史上最全最强SpringMVC详细示例实战教程

Posted 2021-05-01 Java技术乱谈

一、SpringMVC基础入门，创建一个HelloWorld程序

1.首先，导入SpringMVC需要的jar包。

2.添加Web.xml配置文件中关于SpringMVC的配置

<!--configure the setting of springmvcDispatcherServlet and configure the mapping-->
  <servlet>
      <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name>
      <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
      <init-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
            <param-value>classpath:springmvc-servlet.xml</param-value>
        </init-param>
        <!-- <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> -->
  </servlet>

  <servlet-mapping>
      <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name>
      <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

3.在src下添加springmvc-servlet.xml配置文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.1.xsd        http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.1.xsd">                    

    <!-- scan the package and the sub package -->
    <context:component-scan base-package="test.SpringMVC"/>

    <!-- don't handle the static resource -->
    <mvc:default-servlet-handler />

    <!-- if you use annotation you must configure following setting -->
    <mvc:annotation-driven />

    <!-- configure the InternalResourceViewResolver -->
    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver" 
            id="internalResourceViewResolver">
        <!-- 前缀 -->
        <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/jsp/" />
        <!-- 后缀 -->
        <property name="suffix" value=".jsp" />
    </bean></beans>

4.在WEB-INF文件夹下创建名为jsp的文件夹，用来存放jsp视图。创建一个hello.jsp，在body中添加“Hello World”。

5.建立包及Controller，如下所示

6.编写Controller代码

@Controller@RequestMapping("/mvc")
public class mvcController {    
    @RequestMapping("/hello")    
    public String hello(){        
        return "hello";
    }
}

7.启动服务器，键入 http://localhost:8080/项目名/mvc/hello

二、配置解析

1.Dispatcherservlet

DispatcherServlet是前置控制器，配置在web.xml文件中的。拦截匹配的请求，Servlet拦截匹配规则要自已定义，把拦截下来的请求，依据相应的规则分发到目标Controller来处理，是配置spring MVC的第一步。

2.InternalResourceViewResolver

视图名称解析器

3.以上出现的注解

@Controller 负责注册一个bean 到spring 上下文中

@RequestMapping 注解为控制器指定可以处理哪些 URL 请求

三、SpringMVC常用注解

@Controller

负责注册一个bean 到spring 上下文中

@RequestMapping

注解为控制器指定可以处理哪些 URL 请求

@RequestBody

该注解用于读取Request请求的body部分数据，使用系统默认配置的HttpMessageConverter进行解析，然后把相应的数据绑定到要返回的对象上 ,再把HttpMessageConverter返回的对象数据绑定到 controller中方法的参数上

@ResponseBody

该注解用于将Controller的方法返回的对象，通过适当的HttpMessageConverter转换为指定格式后，写入到Response对象的body数据区

@ModelAttribute

在方法定义上使用 @ModelAttribute 注解：Spring MVC 在调用目标处理方法前，会先逐个调用在方法级上标注了@ModelAttribute 的方法

在方法的入参前使用 @ModelAttribute 注解：可以从隐含对象中获取隐含的模型数据中获取对象，再将请求参数 –绑定到对象中，再传入入参将方法入参对象添加到模型中

@RequestParam

在处理方法入参处使用 @RequestParam 可以把请求参 数传递给请求方法

@PathVariable

绑定 URL 占位符到入参

@ExceptionHandler

注解到方法上，出现异常时会执行该方法

@ControllerAdvice

使一个Contoller成为全局的异常处理类，类中用@ExceptionHandler方法注解的方法可以处理所有Controller发生的异常

四、自动匹配参数

    @RequestMapping("/person")    
    public String toPerson(String name,double age){
        System.out.println(name+" "+age);        
        return "hello";
    }

五、自动装箱

1.编写一个Person实体类

package test.SpringMVC.model;
public class Person {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    public String getName() {        
        return name;
    }    
    public void setName(String name) {        
        this.name = name;
    }    
    public int getAge() {        
        return age;
    }    
    public void setAge(int age) {        
        this.age = age;
    } 
}

