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关于软件测试的下面这段~帮翻成英语吧~谢谢了~
软件测试的前景和现状。
随着软件产业的发展，软件产品的质量控制与质量管理正逐渐成为软件企业生存与发展的核心。几乎每个大中型IT企业的软件产品在发布前都需要大量的质量控制、测试和文档工作，而这些工作必须依靠拥有娴熟技术的专业软件人才来完成。软件测试工程师就是这样的一个企业重头角色。业内人士分析，该类职位的需求主要集中在沿海发达城市，其中北京和上海的需求量分别占去33%和29%。民企需求量最大，占19%，外商独资欧美类企业需求排列第二，占15%。然而，目前的现状是：一方面企业对高质量的测试工程师需求量越来越大越大，另一方面国内原来对测试工程师的职业重视程度不够，使许多人不了解测试工程师具体是从事什么工作。这使得许多IT公司只能通过在实际工作中进行淘汰的方式对测试工程师进行筛选，因此国内在短期将出现测试工程师严重短缺的现象。根据对近期网络招聘IT人才情况的了解，许多正在招聘软件测试工程师的企业
很少能够在招聘会上顺利招到合适的人才。在具体工作过程中，测试工程师的工作是利用测试工具按照测试方案和流程对产品进行功能和性能测试，甚至根据需要编写不同的测试用例，设计和维护测试系统，对测试方案可能出现的问题进行分析和评估。对软件测试工程师而言，必须具有高度的工作责任心和自信心。任何严格的测试必须是一种实事求是的测试，因为它关系到一个产品的质量问题，而测试工程师则是产品出货前的把关人，所以，没有专业的技术水准是无法胜任这项工作的。同时，由于测试工作一般由多个测试工程师共同完成，并且测试部门一般要与其他部门的人员进行较多的沟通，所以要求测试工程师不但要有较强的技术能力而且要有较强的沟通能力。
随着软件规模的不断扩大，软件设计的复杂程度不断提高，软件开发中出现错误或缺陷的机会越来越多。
市场对软件质量重要性的认识逐渐增强。所以，软件测试在软件项目实施过程中的重要性日益突出。但是，现实情况是，与软件编程比较，软件测试的地位和作用，还没有真正受到重视，对于很多人（甚至是软件项目组的技术人员）还存在对软件测试的认识误区，这进一步影响了软件测试活动开
展和真正提高软件测试质量。
（1）误区之一：软件开发完成后进行软件测试
（5）误区之五：项目进度吃紧时少做些测试，时间富裕时多做测试
面向对象软件开发过程及其特点 面向对象的开发方法（简称OO）的基本思想认为，客观世界是由各种各样的对象组成的，每种对象都有各自的内部状态和运动规律，不同的对象之间的相互作用和联系就构成了各种不同的系统。故面向对象软件开发的工作过程为：
1. 调查、分析系统需求，建立一个全面、合理、统一的模型。
2. 在繁杂的问题域中抽象地识别出对象以及其行为、结构、属性、方法
3. 对象设计——即对分析的结果作进一步地抽象、归类、整理，并最终以范式的形式将它们确定下来。
4. 程序实现——即用面向对象的程序设计语言将上一步整理的范式直接映射（直接用程序语言来取代）为应用程序软件。
面向对象开发的特点是遵循一下三项原则：
1. 抽象原则（abstraction）——指为了某一分析目的而集中精力研究对象的某一性质，它可以忽略其它与此目的无关的部分
2. 封装原则（encapsulation）即信息隐藏——指在确定系统的某一部分内容时，应考虑到其它部分的信息及联系都在这一部分的内部进行,外部各部分之间的信息联系应尽可能的少。
3. 继承原则（inheritance）——指能直接获得已有的性质和特征而不必重复定义它们
very little to be able at the employment advertise meeting the smooth move to the appropriate talented person. In the concrete work process, tests engineer's work is carries on the function and the performance test using the testing tool according to the test plan and the flow to the product, even according to needs to compile the different test to use the example, the design and the maintenance test system, to tests the question which the plan possibly appears to carry on the analysis and the appraisal. Tests engineer speaking of the software, must have the high work sense of responsibility and the self-confidence. Any strict test must be one kind of realistic test, because it relates to a product quality question, but tests engineer is the product produces goods the front check person, therefore, the specialized technical standards have not been are unable to be competent this work. At the same time, because the test work generally tests engineer by many to complete together, and the test department must carry on many communications generally with other department's personnel, not only therefore requests to test engineer to have to have the strong technical ability moreover to have to have the strong communication ability.
