mysql中表的数据类型

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一 介绍

存储引擎决定了表的类型,而表内存放的数据也要有不同的类型,每种数据类型都有自己的宽度,但宽度是可选的
详细可参考:
mysql数据类型

mysql常用数据类型概览

#1. 数字:
整型:tinyinit int bigint
小数:
float :在位数比较短的情况下不精准
double :在位数比较长的情况下不精准
0.000001230123123123
存成:0.000001230000
decimal:(如果用小数,则用推荐使用decimal)
精准
内部原理是以字符串形式去存

#2. 字符串:
char(10):简单粗暴,浪费空间,存取速度快
root存成root000000
varchar:精准,节省空间,存取速度慢

sql优化:创建表时,定长的类型往前放,变长的往后放
                比如性别           比如地址或描述信息

>255个字符,超了就把文件路径存放到数据库中。
        比如图片,视频等找一个文件服务器,数据库中只存路径或url。

#3. 时间类型:
最常用:datetime

#4. 枚举类型与集合类型
下面会详细讲解

二、数值类型

1、整数类型

整数类型:TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT
作用:存储年龄,等级,id,各种号码等
tinyint[(m)] [unsigned] [zerofill]
小整数,数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围:
有符号:
-128 ~ 127
无符号:
0 ~ 255

PS: MySQL中无布尔值,使用tinyint(1)构造。

int[(m)][unsigned][zerofill]
整数,数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围:
有符号:
-2147483648 ~ 2147483647
无符号:
0 ~ 4294967295

bigint[(m)][unsigned][zerofill]
大整数,数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围:
有符号:
-9223372036854775808 ~ 9223372036854775807
无符号:
0 ~ 18446744073709551615
示例:

=========有符号和无符号tinyint==========
#tinyint默认为有符号
MariaDB [db1]> create table t1(x tinyint); #默认为有符号,即数字前有正负号
MariaDB [db1]> desc t1;
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t1 values
    -> (-129),
    -> (-128),
    -> (127),
    -> (128);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t1;
+------+
| x    |
+------+
| -128 | #-129存成了-128
| -128 | #有符号,最小值为-128
|  127 | #有符号,最大值127
|  127 | #128存成了127
+------+



#设置无符号tinyint
MariaDB [db1]> create table t2(x tinyint unsigned);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t2 values
    -> (-1),
    -> (0),
    -> (255),
    -> (256);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t2;
+------+
| x    |
+------+
|    0 | -1存成了0
|    0 | #无符号,最小值为0
|  255 | #无符号,最大值为255
|  255 | #256存成了255
+------+



============有符号和无符号int=============
#int默认为有符号
MariaDB [db1]> create table t3(x int); #默认为有符号整数
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t3 values
    -> (-2147483649),
    -> (-2147483648),
    -> (2147483647),
    -> (2147483648);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t3;
+-------------+
| x           |
+-------------+
| -2147483648 | #-2147483649存成了-2147483648
| -2147483648 | #有符号,最小值为-2147483648
|  2147483647 | #有符号,最大值为2147483647
|  2147483647 | #2147483648存成了2147483647
+-------------+



#设置无符号int
MariaDB [db1]> create table t4(x int unsigned);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t4 values
    -> (-1),
    -> (0),
    -> (4294967295),
    -> (4294967296);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t4;
+------------+
| x          |
+------------+
|          0 | #-1存成了0
|          0 | #无符号,最小值为0
| 4294967295 | #无符号,最大值为4294967295
| 4294967295 | #4294967296存成了4294967295
+------------+




==============有符号和无符号bigint=============
MariaDB [db1]> create table t6(x bigint);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t5 values  
    -> (-9223372036854775809),
    -> (-9223372036854775808),
    -> (9223372036854775807),
    -> (9223372036854775808);

MariaDB [db1]> select * from t5;
+----------------------+
| x                    |
+----------------------+
| -9223372036854775808 |
| -9223372036854775808 |
|  9223372036854775807 |
|  9223372036854775807 |
+----------------------+



MariaDB [db1]> create table t6(x bigint unsigned);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t6 values  
    -> (-1),
    -> (0),
    -> (18446744073709551615),
    -> (18446744073709551616);

MariaDB [db1]> select * from t6;
+----------------------+
| x                    |
+----------------------+
|                    0 |
|                    0 |
| 18446744073709551615 |
| 18446744073709551615 |
+----------------------+