2.在Controller里编写方法

//boxing automatically

@RequestMapping("/person1")    
public String toPerson(Person p){
    System.out.println(p.getName()+" "+p.getAge());        
    return "hello";
}

六、使用InitBinder来处理Date类型的参数

//the parameter was converted in initBinder
    @RequestMapping("/date")    
    public String date(Date date){
        System.out.println(date);        
        return "hello";
    }    
//At the time of initialization,convert the type "String" to type "date"
    @InitBinder
    public void initBinder(ServletRequestDataBinder binder){
        binder.registerCustomEditor(Date.class, new CustomDateEditor(new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd"),                true));
    }

七、向前台传递参数

//pass the parameters to front-end
    @RequestMapping("/show")
    public String showPerson(Map<String,Object> map){
        Person p =new Person();
        map.put("p", p);
        p.setAge(20);
        p.setName("jayjay");        
        return "show";
    }

前台可在Request域中取到”p”

八、使用Ajax调用

//pass the parameters to front-end using ajax@RequestMapping("/getPerson")    
public void getPerson(String name,PrintWriter pw){
    pw.write("hello,"+name);        
}    
@RequestMapping("/name")    
public String sayHello(){        
    return "name";
}

前台用下面的Jquery代码调用

$(function(){
              $("#btn").click(function(){
                  $.post("mvc/getPerson",{name:$("#name").val()},function(data){
                      alert(data);
                  });
              });
          });

九、在Controller中使用redirect方式处理请求

//redirect @RequestMapping("/redirect")    
public String redirect(){        
    return "redirect:hello";
}

十、文件上传

1.需要导入两个jar包

2.在SpringMVC配置文件中加入

<!-- upload settings -->
    <bean id="multipartResolver"  class="org.springframework.web.multipart.commons.CommonsMultipartResolver">
        <property name="maxUploadSize" value="102400000"></property>
    </bean>

3.方法代码

@RequestMapping(value="/upload",method=RequestMethod.POST)    
public String upload(HttpServletRequest req) throws Exception{
    MultipartHttpServletRequest mreq = (MultipartHttpServletRequest)req;
    MultipartFile file = mreq.getFile("file");
    String fileName = file.getOriginalFilename();
    SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMddHHmmss");        
    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(req.getSession().getServletContext().getRealPath("/")+                "upload/"+sdf.format(new Date())+fileName.substring(fileName.lastIndexOf('.')));
    fos.write(file.getBytes());
    fos.flush();
    fos.close();        
    return "hello";
}

4.前台form表单

<form action="mvc/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
          <input type="file" name="file"><br>
          <input type="submit" value="submit">
      </form>

十一、使用@RequestParam注解指定参数的name

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/test")
public class mvcController1 {
    @RequestMapping(value="/param")    
    public String testRequestParam(@RequestParam(value="id") Integer id,
            @RequestParam(value="name")String name){
        System.out.println(id+" "+name);        
        return "/hello";
    }    
}

十二、RESTFul风格的SringMVC

1.RestController

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/rest")
public class RestController {
    @RequestMapping(value="/user/{id}",method=RequestMethod.GET)    
    public String get(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
        System.out.println("get"+id);        
        return "/hello";
    }

    @RequestMapping(value="/user/{id}",method=RequestMethod.POST)    
    public String post(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
        System.out.println("post"+id);        
        return "/hello";
    }

    @RequestMapping(value="/user/{id}",method=RequestMethod.PUT)    
    public String put(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
        System.out.println("put"+id);        
        return "/hello";
    }

    @RequestMapping(value="/user/{id}",method=RequestMethod.DELETE)    
    public String delete(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
        System.out.println("delete"+id);        
        return "/hello";
    }
}

2.form表单发送put和delete请求

在web.xml中配置

<!-- configure the HiddenHttpMethodFilter,convert the post method to put or delete -->
  <filter>
      <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-name>
      <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-class>
  </filter>
  <filter-mapping>
      <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-name>
      <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
  </filter-mapping>

在前台可以用以下代码产生请求

<form action="rest/user/1" method="post">
        <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="PUT">
        <input type="submit" value="put">
    </form>

    <form action="rest/user/1" method="post">
        <input type="submit" value="post">
    </form>

