手把手教你搭建神经网络（使用Vision Transformer进行图像分类）

Posted 2021-05-23 羽峰码字

大家好，我是羽峰，今天要和大家分享的是一个基于Vision Transformer的图像分类研究。文章会把整个代码进行分割讲解，完整看完，相信你一定会有所收获。

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目录

1. 介绍

2. 前期准备

2.1 一些基本API

2.2 一些超参数的配置

3. 数据

3.1 准备数据

3.2 数据扩充

4. 多层感知器（MLP）

5. 将patch创建实施为一层

6 实现patch编码层

7.建立ViT模型

8. 编译，训练和评估模型

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1. 介绍

本示例实现了Alexey Dosovitskiy等人的 Vision Transformer (ViT) 模型。 该模型主要功能是进行图像分类，使用CIFAR-100数据集进行复现。 ViT模型可将Transformer体系结构自觉地应用于图像补丁序列，而无需使用卷积层。

此示例需要TensorFlow 2.4或更高版本以及TensorFlow Addons，可以使用以下命令进行安装：

pip install -U tensorflow-addons

2. 前期准备

2.1 一些基本API

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
import tensorflow_addons as tfa

2.2 一些超参数的配置

learning_rate = 0.001
weight_decay = 0.0001
batch_size = 256
num_epochs = 100
image_size = 72  # We'll resize input images to this size
patch_size = 6  # Size of the patches to be extract from the input images
num_patches = (image_size // patch_size) ** 2
projection_dim = 64
num_heads = 4
transformer_units = [
    projection_dim * 2,
    projection_dim,
]  # Size of the transformer layers
transformer_layers = 8
mlp_head_units = [2048, 1024]  # Size of the dense layers of the final classifier

3. 数据

3.1 准备数据

num_classes = 100
input_shape = (32, 32, 3)

(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = keras.datasets.cifar100.load_data()

print(f"x_train shape: {x_train.shape} - y_train shape: {y_train.shape}")
print(f"x_test shape: {x_test.shape} - y_test shape: {y_test.shape}")

x_train shape: (50000, 32, 32, 3) - y_train shape: (50000, 1)
x_test shape: (10000, 32, 32, 3) - y_test shape: (10000, 1)

3.2 数据扩充

data_augmentation = keras.Sequential(
    [
        layers.experimental.preprocessing.Normalization(),
        layers.experimental.preprocessing.Resizing(image_size, image_size),
        layers.experimental.preprocessing.RandomFlip("horizontal"),
        layers.experimental.preprocessing.RandomRotation(factor=0.02),
        layers.experimental.preprocessing.RandomZoom(
            height_factor=0.2, width_factor=0.2
        ),
    ],
    name="data_augmentation",
)
# Compute the mean and the variance of the training data for normalization.
data_augmentation.layers[0].adapt(x_train)

4. 多层感知器（MLP）

def mlp(x, hidden_units, dropout_rate):
    for units in hidden_units:
        x = layers.Dense(units, activation=tf.nn.gelu)(x)
        x = layers.Dropout(dropout_rate)(x)
    return x

5. 将patch创建实施为一层

class Patches(layers.Layer):
    def __init__(self, patch_size):
        super(Patches, self).__init__()
        self.patch_size = patch_size

    def call(self, images):
        batch_size = tf.shape(images)[0]
        patches = tf.image.extract_patches(
            images=images,
            sizes=[1, self.patch_size, self.patch_size, 1],
            strides=[1, self.patch_size, self.patch_size, 1],
            rates=[1, 1, 1, 1],
            padding="VALID",
        )
        patch_dims = patches.shape[-1]
        patches = tf.reshape(patches, [batch_size, -1, patch_dims])
        return patches

让我们显示示例图像的patch

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(figsize=(4, 4))
image = x_train[np.random.choice(range(x_train.shape[0]))]
plt.imshow(image.astype("uint8"))
plt.axis("off")

resized_image = tf.image.resize(
    tf.convert_to_tensor([image]), size=(image_size, image_size)
)
patches = Patches(patch_size)(resized_image)
print(f"Image size: {image_size} X {image_size}")
print(f"Patch size: {patch_size} X {patch_size}")
print(f"Patches per image: {patches.shape[1]}")
print(f"Elements per patch: {patches.shape[-1]}")

n = int(np.sqrt(patches.shape[1]))
plt.figure(figsize=(4, 4))
for i, patch in enumerate(patches[0]):
    ax = plt.subplot(n, n, i + 1)
    patch_img = tf.reshape(patch, (patch_size, patch_size, 3))
    plt.imshow(patch_img.numpy().astype("uint8"))
    plt.axis("off")

Image size: 72 X 72
Patch size: 6 X 6
Patches per image: 144
Elements per patch: 108

6 实现patch编码层

PatchEncoder层将通过将patch投影到大小为projection_dim的向量中来线性地对其进行变换。 此外，它还向嵌入的向量中添加了可学习的位置。

class PatchEncoder(layers.Layer):
    def __init__(self, num_patches, projection_dim):
        super(PatchEncoder, self).__init__()
        self.num_patches = num_patches
        self.projection = layers.Dense(units=projection_dim)
        self.position_embedding = layers.Embedding(
            input_dim=num_patches, output_dim=projection_dim
        )

    def call(self, patch):
        positions = tf.range(start=0, limit=self.num_patches, delta=1)
        encoded = self.projection(patch) + self.position_embedding(positions)
        return encoded