======用zerofill测试整数类型的显示宽度=============
MariaDB [db1]> create table t7(x int(3) zerofill);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t7 values
    -> (1),
    -> (11),
    -> (111),
    -> (1111);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t7;
+------+
| x    |
+------+
|  001 |
|  011 |
|  111 |
| 1111 | #超过宽度限制仍然可以存
+------+

注意:为该类型指定宽度时,仅仅只是指定查询结果的显示宽度,与存储范围无关,存储范围如下
其实我们完全没必要为整数类型指定显示宽度,使用默认的就可以了
默认的显示宽度,都是在最大值的基础上加1
在这里插入图片描述
int的存储宽度是4个Bytes,即32个bit,即2**32
无符号最大值为:4294967296-1
有符号最大值:2147483648-1
有符号和无符号的最大数字需要的显示宽度均为10,而针对有符号的最小值则需要11位才能显示完全,所以int类型默认的显示宽度为11是非常合理的
最后:整形类型,其实没有必要指定显示宽度,使用默认的就ok

2、浮点型
定点数类型 DEC等同于DECIMAL  
浮点类型:FLOAT DOUBLE
作用:存储薪资、身高、体重、体质参数等

======================================
#FLOAT[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
定义:
        单精度浮点数(非准确小数值),m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30

有符号:
           -3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38,
           1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38
无符号:
           1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38
精确度: 
           **** 随着小数的增多,精度变得不准确 ****


======================================
#DOUBLE[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]

定义:
           双精度浮点数(非准确小数值),m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30

有符号:
           -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308
           2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308

无符号:
           2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
            
精确度:
           ****随着小数的增多,精度比float要高,但也会变得不准确 ****

======================================
decimal[(m[,d])] [unsigned] [zerofill]

定义:
          准确的小数值,m是数字总个数(负号不算),d是小数点后个数。 m最大值为65,d最大值为30。


精确度:
           **** 随着小数的增多,精度始终准确 ****
           对于精确数值计算时需要用此类型
           decaimal能够存储精确值的原因在于其内部按照字符串存储。
mysql> create table t1(x float(256,31));
ERROR 1425 (42000): Too big scale 31 specified for column 'x'. Maximum is 30.
mysql> create table t1(x float(256,30));
ERROR 1439 (42000): Display width out of range for column 'x' (max = 255)
mysql> create table t1(x float(255,30)); #建表成功
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> create table t2(x double(255,30)); #建表成功
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> create table t3(x decimal(66,31));
ERROR 1425 (42000): Too big scale 31 specified for column 'x'. Maximum is 30.
mysql> create table t3(x decimal(66,30));
ERROR 1426 (42000): Too-big precision 66 specified for 'x'. Maximum is 65.
mysql> create table t3(x decimal(65,30)); #建表成功
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| t1            |
| t2            |
| t3            |
+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t1 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111); #小数点后31个1
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t2 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t3 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111);
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from t1; #随着小数的增多,精度开始不准确
+----------------------------------+
| x                                |
+----------------------------------+
| 1.111111164093017600000000000000 |
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t2; #精度比float要准确点,但随着小数的增多,同样变得不准确
+----------------------------------+
| x                                |
+----------------------------------+
| 1.111111111111111200000000000000 |
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t3; #精度始终准确,d为30,于是只留了30位小数
+----------------------------------+
| x                                |
+----------------------------------+
| 1.111111111111111111111111111111 |
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3、位类型(了解)
BIT(M)可以用来存放多位二进制数,M范围从1~64,如果不写默认为1位。
注意:对于位字段需要使用函数读取
bin()显示为二进制
hex()显示为十六进制

MariaDB [db1]> create table t9(id bit);
MariaDB [db1]> desc t9; #bit默认宽度为1
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type   | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | bit(1) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+

MariaDB [db1]> insert into t9 values(8);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t9; #直接查看是无法显示二进制位的
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|     |
+------+
MariaDB [db1]> select bin(id),hex(id) from t9; #需要转换才能看到
+---------+---------+
| bin(id) | hex(id) |
+---------+---------+
| 1       | 1       |
+---------+---------+

MariaDB [db1]> alter table t9 modify id bit(5);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t9 values(8);
MariaDB [db1]> select bin(id),hex(id) from t9;
+---------+---------+
| bin(id) | hex(id) |
+---------+---------+
| 1       | 1       |
| 1000    | 8       |
+---------+---------+

