求一篇关于计算机的文章

Posted 2023-05-15

科学研究小论文：与信息，计算机相关的研究性小论文，可以是一种观点，实验，调查，更正，设计，发现，想法，改进等。例如：我的小发明——实用的新型键盘，方便的残疾人使用的鼠标，我的构思——声控计算机的应用…… 500字左右，也可以不用500字。

Since their first appearance on earth, men have gathered information and have attempted to pass useful ideas to other men. The carving of word-pictures on the walls of ancient caves as well as hieroglyphics on stone tablets represent some men's earliest efforts to convey information. Scenes of hunting, maps of battles, and the stories of heroes were put down for all to see.
自从人类在球上出现以来，人们就开始收集信息，并试图把有用的信息传递给别人。把口头流传的故事刻在古代洞穴的墙壁上，以及石片上的象形文字代表了人类最早的为传递信息而做的努力。打猎的场景，战役的地图，以及英雄的故事都被雕刻下来。
2. But as civilizations grew more complex, better methods of communication were needed. The written word, carrier pigeons, the telegraph, and many other devices carried ideas faster and faster from man to man. In recent years one type of machine, the electronic computer, ahs become increasingly important in the lives of all the people in the industrialized nations of the world. Computers are now widely used aids for communication, calculation, and other activities. Their effect becomes more important every day.
然而文明更趋复杂化，因而需要更好的通讯手段。书面文字、信鸽、电报以及其他很多手段使信息在人们之间传递得越来越快。最近一些年里，在世界工业化国家的人民生活中有一种叫电子计算机的机器，其重要性不断增长。计算机已成为在通讯、计算以及其他活动中广为应用的辅助手段，其影响日趋重要。
3. Man has always been interested in extending the range of his senses and the power of his mind. Through the years, he has invented many instruments to help him see better and understand more. The telescope, for example, was invented to allow him to look at far away objects. To see the very small things in the world, the microscope was developed. Radio, telephone, and telegraph are means by which man has extended the range of his senses of hearing and speech.
人类一直想扩大感知的范围以及思维的能力。多年来，人类已发明了许多工具以帮助人们更好地观看和更多地了解。比如，天文望远镜的发明使人们能够看到更远处的物体。为了看见世界上微小的东西，人们又发明了显微镜。收音机、电话和电报都是人们扩大听说能力范围的手段。
4. While developing his power of thought, man first began to identify and count objects. He began to ask the questions "What is it?" and "How many?" It was a long time ago that this numbering and comparing of things began.
辩认和数清事物是人类思维能力发展的第一步。人类开始问这样一些问题：“这是什么？”“有多少？”这种计算机和对比很长时间以前就开始了。
5.New ways of helping with counting and recording information quantities, and other marks were taken to represent relationships between quantities.
帮助计算和记录信息的新方法产生了。一些不同的符号用来表示不同的数量，另一些符号则用来表示不同数量间的关系。
6. New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make the job faster and more accurate.
许多用来处理数字的新方法加在一起又使这项工作做得更快更准确。
7. Electronic computers are among the fastest and most useful instruments for sorting and comparing now in use. Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy in working with ideas than had previously been possible. With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become a millionaire of the mind.
电子计算机是目前所使用的最快最有用的分类和对比工具之一。计算机提供了处理信息的手段，比以前所可能达到的速度和准确度要快且好得多。随着这些新工具的产生，人类似乎突然间变成了智力上的富豪。