Along with the software scale unceasing expansion, the complex degree which the software designs enhances unceasingly, in the software development appears the mistake or the flaw opportunity are more and more many.
The market strengthens gradually to the software quality important understanding. Therefore, the software test is day by day prominent in the software project implementation process importance. But, the realistic situation is, compares with the software programming, the software tests status and function, but also does not have to receive truly takes, (even is software project group's technical personnel) also has the understanding erroneous zone regarding very many people which tests to the software, this further affected the software test to move
unfolds with improves the software test quality truly.
One of (1) erroneous zones: After the software development completes carries on the software to test
fifth (5) erroneous zone: The project progress becomes serious when little makes a test, the time wealthily when makes tests
the object-oriented software performance history and the characteristic object-oriented method of exploitation (i.e. OO) the basic thought to believe that, the objective world is composed by various object, each kind of object all has respective internal condition and the law of motion, between the different object mutual function and the relation constituted each kind of different system. Therefore the object-oriented software develops the work process is:
1. The investigation, the analysis system demand, establishes one comprehensively, reasonable, the unified model.
2. Distinguishes the object as well as its behavior, the structure, the attribute, the method abstractly in the numerous and diverse question territory
3. The object design - - namely makes further, the classification, the reorganization abstractly to the analysis result, finally and determines by the model form them.
4. procedures realizations - namely the model direct mapping which onstep reorganizes with the object-oriented programming language(straight takes over the use of program language to substitute) willbe application procedure software.
The object-oriented development characteristic is follows next threeprinciples:
1. principles of abstraction (abstraction) - refers for some purposeof analysis concentrates the energy research object some nature, itmay neglect other the part which has nothing to do with with thisgoal
2. seals principles (encapsulation) is the information hideaway- refers when the determination system some part of contents, shouldconsider other parts of information and the relation all carry on inthis part of interior, exterior each part of between informationrelation should as far as possible few.
3. inherits the principle (inheritance) - to refer can directly obtainalready the nature and the characteristic which has but does not needto duplicate defines them 参考技术A Software tests prospect and present situation.
Along with the software industry development, the software productquality control and the quality control gradually are becoming thesoftware enterprise survival and the development core. Nearly eachlarge and middle scale IT enterprise's software product before theissue all needs the massive quality control, the test and thedocuments work, but these work must depend upon the specializedsoftware talented person which has the adept technology to complete.Software tests engineer is a such enterprise heavy role. Theprofessional analyzes, this kind of position demand mainlyconcentrates in the coastal developed city, Beijing and Shanghai'sdemand weighs out do not account for 33% and 29%. The people businessdemand quantity is biggest, accounts for 19%, the foreign soleownership Europe and America kind of enterprise demand arrangessecond, accounts for 15%. However, the present present situation is:On the one hand the enterprise to high grade tests engineer the demandquantity more and more greatly in a big way, on the other handdomestic originally to tests engineer's occupation to take the degreeinsufficiently, makes many people not to understand tests engineer tobe concrete is engaged in any work. This enables many IT Corporationonly through to carry on the elimination in the practical work the wayto test engineer to carry on screening, therefore domestic will appearin the short-term tests engineer the serious short phenomenon.According to will advertise for the IT talented person situation tothe short-term network the understanding, many will be advertising forsoftware to test engineer's enterprise
Very little can at the employment advertise meeting the smoothmove to the appropriate talented person. In the concrete work process,tests engineer's work is carries on the function and the performancetest using the testing tool according to the test plan and the flow tothe product, even according to needs to compile differently measuredthe test example, the design and the maintenance test system, to teststhe question which the plan possibly appears to carry on the analysisand the appraisal. Tests engineer speaking of software, must have thehigh work sense of responsibility and the self-confidence. Any stricttest must be one kind of realistic test, because it relates to aproduct quality question, but tests engineer is the product producesgoods front to check the person, therefore, the non-specializedtechnical standards are unable to be competent this work. At the sametime, because the test work generally tests engineer by many tocomplete together, and the test department generally must carry onmore communications with other departments' personnel, therefore therequest tests engineer not only to have to have the stronger technicalability moreover to have to have the stronger communication ability.
Along with the software scale unceasing expansion, the complex degreewhich software designs unceasingly enhances, in the softwaredevelopment appears the mistake or the flaw opportunity are more andmore many.