    <form action="rest/user/1" method="get">
        <input type="submit" value="get">
    </form>

    <form action="rest/user/1" method="post">
        <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="DELETE">
        <input type="submit" value="delete">
    </form>

十三、返回json格式的字符串

1.导入以下jar包

2.方法代码

@Controller@RequestMapping("/json")
public class jsonController {    
    @ResponseBody
    @RequestMapping("/user")    
    public  User get(){
        User u = new User();
        u.setId(1);
        u.setName("jayjay");
        u.setBirth(new Date());        
        return u;
    }
}

十四、异常的处理

1.处理局部异常（Controller内）

@ExceptionHandler
    public ModelAndView exceptionHandler(Exception ex){
        ModelAndView mv = new ModelAndView("error");
        mv.addObject("exception", ex);
        System.out.println("in testExceptionHandler");        return mv;
    }    @RequestMapping("/error")    public String error(){        int i = 5/0;        return "hello";
    }

2.处理全局异常（所有Controller）

@ControllerAdvicepublic class testControllerAdvice {    @ExceptionHandler
    public ModelAndView exceptionHandler(Exception ex){
        ModelAndView mv = new ModelAndView("error");
        mv.addObject("exception", ex);
        System.out.println("in testControllerAdvice");        return mv;
    }
}

3.另一种处理全局异常的方法

在SpringMVC配置文件中配置

<!-- configure SimpleMappingExceptionResolver -->
    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleMappingExceptionResolver">
        <property name="exceptionMappings">
            <props>
                <prop key="java.lang.ArithmeticException">error</prop>
            </props>
        </property>
    </bean>

error是出错页面

十五、设置一个自定义拦截器

1.创建一个MyInterceptor类，并实现HandlerInterceptor接口

public class MyInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {    @Override
    public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest arg0,            HttpServletResponse arg1, Object arg2, Exception arg3)
            throws Exception {
        System.out.println("afterCompletion");
    }    @Override
    public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest arg0, HttpServletResponse arg1,            Object arg2, ModelAndView arg3) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("postHandle");
    }    @Override
    public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest arg0, HttpServletResponse arg1,            Object arg2) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("preHandle");        return true;
    }

}

2.在SpringMVC的配置文件中配置

<!-- interceptor setting -->
    <mvc:interceptors>
        <mvc:interceptor>
            <mvc:mapping path="/mvc/**"/>
            <bean class="test.SpringMVC.Interceptor.MyInterceptor"></bean>
        </mvc:interceptor>        
    </mvc:interceptors>

3.拦截器执行顺序

十六、表单的验证（使用Hibernate-validate）及国际化

1.导入Hibernate-validate需要的jar包

(未选中不用导入)

2.编写实体类User并加上验证注解

public class User {
    
    public int getId() {        
        return id;
    }    
    public void setId(int id) {        
        this.id = id;
    }    
    public String getName() {        
        return name;
    }    
    public void setName(String name) {        
        this.name = name;
    }    
    public Date getBirth() {        
        return birth;
    }    
    public void setBirth(Date birth) {        
        this.birth = birth;
    }    
    @Override
    public String toString() {        
        return "User [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + ", birth=" + birth + "]";
    }    
    private int id;    
    @NotEmpty
    private String name;    
    @Past
    @DateTimeFormat(pattern="yyyy-MM-dd")    
    private Date birth;
}

ps:@Past表示时间必须是一个过去值

3.在jsp中使用SpringMVC的form表单

 <form:form action="form/add" method="post" modelAttribute="user">
        id:<form:input path="id"/><form:errors path="id"/><br>
        name:<form:input path="name"/><form:errors path="name"/><br>
        birth:<form:input path="birth"/><form:errors path="birth"/>
        <input type="submit" value="submit">
    </form:form>

ps:path对应name

4.Controller中代码

@Controller@RequestMapping("/form")
public class formController {    
    @RequestMapping(value="/add",method=RequestMethod.POST)    
    public String add(@Valid User u,BindingResult br){        
        if(br.getErrorCount()>0){            
            return "addUser"; 
        }        
        return "showUser";
    }    
    @RequestMapping(value="/add",method=RequestMethod.GET)    
    public String add(Map<String,Object> map){
        map.put("user",new User());        
        return "addUser";
    }
}

ps:

1.因为jsp中使用了modelAttribute属性，所以必须在request域中有一个”user”.

