C#设计模式:原型模式(Prototype Pattern)
Posted 叶丶梓轩
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一,原型模式:通过将一个原型对象传给那个要发动创建的对象,这个要发动创建的对象通过请求原型对象拷贝它们自己来实施创建。(包含深度克隆和浅克隆)
主要面对的问题是:“某些结构复杂的对象”的创建工作;由于需求的变化,这些对象经常面临着剧烈的变化,但是他们却拥有比较稳定一致的接口。
先上代码,
PeoplePrototype.cs
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Threading; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace PrototypePattern { /// <summary> /// 如果序列化报错就加上Serializable这个特性 /// </summary> [Serializable] public class PeoplePrototype { private static PeoplePrototype _peoplePrototype = null; private PeoplePrototype() { Console.WriteLine("{0}被创建了,线程ID{1}", this.GetType(), Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); } static PeoplePrototype() { _peoplePrototype = new PeoplePrototype() { Name = "小明", Id = 1, Dept = new Dept() { Id = 11, Name = "技术部" } }; } /// <summary> /// 克隆一个对象 /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static PeoplePrototype CreateInstance() { PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype = (PeoplePrototype)_peoplePrototype.MemberwiseClone();; return peoplePrototype; } /// <summary> /// 克隆一个对象 /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static PeoplePrototype CreateInstanceDeep() { PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype = (PeoplePrototype)_peoplePrototype.MemberwiseClone(); //深度克隆,重新实例化一个对象和开辟一个内存,所以克隆的结果指向的地址每次都不一样 //可是这样操作麻烦,我们优化一下 peoplePrototype.Dept = new Dept() { Id = 11, Name = "技术部" }; return peoplePrototype; } public static PeoplePrototype CreateInstanceSerializa() { //通过序列化生成实体 return SerializaUtil.DeepClone<PeoplePrototype>(_peoplePrototype); } public int Id { get; set; } //值类型保存的是地址 /// <summary> /// 为什么string也是引用类型不被覆盖?String字符串的值是一个定存的,重新改值会实例化一个新的对象,所以在遍历中不建议使用string,因为损耗性能 /// </summary> public string Name { get; set; } //为什么string也是引用类型不被覆盖? public Dept Dept { get; set; } //引用类型保存的是地址,所以克隆出来的值是一样的 } /// <summary> /// 如果序列化报错就加上Serializable这个特性 /// </summary> [Serializable] public class Dept { public int Id { get; set; } public string Name { get; set; } } }
SerializaUtil.cs
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.IO; using System.Linq; using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary; using System.Text; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace PrototypePattern { /// <summary> /// 帮助类,创建对象 /// </summary> public class SerializaUtil { /// <summary> /// 根据对象序列化 /// </summary> /// <param name="target"></param> /// <returns></returns> public static string Serializa(object target) { using (MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream()) { new BinaryFormatter().Serialize(stream, target); return Convert.ToBase64String(stream.ToArray()); } } /// <summary> /// 根据对象类型反序列化,生成新的实体对象 /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam> /// <param name="target"></param> /// <returns></returns> public static T Derializaable<T>(string target) { byte[] targetArray = Convert.FromBase64String(target); using (MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream(targetArray)) { return (T)new BinaryFormatter().Deserialize(stream); } } /// <summary> /// 实体对象 /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam> /// <param name="t"></param> /// <returns></returns> public static T DeepClone<T>(T t) { return Derializaable<T>(Serializa(t)); } } }
Program.cs
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace PrototypePattern { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------"); PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype1 = PeoplePrototype.CreateInstance(); PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype2 = PeoplePrototype.CreateInstance(); Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", peoplePrototype1.Name, peoplePrototype1.Id); Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", peoplePrototype2.Name, peoplePrototype2.Id); Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------"); PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype3 = PeoplePrototype.CreateInstance(); PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype4 = PeoplePrototype.CreateInstance(); peoplePrototype3.Name = "测试"; //修改peoplePrototype3,不影响peoplePrototype4的值,证明他们不是同一个引用对象 Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", peoplePrototype3.Name, peoplePrototype3.Id); Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", peoplePrototype4.Name, peoplePrototype4.Id); Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------"); Console.WriteLine("浅克隆"); PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype5 = PeoplePrototype.CreateInstance(); PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype6 = PeoplePrototype.CreateInstance(); peoplePrototype5.Dept.Name = "测试"; //修改peoplePrototype5的Dept.Name,影响peoplePrototype6的值,证明Dept同一个引用对象 peoplePrototype5.Dept.Id = 55; //修改peoplePrototype5的Dept.Id ,影响peoplePrototype6的值,证明Dept同一个引用对象 Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", peoplePrototype5.Dept.Name, peoplePrototype5.Dept.Id); Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", peoplePrototype6.Dept.Name, peoplePrototype6.Dept.Id); Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------"); Console.WriteLine("深克隆"); PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype7 = PeoplePrototype.CreateInstanceDeep(); PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype8 = PeoplePrototype.CreateInstanceDeep(); peoplePrototype7.Dept.Name = "测试"; //修改peoplePrototype5的Dept.Name,影响peoplePrototype6的值,证明Dept同一个引用对象 peoplePrototype7.Dept.Id = 55; //修改peoplePrototype5的Dept.Id ,影响peoplePrototype6的值,证明Dept同一个引用对象 Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", peoplePrototype7.Dept.Name, peoplePrototype7.Dept.Id); Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", peoplePrototype8.Dept.Name, peoplePrototype8.Dept.Id); Console.WriteLine("---------------------------------------"); Console.WriteLine("深克隆"); PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype9 = PeoplePrototype.CreateInstanceSerializa(); PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype10 = PeoplePrototype.CreateInstanceSerializa(); peoplePrototype9.Dept.Name = "测试"; //修改peoplePrototype5的Dept.Name,影响peoplePrototype6的值,证明Dept同一个引用对象 peoplePrototype9.Dept.Id = 55; //修改peoplePrototype5的Dept.Id ,影响peoplePrototype6的值,证明Dept同一个引用对象 Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", peoplePrototype9.Dept.Name, peoplePrototype9.Dept.Id); Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", peoplePrototype10.Dept.Name, peoplePrototype10.Dept.Id); Console.WriteLine(); } } }
执行结果如下
二,总结下
1,什么是浅克隆和深克隆,看代码运行结果解释
1》浅克隆没有克隆我们对象中的引用类型,如我们的实体PeoplePrototype中的Dept,如下图
可是这个时候我们就会疑惑了,string也是引用类型,为什么也会被克隆呢?
2》我们理解下string的运行机制,string是特殊的引用类型,字符串的值是一个定存的,重新改值会实例化一个新的对象,所以在遍历中不建议使用string,因为损耗性能
string ss = "33"; ss = "44"; //此时 ss = "33";和ss = "44"; 的存储地址不一样的
3》那Dept引用类型在克隆中的是怎样的逻辑呢?
Dept引用类型在克隆中是他们没有初始化,但是都是指向一个内存空间,所以我们将浅克隆的dept属性更改是会同时更改其他克隆出来的对象的dept属性,如下图
4》浅克隆的值类型不受影响
5》那什么是深克隆呢?如下图结果
深克隆的引用类型互不影响,实现的方法有两种
1,在复制中操作引用类型初始化
/// <summary> /// 深克隆一个对象 /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static PeoplePrototype CreateInstanceDeep() { PeoplePrototype peoplePrototype = (PeoplePrototype)_peoplePrototype.MemberwiseClone(); //深度克隆,重新实例化一个对象和开辟一个内存,所以克隆的结果指向的地址每次都不一样 //可是这样操作麻烦,我们优化一下 peoplePrototype.Dept = new Dept() { Id = 11, Name = "技术部" }; return peoplePrototype; }
2,使用序列化和反序列化创建对象(帮助类SerializaUtil)
/// <summary> /// 深克隆一个对象 /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static PeoplePrototype CreateInstanceSerializa() { //通过序列化生成实体 return SerializaUtil.DeepClone<PeoplePrototype>(_peoplePrototype); }
三,原型模式:“某些结构复杂的对象”的创建工作;由于需求的变化,这些对象经常面临着剧烈的变化,但是他们却拥有比较稳定一致的接口。
1》复杂对象的指的是当创建该对象消耗资源过多
2》面临的剧烈变化,比如发邮件,我们需要发N条,但是这N条邮件的对象每个人发送的信息也不同,所以导致实力出的的对象的也不完全一样
3》稳定的接口值得是都是通过同一个方法将该对象发送出去,既是调用方法一般不存在变化,而是对象改变
四,在什么情况下该选择原型模式?
1》是类初始化需要消化非常多的资源,这个资源包括数据、硬件资源等,如上结果所示,我们在初始化时消耗过多资源,这是就体现出原型模式的优势
2》是通过 new 产生一个对象需要非常繁琐的数据准备或访问权限,则可以使用原型模式
五,原型模式的浅度克隆和深度克隆是什么意思?
1》浅度复制(Shallow Copy):将原来对象中的所有字段逐个复制到一个新对象,如果字段是值类型,则简单地复制一个副本到新对象,改变新对象的值类型字段不会影响原对象;如果字段是引用类型,则复制的是引用,改变目标对象中引用类型字段的值将会影响原对象。
2》深度复制(Deep Copy):与浅复制不同之处在于对引用类型的处理,深复制将新对象中引用类型字段指向复制过的新对象,改变新对象中引用的任何对象,不会影响到原来的对象中对应字段的内容。
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