The market gradually strengthens to the software quality importantunderstanding. Therefore, the software test is day by day prominent inthe software project implementation process importance. But, therealistic situation is, compares with the software programming,software tests status and function, but also does not have truly toreceive takes, (even is software project group's technical personnel)also has the understanding erroneous zone regarding very many peoplewhich tests to software, this further affected the software test tomove
Unfolds with truly improves the software test quality.
(1) one of erroneous zones: After the software development completescarries on the software test
(5) fifth erroneous zone: The project progress becomes seriouswhen little makes a test, the time is wealthy when makes the test
The object-oriented software performance history and its thecharacteristic object-oriented method of exploitation (is called OO)the basic thought believed that, the objective world is composed byvarious object, each kind of object all has respective internalcondition and the movement rule, between the different object mutualfunction and the relation constituted each kind of different system.Therefore object-oriented software develops the work process is:
1. investigations, the analysis system demands, establishcomprehensively, reasonable, the unified model.
2. abstractly distinguishes the object in the numerous and diversequestion territory by and its the behavior, the structure, theattribute, the method
3. objects designs - namely does to the analysis result isfurther abstract, the classification, the reorganization, and finallydetermines by the model form them.
4. procedures realizations - namely the model direct mapping which onstep reorganizes with the object-oriented programming language(straight takes over the use of program language to substitute) willbe application procedure software.
The object-oriented development characteristic is follows next threeprinciples:
1. principles of abstraction (abstraction) - refers for some purposeof analysis concentrates the energy research object some nature, itmay neglect other the part which has nothing to do with with thisgoal
2. seals principles (encapsulation) is the informationhideaway - refers when the determination system some part of contents,should consider other parts of information and the relation all carryon in this part of interior, exterior each part of between informationrelation should as far as possible few.
3. inherits the principle (inheritance) - to refer can directly obtainalready the nature and the characteristic which has but does not needto duplicate defines them
参考一下吧 参考技术B Software testing and the prospects for the status quo. With the development of the software industry. Quality control and quality management software products is becoming the core of the survival and development of software companies. Almost every large and medium-sized IT companies in the software products will require substantial pre-publication quality control, testing and documentation. Such work must be dependent on the availability of technical skill and professional software talents to complete. Enterprise software test engineer, is an important first role. Industry analysis, the demand for such jobs are mainly concentrated in the developed coastal cities. Beijing and Shanghai will account for 33% and 29% respectively of the demand. Private demand the most, accounting for 19% of demand for foreign-funded enterprises and Europe and the United States ranked second, with 15%. However, the current situation is : on the one hand, enterprises increasing demand for high quality test engineer bigger other domestic original pay enough attention to the test engineer's career. Many people do not understand what kind of work is a concrete test engineers. This makes many IT companies in the practical work carried out only through the elimination of the screening test engineer, So domestic engineers in the short term there will be an acute shortage of testing. According to the recent recruitment of IT professionals on the network's understanding of the situation. Many small businesses are able to recruit software test engineer was successful in recruiting suitable attract more talent. In the course of their work, Engineers are testing the use of testing tools and processes for product testing program in accordance with the functionality and performance testing even need to prepare different test cases, test system design and maintenance. of the testing program analysis and assessment of the problems that might arise. Testing of the software engineers, must have a high degree of responsibility and self-confidence. Any stringent tests must be a realistic test because it has a bearing on the quality of their products. Engineers are testing products to ensure the delivery of the former, therefore, No professional technical standards is impossible to do this work. Meanwhile, test engineers generally shared by a number of tests completed Testing departments and the general staff and other departments to communicate more, Therefore, test engineers require not only strong technical capabilities but also have strong communication skills. With the continued expansion of the scale of software, the constant increase in the complexity of software design. errors or defects in the software development more and more. Market awareness of the importance of a gradual increase in software quality. Therefore, software testing in software project highlighted the growing importance of the implementation process. However, the reality is that with software programming, the status and role of software testing, is not really to be heard, For many people (and even software project team and technical personnel) still exist on the software testing misunderstanding. This is a further impact on the software testing activities carried out and to truly improve the quality of software testing. (1) : one misunderstanding after the completion of software development for software testing (5) : 5 Mistakes Project Progress tests do less tight. more prosperous time when object-oriented software development and testing features of object-oriented development method (4100), the basic idea that The objective world is composed of a variety of objects, each object has its own internal laws of the state and sports, and the interaction between different objects constitute the link different systems. Therefore, the object-oriented software development process : 1. Investigate, analyze system requirements, the establishment of a comprehensive, rational, unified model. 