8. Although man has been growing mentally richer ever since he started to think, the electronic computer allows and will continue to allow him to perform tremendous "mental" tasks in a relatively short time. Great scientists of the past produced ideas which were the basis for great advances, but their ideas sometimes had to wait for years before they were understood sufficiently well to be of practical use. With the computer, the ideas of today's scientists can be studied, tested, distributed, and used more rapidly than ever before.
人们自从开始思考以来，精神上就变得越来越富有，但电子计算机已使、今后也将继续使人类在相对很短的时间内完成大量的脑力工作。从前许多伟大的科学家创造许多伟大的思想，成为人类取得巨大进步的基础。但是，他们的思想有时得等好几年才能被人们充分理解，得以实际运用。由于有了计算机，对这些思想的研究、检验发布和运用比以前要快得多。
9. Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we have now. The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filling, distributing, and keeping track of records and publications can be as troublesome as calculating. Errors occur because men grow tired and can be distracted.
旧的通讯方式和方法很难有效地处理我们现在所拥有的信息量。反复的准备、分类、填充、发布以及对出版物的跟踪记录和计算是一件麻烦的事。由于人的疲劳和精力分散，很会产生错误。
10. The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information, perform mathematical or logical operations with the information, and then supply the results of these operations as new information.
计算机的主要工作是对信息进行处理。由于这个原因，计算机可以被定义为一种可以接受信息、对信息进行数学或逻辑处理，并把处理结果作为一种新信息提供出来的设备。
11. Although a sharp dividing line between types of computers is not always easy to see, comuters are usually divided into two broad groups: digital and analog. Digital computers work by using specific information which is usually in the form of numbers. Analog compurters, on the other hadn, usually process continuous information.
尽管计算机各类型之间难于找到十分明显的界限，但计算机经常被分为两大类：数字计算机和模拟计算机。数字计算机通过运用具体信息来工作，这种信息通常为数字形式。模拟计算机则通常处理连续的信息。
12. To explain this difference, let us consider two devices which handle information in a manner similar to the two types of computers. A turnstile, which has a counter attached to it, cna help to explain the way a digital computer works. Each time a person passes through the turnstile, the indicator quickly jumps from one number to another. each number registered is separate and specific.
为了理解这一不同点，让我们考虑一下以与这两类计算机相类似的方式处理信息的两种装置。一个带有计数器的旋转门可以帮助解释数字计算机是如何工作的。人们每次通过旋转门时，显示器上的数字就迅速地从一个数字跳到另一个数字。每个被记录的数字都是分开和具体的。
13. The continuous change in the level of sand in an hourglass as time passes makes it an analog device. Perhaps the first analog computation was the use of graphs for the solution of surveying problems.
沙漏里随着时间的流逝而不断变动的沙线使之成为一种模拟搁置。也许第一次模拟计算是用图表解决普查问题。
14. Among the first analog computers was the one set up by Lord Kelvin in 1872 to predic the height of tides in English harbours. The machine contained pulleys, levers, and weights whose actions imitated the effect of winds, the moon, and the sun on tides. AS the known in fluence of these factors changed, the complex equations represented by the insides of the machine would give continual indications of how the tides were to rise and fall. The results were to come out in the form of a graph. Although the machine was not a complete success, it did mark a beginning.
