d4dc899a20845cc9dcca2.jpg)
library(splines)
qplot(carat, price, data = dsmall, geom = c("point", "smooth"),
method = "lm")
qplot(carat, price, data = dsmall, geom = c("point", "smooth"),
method = "lm", formula = y ~ ns(x, 5))
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/44d50e52f01743d19b00ad05e781e47f.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/aac65ca339394f4383b28c181fad541e.jpg)
qplot(color, price/carat, data = diamonds, geom = "jitter")
qplot(color, price/carat, data = diamonds, geom = "boxplot")
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/39573eb6bc6d4fde906e634c480dc651.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/ffc734ebe23e422abbe3d74bac6da3ba.jpg)
qplot(color, price/carat, data = diamonds,
geom = "jitter", alpha = I(1/5))
qplot(color, price/carat, data = diamonds,
geom = "jitter", alpha = I(1/50))
qplot(color, price/carat, data = diamonds,
geom = "jitter", alpha = I(1/200))
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/3eb9962f4e774be6b52a459a8a39fb9a.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/1bc43fb713314d8a8f3bc7181fd4838d.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/b0af8cad07764e728562ceb4aa7e33a2.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/d9753af20d6a4db9a005b4e530b56b3d.jpg)
展示钻石重量的分布。左图使用的是 geom='histogram',右图使用的是 geom=' density'。
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, geom = "histogram")
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, geom = "density")
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/cfed0519731a485a9d14fa8426a2b0a3.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/e3ff10b2f8f44b0e82396d886f1cb021.jpg)
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, geom = "histogram",
binwidth = 1, xlim = c(0, 3))
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, geom = "histogram",
binwidth = 0.1, xlim = c(0, 3))
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, geom = "histogram",
binwidth = 0.01, xlim = c(0, 3))
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/5ea0ca0affda4213aa88e545b6e6338d.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/991659c20e884a6085746605140bcd24.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/98ee197e8f264b1baa5b361d7d06ee5b.jpg)
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, geom = "density", colour = color)
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, geom = "histogram", fill = color)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/28f0fba98fb54ed0a45dfd0e350ec6a3.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/c9dd870177bb4835b7ec510f8892098b.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/cd6beed883f64ef7ac523a279be9c994.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/a0ac7246df3d40e6b2251ac77f27d60c.jpg)
qplot(color, data = diamonds, geom = "bar")
qplot(color, data = diamonds, geom = "bar", weight = carat)
+ scale_y_continuous("carat")
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/fccfaefb8859457fb75a6d2a5739b5a8.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/4c7d1d0034b547778c172d68fc81bf6c.jpg)
线条图和路径图常用于可视化时间序列数据。线条图将点从左到右进行连接,而路径图则按照点在数据集中的顺序对其进行连接(线条图就等价于将数据按照x取值进行排序,然后绘制路径图)。线条图的x轴一般是时间,它展示了单个变量随时间变化的情况。路径图则展示了两个变量随时间联动的情况,时间反映在点的顺序上。
qplot(date, unemploy/pop, data = economics, geom = "line")
qplot(date, uempmed, data = economics, geom = "line")
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/5d983a145ed542f3be39144ca7f1e6e4.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/8191e31de0fd4bfa95081574879fce54.jpg)
year <- function(x) as.POSIXlt(x)$year + 1900
qplot(unemploy/pop, uempmed, data = economics,
geom = c("point", "path"))
qplot(unemploy/pop, uempmed, data = economics,
geom = "path", colour = year(date))
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/d07e980d5b914504adcac7f41ea3403e.jpg)
![R语言可视化 ggplot2—几何对象](https://image.cha138.com/20210418/8e2c9058db61465e8c513870b2121211.jpg)
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