2. In the complex problem of identifying the object as well as its domain abstract behavior, structure, nature, Method 3. Analysis of the results -- that is designed to further abstract, classification, finishing, Paradigm will form and eventually to their foes. 4. Program Design -- that is, using an object-oriented programming language, will be further consolidated paradigm direct mapping (programming language used to replace direct) for applications software. Development of the object-oriented features of what is to follow three principles : 1. abstract principle (abstraction) -- refers to a focus on the purpose of analysis and study of a particular nature, It can ignore this purpose unrelated to the other two parts. Packaging principles (encapsulation) that the information hiding -- refers to a part in determining the content, should take into account other parts of the information and contacts in this part of the house. information between the various parts of the external links should, as far as possible, be reduced. 3. The principle of succession (inheritance) -- means direct access to the existing definition of the nature and characteristics rather than repeat them 谢谢大哥请选我的吧，我分数太低了，再次thanks 参考技术C Software tests prospect and present situation. Along with the software industry development, the software product quality control and the quality control gradually are becoming the software enterprise survival and the development core. Nearly each large and middle scale IT enterprise's software product before the issue all needs the massive quality control, the test and the documents work, but these work must depend upon the specialized software talented person which has the adept technology to complete. Software tests engineer is a such enterprise heavy role. The professional analyzes, this kind of position demand mainly concentrates in the coastal developed city, Beijing and Shanghai's demand weighs out do not account for 33% and 29%. The people business demand quantity is biggest, accounts for 19%, the foreign sole ownership Europe and America kind of enterprise demand arranges second, accounts for 15%. However, the present present situation is: On the one hand the enterprise to high grade tests engineer the demand quantity more and more greatly in a big way, on the other hand domestic originally to tests engineer's occupation to take the degree insufficiently, makes many people not to understand tests engineer to be concrete is engaged in any work. This enables many IT Corporation only through to carry on the elimination in the practical work the way to test engineer to carry on screening, therefore domestic will appear in the short-term tests engineer the serious short phenomenon. According to will advertise for the IT talented person situation to the short-term network the understanding, many will be advertising for software to test engineer's enterprise Very little can at the employment advertise meeting the smooth move to the appropriate talented person. In the concrete work process, tests engineer's work is carries on the function and the performance test using the testing tool according to the test plan and the flow to the product, even according to needs to compile differently measured the test example, the design and the maintenance test system, to tests the question which the plan possibly appears to carry on the analysis and the appraisal. Tests engineer speaking of software, must have the high work sense of responsibility and the self-confidence. Any strict test must be one kind of realistic test, because it relates to a product quality question, but tests engineer is the product produces goods front to check the person, therefore, the non-specialized technical standards are unable to be competent this work. At the same time, because the test work generally tests engineer by many to complete together, and the test department generally must carry on more communications with other departments' personnel, therefore the request tests engineer not only to have to have the stronger technical ability moreover to have to have the stronger communication ability. Along with the software scale unceasing expansion, the complex degree which software designs unceasingly enhances, in the software development appears the mistake or the flaw opportunity are more and more many. The market gradually strengthens to the software quality important understanding. Therefore, the software test is day by day prominent in the software project implementation process importance. But, the realistic situation is, compares with the software programming, software tests status and function, but also does not have truly to receive takes, (even is software project group's technical personnel) also has the understanding erroneous zone regarding very many people which tests to software, this further affected the software test to move Unfolds with truly improves the software test quality. (1) one of erroneous zones: After the software development completes carries on the software test (5) fifth erroneous zone: The project progress becomes serious when little makes a test, the time is wealthy when does tests the object-oriented software performance history and its the characteristic object-oriented method of exploitation (is called OO) the basic thought to believe that, the objective world is composed by various object, each kind of object all has respective internal condition and the movement rule, between the different object mutual function and the relation constituted each kind of different system. Therefore object-oriented software develops the work process is: 1. investigations, the analysis system demands, establish comprehensively, reasonable, the unified model. 