在第一批模拟计算机中，有一台是凯文爵士于1872年建造的，用它来预测英国海港的海潮高度。这架机器包括滑轮、杠杆以及砝码，它们能够模拟风、月亮以及太阳对海潮的影响。当这些已知的影响因素变化时，由这部机器内部各部件所描述的复杂等式就会发出连续的信号来表明海潮如何涨落，这个结果将以图表的形式表达出来。虽然那架机器并非十分成功，但它毕竟标志着一个开始。
15. Regardless of their direction of form, computer developments and uses of the future will depend upon the clevenrness and skill of men. Men created computers, and men will continue to improve them.
不论其方向及形式如何，未来计算机的发展和使用将依靠人的智慧和技能。人创造了计算机，也将不断地改进它。
16. Computers can work through a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. Computers can reach solutions to problems in a fraction of time it takes men to do the job. Computers can replace men in dull, routine tasks, but they are not creative and cannot exercise value judgements. computers have no orginality; they work according to the instrucions given to them. There are times when computers seem to operate like mechanical "brains", but their achievements are not very great when compared to what the minds of men can do.
计算机可以自始至终地处理一系列问题或进行上千次的逻辑判断而不感到疲劳。计算机只需人类解决同类问题所需时间的极小一部分就能找到问题的答案。计算机可以代替人做枯燥、重复的工作，但它没有创造力，不能进行价值判断。计算机没有创新性，它们只能按照命令行事。有些时候，计算机运行起来的确就象一个机械“大脑”，但它们取得的成就与人脑相比就不那么伟大了。 参考技术A 注:计算机的现状 计算机发展及现状 计算机网络是计算机技术和通信技术紧密结合的产物，它涉及到通信与计算机两个领域。它的诞生使计算机体系结构发生了巨大变化，在当今社会经济中起着非常重要的作用，它对人类社会的进步做出了巨大贡献。从某种意义上讲，计算机网络的发展水平不仅反映了一个国家的计算机科学和通信技术水平，而且已经成为衡量其国力及现代化程度的重要标志之一。 自50年代开始，人们及各种组织机构使用计算机来管理他们的信息的速度迅速增长。早期，限于技术条件使得当时的计算机都非常庞大和非常昂贵，任何机构都不可能为雇员个人提供使用整个计算机，主机一定是共享的，它被用来存储和组织数据、集中控制和管理整个系统。所有用户都有连接系统的终端设备，将数据库录入到主机中处理，或者是将主机中的处理结果，通过集中控制的输出设备取出来。它最典型的特征是：通过主机系统形成大部分的通信流程，构成系统的所有通信协议都是系统专有的，大型主机在系统中占据着绝对的支配作用，所有控制和管理功能都是由主机来完成。 随着计算机技术的不断发展，尤其是大量功能先进的个人计算机的问世，使得每一个人可以完全控制自己的计算机，进行他所希望的作业处理，以个人计算机（PC）方式呈现的计算能力发展成为独立的平台，导致了一种新的计算结构---分布式计算模式的诞生。 一般来讲，计算机网络的发展可分为四个阶段： 第一阶段：计算机技术与通信技术相结合，形成计算机网络的雏形； 第二阶段：在计算机通信网络的基础上，完成网络体系结构与协议的研究，形成了计算机网络； 第三阶段：在解决计算机连网与网络互连标准化问题的背景下，提出开放系统互连参考模型与协议，促进了符合国际标准的计算机网络技术的发展； 第四阶段：计算机网络向互连、高速、智能化方向发展，并获得广泛的应用。 任何一种新技术的出现都必须具备两个条件：即强烈的社会需求与先期技术的成熟。计算机网络技术的形成与发展也证实了这条规律。1946年世界上第一台电子数字计算机ENIAC在美国诞生时，计算机技术与通信技术并没有直接的联系。50年代初，由于美国军方的需要，美国半自动地面防空系统SAGE进行了计算机技术与通信技术相结合的尝试。要实现这样的目的，首先要完成数据通信技术的基础研究。在这项研究的基础上，人们完全可以将地理位置分散的多个终端通信线路连到一台中心计算机上。用户可以在自己的办公室内的终端键入程序，通过通信线路传送到中心计算机，人们把这种以单个为中心的联机系统称做面向终端的远程联机系统。它是计算机通信网络的一种。60年代初美国航空公司建成的由一台计算机与分布在全美国的2000多个终端组成的航空订票系统SABRE-1就是这种计算机通信网络。 随着计算机应用的发展，出现了多台计算机互连的需求。这种需求主要来自军事、科学研究、地区与国家经济信息分析决策、大型企业经营管理。他们希望将分布在不同地点的计算机通过通信线路互连成为计算机-计算机网络。网络用户可以通过计算机使用本地计算机的软件、硬件与数据资源，也可以使用连网的其它地方计算机软件、硬件与数据资源，以达到计算机资源共享的目的。这一阶段研究的典型代表是美国国防部高级研究计划局（ARPA，Advanced Research Projects Agency）的ARPAnet(通常称为ARPA网)。1969年ARPA网只有4个结点，1973年发展到40个结点，1983年已经达到100多个结点。ARPA网通过有线、无线与卫星通信线路，使网络覆盖了从美国本土到欧洲与夏威夷的广阔地域。ARPR网是计算机网络技术发展的一个重要的里程碑，它对发展计算机网络技术的主要贡献表现在以下几个方面： 1、完成了对计算机网络的定义、分类与子课题研究内容的描述； 2、提出了资源子网、通信子网的两级网络结构的概念； 3、研究了报文分组交换的数据交换方法； 4、采用了层次结构的网络体系结构模型与协议体系。本回答被提问者采纳