三、日期类型

DATE TIME DATETIME TIMESTAMP YEAR
作用:存储用户注册时间,文章发布时间,员工入职时间,出生时间,过期时间等

YEAR
            YYYY(1901/2155)

        DATE
            YYYY-MM-DD(1000-01-01/9999-12-31)

        TIME
            HH:MM:SS('-838:59:59'/'838:59:59')

        DATETIME

            YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS(1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59    Y)

        TIMESTAMP

            YYYYMMDD HHMMSS(1970-01-01 00:00:00/2037 年某时)
============year===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t10(born_year year); #无论year指定何种宽度,最后都默认是year(4)
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t10 values  
    -> (1900),
    -> (1901),
    -> (2155),
    -> (2156);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t10;
+-----------+
| born_year |
+-----------+
|      0000 |
|      1901 |
|      2155 |
|      0000 |
+-----------+


============date,time,datetime===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t11(d date,t time,dt datetime);
MariaDB [db1]> desc t11;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| d     | date     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| t     | time     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| dt    | datetime | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

MariaDB [db1]> insert into t11 values(now(),now(),now());
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t11;
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| d          | t        | dt                  |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2017-07-25 | 16:26:54 | 2017-07-25 16:26:54 |
+------------+----------+---------------------+



============timestamp===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(time timestamp);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values();
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(null);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12;
+---------------------+
| time                |
+---------------------+
| 2017-07-25 16:29:17 |
| 2017-07-25 16:30:01 |
+---------------------+



============注意啦,注意啦,注意啦===========
1. 单独插入时间时,需要以字符串的形式,按照对应的格式插入
2. 插入年份时,尽量使用4位值
3. 插入两位年份时,<=69,以20开头,比如50,  结果2050      
                >=70,以19开头,比如71,结果1971
MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(y year);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values  
    -> (50),
    -> (71);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12;
+------+
| y    |
+------+
| 2050 |
| 1971 |
+------+



============综合练习===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table student(
    -> id int,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> born_year year,
    -> birth date,
    -> class_time time,
    -> reg_time datetime);

MariaDB [db1]> insert into student values
    -> (1,'alex',"1995","1995-11-11","11:11:11","2017-11-11 11:11:11"),
    -> (2,'egon',"1997","1997-12-12","12:12:12","2017-12-12 12:12:12"),
    -> (3,'wsb',"1998","1998-01-01","13:13:13","2017-01-01 13:13:13");

MariaDB [db1]> select * from student;
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
| id   | name | born_year | birth      | class_time | reg_time            |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
|    1 | alex |      1995 | 1995-11-11 | 11:11:11   | 2017-11-11 11:11:11 |
|    2 | egon |      1997 | 1997-12-12 | 12:12:12   | 2017-12-12 12:12:12 |
|    3 | wsb  |      1998 | 1998-01-01 | 13:13:13   | 2017-01-01 13:13:13 |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+

!!!注意:针对datetime或者timestamp如果是用作注册时间,那么指定not null default now()自动填充时间即可,如果是用作更新时间那么需要额外指定on update now(),该配置timestamp自带

mysql> create table t9(name varchar(5),x datetime not null default now());
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> create table t10(name varchar(5),x datetime not null default now() on update now());
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> create table t11(name varchar(5),x timestamp);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> 
mysql> desc t9
    -> ;
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-------+
| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default           | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-------+
| name  | varchar(5) | YES  |     | NULL              |       |
| x     | datetime   | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |       |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc t10
    -> ;
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| name  | varchar(5) | YES  |     | NULL              |                             |
| x     | datetime   | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc t11;
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| name  | varchar(5) | YES  |     | NULL              |                             |
| x     | timestamp  | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> mysql> into t9(name) values("egon");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t10(name) values("egon");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t11(name) values("egon");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> 
mysql> select * from t9;
+------+---------------------+
| name | x                   |
+------+---------------------+
| egon | 2020-09-01 13:54:25 |
+------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t10;
+------+---------------------+
| name | x                   |
+------+---------------------+
| egon | 2020-09-01 13:54:35 |
+------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> select * from t11;
+------+---------------------+
| name | x                   |
+------+---------------------+
| egon | 2020-09-01 13:54:39 |
+------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> update t9 set name="EGON" where name="egon";
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> update t10 set name="EGON" where name="egon";
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> update t11 set name="EGON" where name="egon";
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows 

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