2. abstractly distinguishes the object in the numerous and diverse question territory by and its the behavior, the structure, the attribute, the method 3. objects designs □□namely does to the analysis result is further abstract, the classification, the reorganization, and finally determines by the model form them. 4. procedures realizations □□namely the model direct mapping which on step reorganizes with the object-oriented programming language (straight takes over the use of program language to substitute) will be application procedure software. The object-oriented development characteristic is follows next three principles: 1. principles of abstraction (abstraction) □□refers for some purpose of analysis concentrates the energy research object some nature, it may neglect other the part which has nothing to do with with this goal 2. seals principles (encapsulation) is the information hideaway □□refers when the determination system some part of contents, should consider other parts of information and the relation all carry on in this part of interior, exterior each part of between information relation should as far as possible few. 3. inherits the principle (inheritance) □□to refer can directly obtain already the nature and the characteristic which has but does not need to duplicate defines them 参考技术D Software tests prospect and present situation. Along with the software industry development, the software product quality control and the quality control gradually are becoming the software enterprise survival and the development core. Nearly each large and middle scale IT enterprise's software product before the issue all needs the massive quality control, the test and the documents work, but these work must depend upon the specialized software talented person which has the adept technology to complete. Software tests engineer is a such enterprise heavy role. The professional analyzes, this kind of position demand mainly concentrates in the coastal developed city, Beijing and Shanghai's demand weighs out do not account for 33% and 29%. The people business demand quantity is biggest, accounts for 19%, the foreign sole ownership Europe and America kind of enterprise demand arranges second, accounts for 15%. However, the present present situation is: On the one hand the enterprise to high grade tests engineer the demand quantity more and more greatly in a big way, on the other hand domestic originally to tests engineer's occupation to take the degree insufficiently, makes many people not to understand tests engineer to be concrete is engaged in any work. This enables many IT Corporation only through to carry on the elimination in the practical work the way to test engineer to carry on screening, therefore domestic will appear in the short-term tests engineer the serious short phenomenon. According to will advertise for the IT talented person situation to the short-term network the understanding, many will be advertising for software to test engineer's enterprise Very little can at the employment advertise meeting the smooth move to the appropriate talented person. In the concrete work process, tests engineer's work is carries on the function and the performance test using the testing tool according to the test plan and the flow to the product, even according to needs to compile differently measured the test example, the design and the maintenance test system, to tests the question which the plan possibly appears to carry on the analysis and the appraisal. Tests engineer speaking of software, must have the high work sense of responsibility and the self-confidence. Any strict test must be one kind of realistic test, because it relates to a product quality question, but tests engineer is the product produces goods front to check the person, therefore, the non-specialized technical standards are unable to be competent this work. At the same time, because the test work generally tests engineer by many to complete together, and the test department generally must carry on more communications with other departments' personnel, therefore the request tests engineer not only to have to have the stronger technical ability moreover to have to have the stronger communication ability. Along with the software scale unceasing expansion, the complex degree which software designs unceasingly enhances, in the software development appears the mistake or the flaw opportunity are more and more many. The market gradually strengthens to the software quality important understanding. Therefore, the software test is day by day prominent in the software project implementation process importance. But, the realistic situation is, compares with the software programming, software tests status and function, but also does not have truly to receive takes, (even is software project group's technical personnel) also has the understanding erroneous zone regarding very many people which tests to software, this further affected the software test to move Unfolds with truly improves the software test quality. (1) one of erroneous zones: After the software development completes carries on the software test (5) fifth erroneous zone: The project progress becomes serious when little makes a test, the time is wealthy when does tests the object-oriented software performance history and its the characteristic object-oriented method of exploitation (is called OO) the basic thought to believe that, the objective world is composed by various object, each kind of object all has respective internal condition and the movement rule, between the different object mutual function and the relation constituted each kind of different system. Therefore object-oriented software develops the work process is: 1. investigations, the analysis system demands, establish comprehensively, reasonable, the unified model. 2. abstractly distinguishes the object in the numerous and diverse question territory by and its the behavior, the structure, the attribute, the method 3. objects designs □□namely does to the analysis result is further abstract, the classification, the reorganization, and finally determines by the model form them. 4. procedures realizations □□namely the model direct mapping which on step reorganizes with the object-oriented programming language (straight takes over the use of program language to substitute) will be application procedure software. The object-oriented development characteristic is follows next three principles: 1. principles of abstraction (abstraction) □□refers for some purpose of analysis concentrates the energy research object some nature, it may neglect other the part which has nothing to do with with this goal 2. seals principles (encapsulation) is the information hideaway □□refers when the determination system some part of contents, should consider other parts of information and the relation all carry on in this part of interior, exterior each part of between information relation should as far as possible few. 3. inherits the principle (inheritance) □□to refer can directly obtain already the nature and the characteristic which has but does not need to duplicate defines them
