java源码分析:Arrays.sort

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  3 仔细分析java的Arrays.sort(version 1.71, 04/21/06)后发现,java对primitive(int,float等原型数据)数组采用快速排序,对Object对象数组采用归并排序。
  4   对这一区别,sun在<<The Java Tutorial>>中做出的解释是:
  5   The sort operation uses a slightly optimized merge sort algorithm that is fast and stable:
  6    * Fast: It is guaranteed to run in n log(n) time and runs substantially faster on nearly sorted lists. Empirical tests showed it to be as fast as a highly optimized quicksort. A quicksort is generally considered to be faster than a merge sort but isn‘t stable and doesn‘t guarantee n log(n) performance.
  7   * Stable: It doesn‘t reorder equal elements. This is important if you sort the same list repeatedly on different attributes. If a user of a mail program sorts the inbox by mailing date and then sorts it by sender, the user naturally expects that the now-contiguous list of messages from a given sender will (still) be sorted by mailing date. This is guaranteed only if the second sort was stable.
  8   也就是说,优化的归并排序既快速(nlog(n))又稳定。
  9   对于对象的排序,稳定性很重要。比如成绩单,一开始可能是按人员的学号顺序排好了的,现在让我们用成绩排,那么你应该保证,本来张三在李四前面,即使他们成绩相同,张三不能跑到李四的后面去。
 10   而快速排序是不稳定的,而且最坏情况下的时间复杂度是O(n^2)。
 11   另外,对象数组中保存的只是对象的引用,这样多次移位并不会造成额外的开销,但是,对象数组对比较次数一般比较敏感,有可能对象的比较比单纯数的比较开销大很多。归并排序在这方面比快速排序做得更好,这也是选择它作为对象排序的一个重要原因之一。
 12   排序优化:实现中快排和归并都采用递归方式,而在递归的底层,也就是待排序的数组长度小于7时, 直接使用冒泡排序,而不再递归下去。
 13   分析:长度为6的数组冒泡排序总比较次数最多也就1+2+3+4+5+6=21次,最好情况下只有6次比较。而快排或归并涉及到递归调用等的开销,其时间效率在n较小时劣势就凸显了,因此这里采用了冒泡排序,这也是对快速排序极重要的优化。
 14   /*快速排序*/
 15   private static void sort1(int x[], int off, int len) {
 16   // Insertion sort on smallest arrays
 17     if (len < 7) {
 18       for (int i=off; i<len+off; i++)
 19       for (int j=i; j>off && x[j-1]>x[j]; j--)
 20           swap(x, j, j-1);
 21           return;
 22     }
 23   // Choose a partition element, v
 24   int m = off + (len >> 1); // Small arrays, middle element
 25   if (len > 7) {
 26   int l = off;
 27   int n = off + len - 1;
 28   if (len > 40) { // Big arrays, pseudomedian of 9
 29   int s = len/8;
 30   l = med3(x, l, l+s, l+2*s);//取后三个参数中的中间值
 31   m = med3(x, m-s, m, m+s);
 32   n = med3(x, n-2*s, n-s, n);
 33   }
 34   m = med3(x, l, m, n); // Mid-size, med of 3
 35   }
 36   int v = x[m];
 37   // Establish Invariant: v* (<v)* (>v)* v*
 38   int a = off, b = a, c = off + len - 1, d = c;
 39   while(true) {
 40   while (b <= c && x[b] <= v) {
 41   if (x[b] == v)
 42   swap(x, a++, b);
 43   b++;
 44   }
 45   while (c >= b && x[c] >= v) {
 46   if (x[c] == v)
 47   swap(x, c, d--);
 48   c--;
 49   }
 50   if (b > c)
 51   break;
 52   swap(x, b++, c--);
 53   }
 54   // Swap partition elements back to middle
 55   int s, n = off + len;
 56   s = Math.min(a-off, b-a ); vecswap(x, off, b-s, s);
 57   s = Math.min(d-c, n-d-1); vecswap(x, b, n-s, s);
 58   // Recursively sort non-partition-elements
 59   if ((s = b-a) > 1)
 60   sort1(x, off, s);
 61   if ((s = d-c) > 1)
 62   sort1(x, n-s, s);
 63   }
 64   /*归并排序*/
 65   private static void mergeSort(Object[] src,
 66   Object[] dest,
 67   int low,
 68   int high,
 69   int off) {
 70   int length = high - low;
 71   // Insertion sort on smallest arrays
 72   if (length < INSERTIONSORT_THRESHOLD) {
 73   for (int i=low; i<high; i++)
 74   for (int j=i; j>low &&
 75   ((Comparable) dest[j-1]).compareTo(dest[j])>0; j--)
 76   swap(dest, j, j-1);
 77   return;
 78   }
 79   // Recursively sort halves of dest into src
 80   int destLow = low;
 81   int destHigh = high;
 82   low += off;
 83   high += off;
 84   int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 85   mergeSort(dest, src, low, mid, -off);
 86   mergeSort(dest, src, mid, high, -off);
 87   // If list is already sorted, just copy from src to dest. This is an
 88   // optimization that results in faster sorts for nearly ordered lists.
 89   if (((Comparable)src[mid-1]).compareTo(src[mid]) <= 0) {
 90   System.arraycopy(src, low, dest, destLow, length);
 91   return;
 92   }
 93   // Merge sorted halves (now in src) into dest
 94   for(int i = destLow, p = low, q = mid; i < destHigh; i++) {
 95   if (q >= high || p < mid && ((Comparable)src[p]).compareTo(src[q])<=0)
 96   dest[i] = src[p++];
 97   else
 98   dest[i] = src[q++];
 99   }
100   }

 

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