7.建立ViT模型

ViT模型由多个Transformer模块组成，这些模块使用layer.MultiHeadAttention层作为应用于补丁(patch)序列的自注意力机制。 Transformer块产生一个[batch_size，num_patches，projection_dim]张量，该张量通过带有softmax的分类器头进行处理以产生最终的类概率输出。

与 paper中描述的技术不同，后者将可学习的嵌入添加到已编码补丁的序列中以用作图像表示，最终Transformer块的所有输出均经过layer.Flatten（）整形并用作输入的图像表示。请注意，也可以改用layers.GlobalAveragePooling1D图层来聚合Transformer块的输出，尤其是在色块数量和投影尺寸较大的情况下。

def create_vit_classifier():
    inputs = layers.Input(shape=input_shape)
    # Augment data.
    augmented = data_augmentation(inputs)
    # Create patches.
    patches = Patches(patch_size)(augmented)
    # Encode patches.
    encoded_patches = PatchEncoder(num_patches, projection_dim)(patches)

    # Create multiple layers of the Transformer block.
    for _ in range(transformer_layers):
        # Layer normalization 1.
        x1 = layers.LayerNormalization(epsilon=1e-6)(encoded_patches)
        # Create a multi-head attention layer.
        attention_output = layers.MultiHeadAttention(
            num_heads=num_heads, key_dim=projection_dim, dropout=0.1
        )(x1, x1)
        # Skip connection 1.
        x2 = layers.Add()([attention_output, encoded_patches])
        # Layer normalization 2.
        x3 = layers.LayerNormalization(epsilon=1e-6)(x2)
        # MLP.
        x3 = mlp(x3, hidden_units=transformer_units, dropout_rate=0.1)
        # Skip connection 2.
        encoded_patches = layers.Add()([x3, x2])

    # Create a [batch_size, projection_dim] tensor.
    representation = layers.LayerNormalization(epsilon=1e-6)(encoded_patches)
    representation = layers.Flatten()(representation)
    representation = layers.Dropout(0.5)(representation)
    # Add MLP.
    features = mlp(representation, hidden_units=mlp_head_units, dropout_rate=0.5)
    # Classify outputs.
    logits = layers.Dense(num_classes)(features)
    # Create the Keras model.
    model = keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=logits)
    return model

8. 编译，训练和评估模型

def run_experiment(model):
    optimizer = tfa.optimizers.AdamW(
        learning_rate=learning_rate, weight_decay=weight_decay
    )

    model.compile(
        optimizer=optimizer,
        loss=keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
        metrics=[
            keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name="accuracy"),
            keras.metrics.SparseTopKCategoricalAccuracy(5, name="top-5-accuracy"),
        ],
    )

    checkpoint_filepath = "/tmp/checkpoint"
    checkpoint_callback = keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(
        checkpoint_filepath,
        monitor="val_accuracy",
        save_best_only=True,
        save_weights_only=True,
    )

    history = model.fit(
        x=x_train,
        y=y_train,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        epochs=num_epochs,
        validation_split=0.1,
        callbacks=[checkpoint_callback],
    )

    model.load_weights(checkpoint_filepath)
    _, accuracy, top_5_accuracy = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test)
    print(f"Test accuracy: {round(accuracy * 100, 2)}%")
    print(f"Test top 5 accuracy: {round(top_5_accuracy * 100, 2)}%")

    return history


vit_classifier = create_vit_classifier()
history = run_experiment(vit_classifier)

经过100个周期后，ViT模型的测试数据达到了约55％的精度和82％的top-5精度。 这些在CIFAR-100数据集上不是竞争性结果，因为从零开始对同一数据进行训练的ResNet50V2可以达到67％的准确度。

请注意，通过使用JFT-300M数据集对ViT模型进行预训练，然后在目标数据集上进行微调，可以实现paper 中报告的最新结果。 要在不进行预训练的情况下提高模型质量，您可以尝试对模型进行更多的训练，使用更多的Transformer图层，调整输入图像的大小，更改色块大小，或增加投影尺寸。 此外，如本文所述，模型的质量不仅受体系结构选择的影响，还受学习速率计划，优化器，权重衰减等参数的影响。在实践中，建议对ViT进行微调 使用大型高分辨率数据集进行预训练的模型。

至此，今天的分享结束了。强烈建议新手能按照上述步骤一步步实践下来，必有收获。

今天代码翻译于：https://keras.io/examples/vision/image_classification_with_vision_transformer/，新入门的小伙伴可以好好看看这个网站，很基础，很适合新手。

当然，这里不得不重点推荐一下这三个网站：

https://tensorflow.google.cn/tutorials/keras/classification

https://keras.io/examples

https://keras.io/zh/

其中keras中文网址中能找到各种API定义，都是中文通俗易懂，如果想看英文直接到https://keras.io/，就可以，这里也有很多案例，也是很基础明白。入门时可以看看。

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