回答者：jl101010 - 魔法师 四级 12-18 14:25
Along with the software industry development, the software product quality control and the quality control are becoming the software enterprise survival and the development core gradually. Each large and middle scale IT enterprise's software product before the issue all needs nearly the massive quality control, the test and the documents work, but these work must depend upon has the adept technical specialized software talented person to complete. The software tests engineer is a such enterprise heavy role. The professional analyzes, this kind of position demand mainly concentrates in the coastal developed city, in which Beijing and Shanghai's demand accounts for 33% separately and 29%. The people business demand is biggest, accounts for 19%, the foreign sole ownership Europe and America kind of enterprise demand arranges second, accounts for 15%. However, the present present situation is: On the one hand the enterprise to high grade tests engineer the demand to be more and more greatly bigger, on the other hand domestic originally to tests engineer's occupation to take the degree to be insufficient, makes many people not to understand tests engineer concretely is engaged in any work. This enables many IT Corporation only through to carry on the elimination in the practical work the way to test engineer to carry on screening, therefore domestic will appear in the short-term tests engineer the serious short phenomenon. According to will advertise for the IT talented person situation to the short-term network the understanding, many will be advertising for the software to test engineer's enterprise
very little to be able at the employment advertise meeting the smooth move to the appropriate talented person. In the concrete work process, tests engineer's work is carries on the function and the performance test using the testing tool according to the test plan and the flow to the product, even according to needs to compile the different test to use the example, the design and the maintenance test system, to tests the question which the plan possibly appears to carry on the analysis and the appraisal. Tests engineer speaking of the software, must have the high work sense of responsibility and the self-confidence. Any strict test must be one kind of realistic test, because it relates to a product quality question, but tests engineer is the product produces goods the front check person, therefore, the specialized technical standards have not been are unable to be competent this work. At the same time, because the test work generally tests engineer by many to complete together, and the test department must carry on many communications generally with other department's personnel, not only therefore requests to test engineer to have to have the strong technical ability moreover to have to have the strong communication ability.
Along with the software scale unceasing expansion, the complex degree which the software designs enhances unceasingly, in the software development appears the mistake or the flaw opportunity are more and more many.
The market strengthens gradually to the software quality important understanding. Therefore, the software test is day by day prominent in the software project implementation process importance. But, the realistic situation is, compares with the software programming, the software tests status and function, but also does not have to receive truly takes, (even is software project group's technical personnel) also has the understanding erroneous zone regarding very many people which tests to the software, this further affected the software test to move
unfolds with improves the software test quality truly.
One of (1) erroneous zones: After the software development completes carries on the software to test
fifth (5) erroneous zone: The project progress becomes serious when little makes a test, the time wealthily when makes tests
the object-oriented software performance history and the characteristic object-oriented method of exploitation (i.e. OO) the basic thought to believe that, the objective world is composed by various object, each kind of object all has respective internal condition and the law of motion, between the different object mutual function and the relation constituted each kind of different system. Therefore the object-oriented software develops the work process is:
1. The investigation, the analysis system demand, establishes one comprehensively, reasonable, the unified model.
2. Distinguishes the object as well as its behavior, the structure, the attribute, the method abstractly in the numerous and diverse question territory
3. The object design - - namely makes further, the classification, the reorganization abstractly to the analysis result, finally and determines by the model form them.
4. procedures realizations - namely the model direct mapping which onstep reorganizes with the object-oriented programming language(straight takes over the use of program language to substitute) willbe application procedure software.
The object-oriented development characteristic is follows next threeprinciples:
1. principles of abstraction (abstraction) - refers for some purposeof analysis concentrates the energy research object some nature, itmay neglect other the part which has nothing to do with with thisgoal
2. seals principles (encapsulation) is the information hideaway- refers when the determination system some part of contents, shouldconsider other parts of information and the relation all carry on inthis part of interior, exterior each part of between informationrelation should as far as possible few.