急求一篇全英文的论文

本人是某中外联合办学学校的学生 现急求一篇英语论文 两天之内必须交上 希望各位大大们帮一下忙 帮忙写一篇 要求如下：
1。 字数约1500字
2。 要求语法比较通顺 尽量无错 因为我实在看不懂 也无法改错
3。 题目四选一 为：

1. Why do not people listen? What are the bariers o effective cmmunication and what does this mean for getting people to understand what you are saying?

2. Technology has improved our speed of communication and our ability to be reached anywhere, anytime on the planet. Do you think this has significantly improved cmmunication between people in China or is this not really communication at all?

3. Cross-cultural communication is always difficult. What are the experiences you have had in class, and what strategies did you adopt to overcome the barriers. What are the implications for study in Australia?

4. How much weight do we give non-verbal communication in our society and is it too much, about right, or not enough. How much about a person can you tell by not even speaking to them, but just watching and listening?

以上为论文题目与要求 事关小弟期末成绩 如有大大能帮忙 能加多少分双手奉上

冰天雪地 五花大绑 双手合十 跪求各位给小弟点HELP。
表BS我 我也是无奈啊 英文水平差 对了 请不要随便复制个网址给我让我去找 去了我也看不懂 愿意帮我写最好啦 不愿意写帮我找一下也可以 字数不要超过太多 我同学刚才在网上找了一篇题目差不多的 居然有15W字。。。

帮你弄一篇吧
我选的是第二个题目

Information and communications technology to China

China has experienced rapid growth within the information and communications technology (ICT) industry over the past decade, and now plays a leading role in China’s economic development.

As a result of China’s ‘opening up’ policy and path of economic reform, China’s electronic communications industry has grown at three times the rate of GDP growth. In 2006, China’s electronic communications industry revenue reached RMB475 billion.

The total value of foreign trade reached US$651.7 billion representing over 15 per cent of the global electronics trade, with the output of many electronic products ranked first worldwide. These electronics products include:
• colour TVs
• mobile phone handsets
• computers
• electronic watches
• calculators
• DVDs
China’s accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) provided a transitional period for opening up its telecom sector which lasted until November 2007. Consequently, this has assisted China to develop one of the largest open telecom markets in the world. The Value Added Services (VAS) sector is expected to contribute to this growth, as one of the hottest market entry sectors for foreign ICT companies.

Through the Ministry of Information Industry (MII), the Chinese Government administers foreign direct investment into the telecommunications sector. This includes basic infrastructure and value added services, however, with various restrictions on foreign ownership levels. From 1 December 2007, a new set of Categories of Foreign Investment Industry Guidance 2007 Amended Version has been implemented, superseding the previous version issued on 30 November 2004, and providing new levels of guidance on foreign direct investment in the various industry sectors.