2.@Valid 表示按照在实体上标记的注解验证参数

3.返回到原页面错误信息回回显，表单也会回显

5.错误信息自定义

在src目录下添加locale.properties

NotEmpty.user.name=name can't not be emptyPast.user.birth=birth should be a past valueDateTimeFormat.user.birth=the format of input is wrong
typeMismatch.user.birth=the format of input is wrong
typeMismatch.user.id=the format of input is wrong

在SpringMVC配置文件中配置

<!-- configure the locale resource -->
    <bean id="messageSource" class="org.springframework.context.support.ResourceBundleMessageSource">
        <property name="basename" value="locale"></property>
    </bean>

6.国际化显示

在src下添加locale_zh_CN.properties

username=账号password=密码

locale.properties中添加

username=user namepassword=password

创建一个locale.jsp

<body>
    <fmt:message key="username"></fmt:message>
    <fmt:message key="password"></fmt:message>
  </body>

在SpringMVC中配置

 <!-- make the jsp page can be visited -->
    <mvc:view-controller path="/locale" view-name="locale"/>

让locale.jsp在WEB-INF下也能直接访问

最后，访问locale.jsp，切换浏览器语言，能看到账号和密码的语言也切换了

十七、压轴大戏–整合SpringIOC和SpringMVC

1.创建一个test.SpringMVC.integrate的包用来演示整合，并创建各类

2.User实体类

public class User {    
    public int getId() {        return id;
    }    
    public void setId(int id) {        this.id = id;
    }    
    public String getName() {        
        return name;
    }    
    public void setName(String name) {        
        this.name = name;
    }    
    public Date getBirth() {        
        return birth;
    }    
    public void setBirth(Date birth) {        
        this.birth = birth;
    }    
    @Override
    public String toString() {        
        return "User [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + ", birth=" + birth + "]";
    }    
    private int id;    
    @NotEmpty
    private String name;    
    @Past
    @DateTimeFormat(pattern="yyyy-MM-dd")    
    private Date birth;
}

3.UserService类

@Component
public class UserService {    
    public UserService(){
        System.out.println("UserService Constructor.../n/n/n/n/n/n");
    }    
    public void save(){
        System.out.println("save");
    }
}

4.UserController

@Controller@RequestMapping("/integrate")
public class UserController {    
    @Autowired
    private UserService userService;    
    @RequestMapping("/user")    
    public String saveUser(@RequestBody @ModelAttribute User u){
        System.out.println(u);
        userService.save();        
        return "hello";
    }
}

5.Spring配置文件

在src目录下创建SpringIOC的配置文件applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans   http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd        "
        xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
        xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
        xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"    
        >
    <context:component-scan base-package="test.SpringMVC.integrate">
        <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" 
            expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
        <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" 
            expression="org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice"/>        
    </context:component-scan></beans>

在Web.xml中添加配置

<!-- configure the springIOC -->
  <listener>
      <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
  </listener>
  <context-param>  
    <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>  
    <param-value>classpath:applicationContext.xml</param-value>
  </context-param>

6.在SpringMVC中进行一些配置，防止SpringMVC和SpringIOC对同一个对象的管理重合

<!-- scan the package and the sub package -->
    <context:component-scan base-package="test.SpringMVC.integrate">
        <context:include-filter type="annotation" 
            expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
        <context:include-filter type="annotation" 
            expression="org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice"/>
    </context:component-scan>

十八、SpringMVC详细运行流程图

十九、SpringMVC与struts2的区别

1、springmvc基于方法开发的，struts2基于类开发的。springmvc将url和controller里的方法映射。映射成功后springmvc生成一个Handler对象，对象中只包括了一个method。方法执行结束，形参数据销毁。springmvc的controller开发类似web service开发。
2、springmvc可以进行单例开发，并且建议使用单例开发，struts2通过类的成员变量接收参数，无法使用单例，只能使用多例。
3、经过实际测试，struts2速度慢，在于使用struts标签，如果使用struts建议使用jstl。