3. inherits the principle (inheritance) - to refer can directly obtainalready the nature and the characteristic which has but does not needto duplicate defines them 第5个回答 2006-12-18 楼上的说的对,不过要找07年的
要不有写语句会不准,1楼的也翻译了,分给他吧
呵呵
Software tests prospect and present situation. Along with the software industry development, the software product quality control and the quality control gradually are becoming the software enterprise survival and the development core. Nearly each large and middle scale IT enterprise's software product before the issue all needs the massive quality control, the test and the documents work, but these work must depend upon the specialized software talented person which has the adept technology to complete. Software tests engineer is a such enterprise heavy role. The professional analyzes, this kind of position demand mainly concentrates in the coastal developed city, Beijing and Shanghai's demand weighs out do not account for 33% and 29%. The people business demand quantity is biggest, accounts for 19%, the foreign sole ownership Europe and America kind of enterprise demand arranges second, accounts for 15%. However, the present present situation is: On the one hand the enterprise to high grade tests engineer the demand quantity more and more greatly in a big way, on the other hand domestic originally to tests engineer's occupation to take the degree insufficiently, makes many people not to understand tests engineer to be concrete is engaged in any work. This enables many IT Corporation only through to carry on the elimination in the practical work the way to test engineer to carry on screening, therefore domestic will appear in the short-term tests engineer the serious short phenomenon. According to will advertise for the IT talented person situation to the short-term network the understanding, many will be advertising for software to test engineer's enterprise Very little can at the employment advertise meeting the smooth move to the appropriate talented person. In the concrete work process, tests engineer's work is carries on the function and the performance test using the testing tool according to the test plan and the flow to the product, even according to needs to compile differently measured the test example, the design and the maintenance test system, to tests the question which the plan possibly appears to carry on the analysis and the appraisal. Tests engineer speaking of software, must have the high work sense of responsibility and the self-confidence. Any strict test must be one kind of realistic test, because it relates to a product quality question, but tests engineer is the product produces goods front to check the person, therefore, the non-specialized technical standards are unable to be competent this work. At the same time, because the test work generally tests engineer by many to complete together, and the test department generally must carry on more communications with other departments' personnel, therefore the request tests engineer not only to have to have the stronger technical ability moreover to have to have the stronger communication ability. Along with the software scale unceasing expansion, the complex degree which software designs unceasingly enhances, in the software development appears the mistake or the flaw opportunity are more and more many. The market gradually strengthens to the software quality important understanding. Therefore, the software test is day by day prominent in the software project implementation process importance. But, the realistic situation is, compares with the software programming, software tests status and function, but also does not have truly to receive takes, (even is software project group's technical personnel) also has the understanding erroneous zone regarding very many people which tests to software, this further affected the software test to move Unfolds with truly improves the software test quality. (1) one of erroneous zones: After the software development completes carries on the software test (5) fifth erroneous zone: The project progress becomes serious when little makes a test, the time is wealthy when does tests the object-oriented software performance history and its the characteristic object-oriented method of exploitation (is called OO) the basic thought to believe that, the objective world is composed by various object, each kind of object all has respective internal condition and the movement rule, between the different object mutual function and the relation constituted each kind of different system. Therefore object-oriented software develops the work process is: 1. investigations, the analysis system demands, establish comprehensively, reasonable, the unified model. 2. abstractly distinguishes the object in the numerous and diverse question territory by and its the behavior, the structure, the attribute, the method 3. objects designs □□namely does to the analysis result is further abstract, the classification, the reorganization, and finally determines by the model form them. 4. procedures realizations □□namely the model direct mapping which on step reorganizes with the object-oriented programming language (straight takes over the use of program language to substitute) will be application procedure software. The object-oriented development characteristic is follows next three principles: 1. principles of abstraction (abstraction) □□refers for some purpose of analysis concentrates the energy research object some nature, it may neglect other the part which has nothing to do with with this goal 2. seals principles (encapsulation) is the information hideaway □□refers when the determination system some part of contents, should consider other parts of information and the relation all carry on in this part of interior, exterior each part of between information relation should as far as possible few. 3. inherits the principle (inheritance) □□to refer can directly obtain already the nature and the characteristic which has but does not need to duplicate defines them
回答者：jl101010 - 魔法师 四级 12-18 14:25