To ensure China’s telecommunications market operates in a fair, transparent and effective competitive environment, China’s first Telecommunications Law has been drafted and is currently undergoing a process of public consultation before being enacted. This should provide further guidance and protection to both investors and operators, in addition to the various regulations currently in place.
With China entering its 11th Five Year Plan period, ICT has also moved from 'enabling and promoting' to 'strengthening industry integration and indigenous innovations'. The key focuses are to:
• Continue increasing overall integrated ICT service levels
• Increase and improve the development of ICT infrastructure
• Strengthen the indigenous innovation in core industries
• Focus on incubating strategic industry clusters
• Proactively promote the integrated development of all ICT sectors
• Strengthen the modernisation of post services
• Strengthen the administration of radio communications
• Increase the supportive capability of ICT infrastructure to the national economy
By 2010, the targeted penetration levels for fixed telecommunication in China is anticipated to reach 30 per cent of its population to one billion subscribers in operation (SIO), and 45 per cent penetration in mobile communications to 600 million SIOs. Internet users are anticipated to reach 200 million with 15 per cent penetration.
Telecommunications
Since the first wireless mobile phone base station was installed on 18 November 1987, China reached 531.4 million mobile SIOs at the end of October 2007. Therefore, China has the highest number of mobile phone subscribers in the world. The vast number of SIOs also generated 483.7 billion short message services (SMS). Due to China’s large population, mobile penetration in China is still considered low at 39.9 per cent when compared with most developed countries. This presents substantial growth opportunities for companies within the China market.

Fixed communications grew slightly lower than mobile communications with a total of 370 million SIOs, representing a 28.3 per cent penetration rate.

China has over 22,000 registered companies providing Value Added Services to the telecom sector. There are six major telecommunications operators in China:
• China Telecom
• China Mobile
• China Satellite Company
• China Unicom
• China Netcom
• China Railway Communications
Software and system integration
In 2006, the size of China’s domestic software market reached RMB480 billion. The total number of registered software companies increased to 15,723 with over 1.29 million people employed in the software industry. There were over 35 companies with a turnover exceeding RMB1 billion, and 51 companies with turnover in the range of RMB0.5–1 billion. Furthermore, more than 80 software companies had over 1,000 employees.

There are currently 38 companies with CMM5 (Capability Maturity Model For Software) certifications, the highest level of an internationally recognized certification program for software companies. In addition, 23 companies achieved CMM4 certifications and over 200 companies were awarded CMM3 certifications. The increasing number of Chinese software companies seeking and achieving CMM certification demonstrates their enhanced software development capabilities and overall product quality to compete in the global market.
Internet
Since China sent out the first email 'Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world' on 20 September 1987, the diffusion of the Internet in China has grown in parallel with the development and expansion of the overall telecom infrastructure. China has become the world’s second largest Internet user country with an estimated 162 million users behind the US with 211 million users. In addition, at the end of June 2007, China had 67 million Internet connected computers and over 1.3 million websites. The total bandwidth to the world reached 312,346Mbps with annual growth rate of 45.8 per cent.

Although China’s Internet industry has achieved significant growth, the penetration is still very low at 12.3 per cent, as compared with the global average of 17.6 per cent. There is clear 'unequitable' access to the Internet between urban and rural areas with 21.6 per cent as compared to 5.1 per cent respectively.

ADSL, dial-Up and wireless (including mobile phone access) are the three key access methods of accessing the Internet in China. Broadband SIOs have grown very quickly. As at December 2007, broadband users reached 122 million, the largest user country in the world, with a penetration rate of 17.5 per cent. In 2007, 30 per cent of the new broadband users were from rural areas. In addition, there are also 20.2 million dial-Up users.

The key applications for Internet users in China are searching for news, instant messaging, and entertainment (music, video and games). There has been a growing trend of e-commerce related activities including net-shopping, travel booking, online stock market trading and banking. It is expected e-commerce related applications and services will become one of the key growth areas in the future.

Although there has been increasing trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Internet- related infrastructure, applications and services such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Application Service Provider (ASPs), and Internet Content Provider (ICPs) are yet to open up to foreign providers, and there are strict content management and approval processes in place to ensure that the Internet is used to enhance social responsibility and harmony.

