实验5 RIP实验

Posted 2021-05-18 zieckey

作者：zieckey([e-mail])
All Rights Reserved

1.   实验目的

1)        掌握 RIP v1 和 RIP v2 的配置方法

2)        观测动态路由的建立过程

3)        比较 RIP v1 和 RIP v2 特点

2.   实验原理

RIP(Routing information Protocol) 是应用较早、使用较普遍的内部网关 协议(Interior Gateway Protocol,简称IGP)，适用于小型同类网络，是典型的距离向量(distance-vector)协议。文档见RFC1058、RFC1723。

RIP 通过广播UDP报文来交换路由信息，每30秒发送一次路由信息更新。RIP提供跳跃计数(hop count)作为尺度来衡量路由距离，跳跃计数是一个包到达目标所必须经过的路由器的数目。如果到相同目标有二个不等速或不同带宽的路由器，但跳跃计数相同，则RIP认为两个路由是等距离的。RIP最多支持的跳数为15，即在源和目的网间所要经过的最多路由器的数目为15，跳数16表示不可达。

　 RIP v2 由 RIP v1 而来，属于 RIP 协议的补充协议，主要用于扩大 RIP 2 信息装载的有用信息的数量，同时增加其安全性能。 RIP 2 是一种基于 UDP 的协议。在 RIP2 下，每台主机通过路由选择进程发送和接受来自 UDP 端口 520 的数据包。

3.   实验过程

3.1.配置路由器各个接口IP地址

London (config)#int s0/0/1

London (config-if)#ip add 10.3.3.1 255.255.255.0

London (config-if)#no sh

London (config-if)#int lo 0

London (config-if)#ip add 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

London (config-if)#no sh

London (config-if)#int lo 1

London (config-if)#ip add 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.224

London (config-if)#no sh

London (config-if)#

London #ping 10.3.3.2

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.3.3.2, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 16/16/16 ms

 

3.2.配置RIP v1

London (config)#router rip

London (config-router)#net 10.0.0.0

London #show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

      o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

 

Gateway of last resort is not set

 

     10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks

C       10.3.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1

C       10.2.2.0/27 is directly connected, Loopback1

C      10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0

C    192.168.100.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

London #show cdp neighbors

Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge

                  S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater

 

Device ID        Local Intrfce     Holdtme    Capability Platform Port ID

Denver            Ser 0/0/0          172        R S I      2811      Ser 0/0/1

sw5              Fas 0/1            126         S I       WS-C3560- Fas 0/3

Florence         Ser 0/0/1          159        R S I      2811      Ser 0/0/0

London #show ip rip database

10.0.0 .0/8    auto-summary

10.1.1 .0/24    directly connected, Loopback0

10.2.2 .0/27    directly connected, Loopback1

10.3.3 .0/24    directly connected, Serial0/0/1

 

3.3.查看Florence上的路由信息

Florence #show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

 

Gateway of last resort is not set

 

     172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C       172.16.3.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1

     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C       10.3.3.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0

C    192.168.100.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

现在是没有 10.2.20 /27 和 172.16.2.0/27 这个两个 IP 路由信息。这是因为 RIP v1 不能识别子网网络地址，不支持变长子网掩码。

3.4.将RIP v1升级为RIP v2再看看网络联通情况

London(config)#router rip

London(config-router)#version 2

London#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

 

Gateway of last resort is 10.3.3.2 to network 172.16.0.0

 

R*   172.16.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:06, Serial0/0/1

     10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks

C       10.3.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1

C       10.2.2.0/27 is directly connected, Loopback1

C      10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0

R    192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:06, Serial0/0/1

C    192.168.100.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

London #show ip protocol

Routing Protocol is "ospf 1"

 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set

 Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set

 Router ID 10.1.1.1

 Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa

 Maximum path: 4

 Routing for Networks:

    192.23.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

    192.34.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

 Reference bandwidth unit is 100 mbps

 Routing Information Sources:

    Gateway         Distance      Last Update

 Distance: (default is 110)

 

Routing Protocol is "rip"

 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set

 Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set

 Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 8 seconds

 Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240

 Redistributing: rip

 Default version control: send version 2, receive version 2

    Interface             Send Recv Triggered RIP Key-chain

    Serial0/0/1           2     2

    Loopback0             2     2

    Loopback1             2     2

 Automatic network summarization is in effect

 Maximum path: 4

 Routing for Networks:

    10.0.0.0

    172.16.0.0

 Routing Information Sources:

    Gateway         Distance      Last Update

    10.3.3.2             120      00:00:20

 Distance: (default is 120)

3.5.在Florence上关闭路由自动汇总功能

London #show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

 

Gateway of last resort is 10.3.3.2 to network 172.16.0.0

 *   172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 3 masks

R*      172.16.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:49, Serial0/0/1

R       172.16.1.0/24 [120/2] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0/1

R       172.16.2.0/27 [120/2] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0/1

R       172.16.3.0/24 [120/1] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0/1

     10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks

C       10.3.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1

C       10.2.2.0/27 is directly connected, Loopback1

C       10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0

R    192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0/1

C    192.168.100.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

多了很多一样的路由信息，这就给路由表多了很多冗余信息，并且也增加了数据包转发的时间。

3.6.将物理接口配置为passive-interface模式

London (config)#router rip

London (config-router)#passive-interface s0/0/1

 

London #show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

 

Gateway of last resort is not set

 

     10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks

C       10.3.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1

C       10.2.2.0/27 is directly connected, Loopback1

C       10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0

C    192.168.100.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

这里由于使用 passive-interface 命令告知动态路由协议不要通过该接口发送网络广播，各个路由器上的路由表都没有动态更新了。  

 

3.7.使用neighbor命令配置RIP的单播更新

London (config)#router rip

London (config-router)#neighbor 10.3.3.2

London #show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

 

Gateway of last resort is not set

 

 *   172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks

R       172.16.1.0/24 [120/2] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:15, Serial0/0/1

R       172.16.2.0/27 [120/2] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:15, Serial0/0/1

R       172.16.3.0/24 [120/1] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:15, Serial0/0/1

     10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks

C       10.3.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1

C       10.2.2.0/27 is directly connected, Loopback1

C       10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0

R    192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.3.3.2, 00:00:15, Serial0/0/1

C    192.168.100.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

London #

 

London #ping 172.16.1.1

 

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/28/32 ms

使用 neighbor 命令可以配置 RIP 的单播更新，这样就可以让网络重新互通。

4.   实验分析与总结

通过这次实验让我们更深刻的了解了路由表中动态路由的用法和好处。同时我们又多接触了一些 Cisco ios 命令。

下面对 RIP 动态路由协议总结一下：

动态路由协议分为距离向量路由协议和链路状态路由协议，两种协议各有特点，下面对距离向量路由协议作简要叙述。

RIP 协议最初是为 Xerox 网络系统的 Xerox parc 通用协议而设计的，是 Internet 中常用的路由协议。 RIP 采用距离向量算法，即路由器根据距离选择路由，所以也称为距离向量协议。路由器收集所有可到达目的地的不同路径，并且保存有关到达每个目的地的最少站点数的路径信息，除到达目的地的最佳路径外，任何其它信息均予以丢弃。同时路由器也把所收集的路由信息用 RIP 协议通知相邻的其它路由器。这样，正确的路由信息逐渐扩散到了全网。

RIP 使用非常广泛，它简单、可靠，便于配置。但是 RIP 只适用于小型的同构网络，因为它允许的最大站点数为 15 ，任何超过 15 个站点的目的地均被标记为不可达。而且 RIP 每隔 30s 一次的路由信息广播也是造成网络的广播风暴的重要原因之一。