Along with the software industry development, the software product quality control and the quality control are becoming the software enterprise survival and the development core gradually. Each large and middle scale IT enterprise's software product before the issue all needs nearly the massive quality control, the test and the documents work, but these work must depend upon has the adept technical specialized software talented person to complete. The software tests engineer is a such enterprise heavy role. The professional analyzes, this kind of position demand mainly concentrates in the coastal developed city, in which Beijing and Shanghai's demand accounts for 33% separately and 29%. The people business demand is biggest, accounts for 19%, the foreign sole ownership Europe and America kind of enterprise demand arranges second, accounts for 15%. However, the present present situation is: On the one hand the enterprise to high grade tests engineer the demand to be more and more greatly bigger, on the other hand domestic originally to tests engineer's occupation to take the degree to be insufficient, makes many people not to understand tests engineer concretely is engaged in any work. This enables many IT Corporation only through to carry on the elimination in the practical work the way to test engineer to carry on screening, therefore domestic will appear in the short-term tests engineer the serious short phenomenon. According to will advertise for the IT talented person situation to the short-term network the understanding, many will be advertising for the software to test engineer's enterprise
very little to be able at the employment advertise meeting the smooth move to the appropriate talented person. In the concrete work process, tests engineer's work is carries on the function and the performance test using the testing tool according to the test plan and the flow to the product, even according to needs to compile the different test to use the example, the design and the maintenance test system, to tests the question which the plan possibly appears to carry on the analysis and the appraisal. Tests engineer speaking of the software, must have the high work sense of responsibility and the self-confidence. Any strict test must be one kind of realistic test, because it relates to a product quality question, but tests engineer is the product produces goods the front check person, therefore, the specialized technical standards have not been are unable to be competent this work. At the same time, because the test work generally tests engineer by many to complete together, and the test department must carry on many communications generally with other department's personnel, not only therefore requests to test engineer to have to have the strong technical ability moreover to have to have the strong communication ability.
Along with the software scale unceasing expansion, the complex degree which the software designs enhances unceasingly, in the software development appears the mistake or the flaw opportunity are more and more many.
The market strengthens gradually to the software quality important understanding. Therefore, the software test is day by day prominent in the software project implementation process importance. But, the realistic situation is, compares with the software programming, the software tests status and function, but also does not have to receive truly takes, (even is software project group's technical personnel) also has the understanding erroneous zone regarding very many people which tests to the software, this further affected the software test to move
unfolds with improves the software test quality truly.
One of (1) erroneous zones: After the software development completes carries on the software to test
fifth (5) erroneous zone: The project progress becomes serious when little makes a test, the time wealthily when makes tests
the object-oriented software performance history and the characteristic object-oriented method of exploitation (i.e. OO) the basic thought to believe that, the objective world is composed by various object, each kind of object all has respective internal condition and the law of motion, between the different object mutual function and the relation constituted each kind of different system. Therefore the object-oriented software develops the work process is:
1. The investigation, the analysis system demand, establishes one comprehensively, reasonable, the unified model.
2. Distinguishes the object as well as its behavior, the structure, the attribute, the method abstractly in the numerous and diverse question territory
3. The object design - - namely makes further, the classification, the reorganization abstractly to the analysis result, finally and determines by the model form them.
4. procedures realizations - namely the model direct mapping which onstep reorganizes with the object-oriented programming language(straight takes over the use of program language to substitute) willbe application procedure software.
The object-oriented development characteristic is follows next threeprinciples:
1. principles of abstraction (abstraction) - refers for some purposeof analysis concentrates the energy research object some nature, itmay neglect other the part which has nothing to do with with thisgoal
2. seals principles (encapsulation) is the information hideaway- refers when the determination system some part of contents, shouldconsider other parts of information and the relation all carry on inthis part of interior, exterior each part of between informationrelation should as far as possible few.
3. inherits the principle (inheritance) - to refer can directly obtainalready the nature and the characteristic which has but does not needto duplicate defines them
帮忙翻译论文摘要
请帮忙把这个摘要和几个单词翻译下，谢谢！
在新的音乐课标准的要求下，音乐教学过程应朝着“隐形、简略、开放”的方向去发展，不应再以畅通的 “显性、具体、封闭”的教学过程模式为主体去进行音乐课程的教学。于是在中国音乐教育界广泛掀起了一场音乐课程教学改革的浪潮。新课程改革已经把组织教材、选择教材的权利给了老师，对于老师来说，如何把孩子们的心吸引到课堂上来是很重要的。
感觉、创造、活动、协作、参与
Feeling of creation, activities, collaboration, participation
参考资料：绝对人工
参考技术A with the need of the new standard about the music,music teaching progress in the direction of latent ,brief,opening.It should not be the pattern main with obviousness ,reification and close.upon that,it causes a tide to reform the music teaching on the education.
new course reform already present the right to organize and choose the textbook to teachers.
for teachers,how to attract the attention of the children to the class is pretty important.
关键词:sense creation action cooperation participation
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