The challenges facing China’s Internet industry include:
• Equitable access to the Internet between urban and rural areas to break the 'digital divide'.
• Level of information and technology knowledge among small to medium enterprises.
• Overall quality and applications of the Internet, to improve the productivity and be more competitive on the global market.
• Integration of information and communication technologies within all industry sectors.
Opportunities
The development of China’s ICT industry provides opportunities in a number of areas, which include the following:
• Telecommunications infrastructure
o 3G/4G wireless communications
o IP based technologies
o Rural telecommunications
o Network integration and billing
• Value Added Services
o e-Learning
o Entertainment
o Mobile applications
• E-Commerce
o Online payment and mobile payment
o e-Security
o Integrated logistics application and management
• Industry application
o Telematics
o Remote metering
o Geo-spatial application
o Environment and clean technology applications
o Finance and banking
o Security
o Digital content
• New Technologies and applications and materials
o IPTV
o New digital audio systems
o Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
o Nanotechnologies
o Energy efficiency materials
Tariffs, regulations and customs
Tariffs for ICT products and services vary depending on the category classification and what level of Chinese indigenous component is included. Certain ICT products exported to China are subject to China Compulsory Certification, known as 3CCC certification.

As a result of China's commitments for accession into the WTO, China has applied zero tariffs to 256 categories of ICT products. To determine the exact category and the level of tariffs applied, if any, it is recommended that experienced customs brokers specialised in ICT products are consulted.
Marketing your products and services
Market entry
Depending upon your company’s situation and strategic direction, there are various vehicles that can be utilised for entry into the Chinese ICT market. These include:
• Wholly owned foreign enterprises (WOFEs)
• Joint ventures (JVs)
• Value added resellers (VARs)
• Distributors
A new and emerging type of entry vehicle, Virtual Entry, has been utilised by many small and medium (SME) companies. A Chinese domain name is registered with all the content translated into the local language, however, operations are conducted offshore in the home country. Each vehicle requires a different set of requirements and investment strategies.

The Chinese Government’s aim is to become more transparent in awarding large projects. A public tender is normally published via media inviting Expression of Interests from interested and suitable companies. In some circumstances, foreign companies find it useful to form a partnership with suitable local companies to promote awareness of their capabilities. Establishing good relationships with key stakeholders are vital so that a company can be in a better position to access information and prepare a submission. However, many other projects are done via local network. In these circumstances it is often necessary to work with a local partner with a similar industry capability and background.

If your products or applications do not require local modification and are 'plug and play', you may sell your products and services via a local distributor. This can occur once customs import procedure is cleared and passes through relevant network-access tests if applicable.

If your products and applications require localisation, translation, further development and local integration, then a local service integrator needs to be engaged. This can be done via a joint venture partner or a service contractor, prior to selling to the end users, especially in financial and other sensitive categories.

In most of the cases, except games and English language learning applications, it is most likely that your products and applications will have to be 'localised' to suit the local market environment. This is especially important for accounting, intelligent transportation systems, finance and banking, and security applications.

Registration of a company is relatively easy in China once you meet all the requirements. Different company structures require different start-up capital funding. There can be regional variations to company registration requirements. It is recommended that you research well and consult widely before making a final investment decision.

刚才算了一下，大概是1700多字 参考技术A 你好，我回答的是第三个题目，仅供参考，希望对你有帮助哦

What are the most important culture differences and elements of intercultural communication?

As we all know, different countries have different cultures. 'Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.' (Hofstede, 1991)
It is inevitable that the cultural difference has impact on business. For example, when a company having meeting, the word "table" in American English that means to put something on the agenda. But in British English it means to put something off the agenda. This example indicated how the culture affects the business.
There are four cultural dimensions that were defined in Hofstede's research: Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Individualism, Masculinity, and recently Hofstede add one more: long-term-short-term orientation.
What I think the most significant influence in cultural difference is the power distance. (Hoecklin,1995:28)"It would condition the extent to which employees accept that their boss has more power than they have and the extent to which they accept that their boss's opinions and decisions are right because he or she is the boss." I considered it as how much subordinates can consent or dissent with bosses or managers. It is the distance between a manager and subordinate. Among most oriental corporate cultures, there is hierarchism, greater centralization, sometimes called 'power-oriented culture', due to the historical reasons. That is a high power distance culture that mangers make the decision and superiors appeal to be entitled more privileges. Their decision always close supervision positively evaluated by subordinates. In this situation, it is not be regarded if a subordinates have a disagreement with their managers, especially in Malaysia, Japan, China, India.
In the oriental, power distance is also associated with 'the family culture' (Trompernaars, 1993:139). In this kind of corporate culture the manager is like the "caring father" who knows better than his subordinates what should be done and what is suitable for them. The subordinates always esteem the managers. Because of the managers age and experience. That is usually how employees get their promotion. There are both positive and negative parts in the family cultures. I feel it is an easy managing system. But sometime it is hard to get young creative employees work well cause of the hierarchy. As Tropmenaars (1993: 142) told us "family culture at their least effective drain the energies and loyalties of subordinates to buoy up the leader." So in family culture, the power distance can be viewed as the subordinates respect the superiors.
That is the corporate culture in orient. Let us take a look at the western way. It is not a whole converse phenomenon. There is 'the Eiffel Tower culture' (Trompernaars, 1997:166) in the international management. About the Eiffel tower Trompenaars (1993: 148) told us " Its hierarchy is very different from that of the family. Each higher level has a clear and demonstrable function of holding together the level beneath it." German, Austrian have the characteristic of the Eiffel Tower Culture, which is a low power distance. In the lower power dis tance, (Hoecklin, 1995:31) 'higher-educated employees hold much less authoritarian values than lower-educated ones.' The obedience showed from the subordinates to the superiors is not as much as the oriental way. The leadership can be called as hierarchy and consensus. Employee can have different opinion with his/her boss. And when he/she got different ideas, he/she can go all the way up to the boss and discuss the problem. This is a good thing usually company may explore all the potentials of its employees, because sometime the subordinates may have the better&nb sp;idea of the business.
I think because of the different realization of power distance, people behave completely different in business. So conflict and misunderstanding must be emerged when two or more intercultures meet up. Under this situation, the international managers must pay attention to the clashes and be aware of. How to work the subordinates together efficiently and more cooperatively is important too.
And then there is also a large discrepancy on the uncertainty avoidance. (Hoecklin, 1995:31) defined 'Uncertainty avoidance is the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules.' That means people trying to setup rules to face to the uncertainty. There is high uncertainty avoidance in most oriental countries such as Japan, China. In these countries, people prefer a stable job. They feel safe and prideful when they keep working hard at the one place. Under this circumstance, an excellent manager should keep his employee away from unpredictable ;risk. And the employee would like to be worked within groups rather than independently cause of the less risk-taking. But in most western countries, there is low uncertainty avoidance showed, whereas high job mobility occurs in those countries such as USA, Denmark, Singapore. The western people think that when they change their jobs, they can get more experience cause they like challenge. I believe that the divergence of the uncertainty avoidance is from different basic social ideology. A competent manager should pay attention on the rules setting between different uncer tainty avoidance. 参考技术B 给你个翻译网站呢：http://translate.google.com/translate_t#

你只要先把问题翻译出来，再把你想说的中文（论文）翻译出来就行了。放心，你绝对看得懂！o(∩_∩)o...

~★~多给我点追加分哦~☆~

（不过，小妹这网站只为了应急，建议你还是自己写比较好……瞒得了初一瞒不过十五啊！你得为你自己以后打算啊……） 参考技术C 我这里有7篇研究生论文.都是很齐全的,我自己毕业就用的那个
但是好象内容和你的不大符合
你要是能自立题目的话，可以找我
删节一下就能用 参考技术D 强