英国著名建筑物英文简介

Posted 2023-05-12

美国和英国建筑物英文简介

一、爱丁堡城堡

1、英文

Edinburgh Castle is the symbol of the spirit of Edinburgh and even Scotland. It stands on the top of the extinct volcanic rocks and overlooks the city of Edinburgh. 

Every August, a military band arrangement is held here, which shows the grandeur and grandeur of Edinburgh Castle.

No one who travels to Edinburgh will miss Edinburgh Castle, which can be seen from all corners of the city centre. 

Edinburgh Castle became a royal castle in the 6th century, and Edinburgh Castle has since become an important royal residence and national administrative center.

2、翻译

爱丁堡城堡是爱丁堡甚至于苏格兰精神的象征，耸立在死火山岩顶上，居高俯视爱丁堡市区，每年八月在此举办军乐队分列式，更将爱丁堡城堡庄严雄伟的气氛表露无遗。

到爱丁堡旅游的人都不会错过爱丁堡城堡，爱丁堡城堡在市中心各角落都可看到。爱丁堡城堡在6世纪时成为皇室堡垒，爱丁堡城堡自此成为重要皇家住所和国家行政中心。

二、白金汉宫

1、英文

Buckingham Palace is the principal dormitory and office of the British monarch in London. 

Located in Westminster, the palace is one of the venues for national celebrations and royal welcoming ceremonies, as well as an important tourist attraction.

Buckingham Palace is also an important gathering place at a time of celebration or crisis in British history. 

From 1703 to 1705, Buckingham Palace, a large town hall building, was built here by Buckingham and John Sheffield, Duke of Normanby, which constitutes the main building of today.

In 1761, George III acquired the mansion and served as a private dormitory. 

Since then, the palace expansion project has lasted for more than 75 years, mainly presided over by architects John Nassy and Edward Broll, which constructed three-sided buildings for the central courtyard.

In 1837, Queen Victoria ascended the throne and Buckingham Palace became the official palace of the King of England. 

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the public facade of the palace was built, forming the image of Buckingham Palace that continues today. 

During World War II, the palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb attack.

The Queen's Gallery on its site was opened to the public in 1962, displaying the Royal Collection. 

Buckingham Palace is now open to visitors. Every morning, there will be a famous handover ceremony of the guards, which has become a great view of British Royal culture.

2、翻译

白金汉宫是英国君主位于伦敦的主要寝宫及办公处。宫殿坐落在威斯敏斯特，是国家庆典和王室欢迎礼举行场地之一，也是一处重要的旅游景点。

在英国历史上的欢庆或危机时刻，白金汉宫也是一处重要的集会场所。1703-1705年，白金汉和诺曼比公爵约翰·谢菲尔德在此兴建了一处大型镇厅建筑“白金汉宫”，构成了今天的主体建筑。

1761年，乔治三世获得该府邸，并作为一处私人寝宫。此后宫殿的扩建工程持续超过了75年，主要由建筑师约翰·纳西和爱德华·布罗尔主持，为中央庭院构筑了三侧建筑。

1837年，维多利亚女王登基后，白金汉宫成为英王正式宫寝。19世纪末20世纪初，宫殿公共立面修建，形成延续至今天白金汉宫形象。二战期间，宫殿礼拜堂遭一枚德国炸弹袭击而毁；

在其址上建立的女王画廊于1962年向公众开放，展示皇家收藏品。现在的白金汉宫对外开放参观，每天清晨都会进行著名的禁卫军交接典礼，成为英国王室文化的一大景观。

三、伊丽莎白塔

1、英文

Elizabeth Tower, formerly known as Big Ben, is the Bell Tower of Westminster Palace, one of the world's famous Gothic buildings, the landmark building of London.

In June 2012, Britain announced the renaming of the Bell Tower of Big Ben, a famous landmark in London, as "Elizabeth Tower".

The tower of Elizabeth is a bell tower on the Thames River in London, England. It is one of the landmarks of London. The bell tower is 95 meters high, 7 meters in diameter and 13.5 tons in weight.

Every 15 minutes, the Westminster bell rings. Since the construction of the Jubilee Metro Line, the tower of Elizabeth has been affected. Measurements show that the tower tilts about half a meter northwest.

The tower of Elizabeth, built on April 10, 1858, is the largest clock in Britain. The tower is 320 feet tall and the minute needle is 14 feet long. 

Elizabeth's tower is artificially wound. During congressional meetings, the clock shines every hour.

Every year, when the time changes between summer and winter, the clock will stop and repair, exchange parts, and adjust the tone of the clock.

2、翻译

伊丽莎白塔，旧称大本钟，即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，世界上著名的哥特式建筑之一，伦敦的标志性建筑。

英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼的大报时钟，2012年6月，英国宣布把伦敦著名地标“大本钟”的钟楼改名为“伊丽莎白塔”。

伊丽莎白塔是坐落在英国伦敦泰晤士河畔的一座钟楼，是伦敦的标志性建筑之一。钟楼高95米，钟直径7米，重13.5吨。

每15分钟响一次，敲响威斯敏斯特钟声。自从兴建地铁Jubilee线之后，伊丽莎白塔受到影响，测量显示伊丽莎白塔朝西北方向倾斜约半米。

伊丽莎白塔于1858年4月10日建成，是英国最大的钟。塔有320英尺高，分针有14英尺长，伊丽莎白塔用人工发条，国会开会期间，钟面会发出光芒，每隔一小时报时一次。

每年的夏季与冬季时间转换时会把钟停止，进行零件的修补、交换、钟的调音等。

四、威斯敏斯特宫

1、英文

Westminster Palace, also known as the House of Parliament, is the seat of the British Parliament. 

Westminster Palace is one of the representative works of Gothic Renaissance Architecture, which was listed as World Cultural Heritage in 1987.

The building consists of about 1,100 separate rooms, 100 stairs and 4.8 kilometers of corridors. 

Although today's palaces were basically rebuilt in the 19th century, many of the original historical relics, such as the Westminster Hall, are still preserved. 

Today they are used for major public ceremonies, such as pre-funeral displays.

2、翻译

威斯敏斯特宫，又称议会大厦是英国议会的所在地。威斯敏斯特宫是哥特复兴式建筑的代表作之一，1987年被列为世界文化遗产。

该建筑包括约1,100个独立房间、100座楼梯和4.8公里长的走廊。尽管今天的宫殿基本上由19世纪重修而来，但依然保留了初建时的许多历史遗迹，如威斯敏斯特厅，今天用作重大的公共庆典仪式，如国葬前的陈列等。

五、伦敦眼

1、英文

London Eye, situated on the Thames River in London, UK, is the world's first and largest Ferris wheel for sightseeing up to 2005. It is one of London's landmarks and famous tourist attractions.

The London Eye is built to celebrate the new millennium, so it is also called the Millennium Ferris Wheel. Passengers can take the London Eye to get a bird's eye view of London.

The London Eye becomes a huge blue halo at night, which greatly adds to the dreamlike temperament of the Thames River. 

The London Eye also lights up the 2015 British general election, with the red light representing the British Labour Party, the blue representing the Conservative Party.

the purple representing the British Independent Party, and the Yellow representing the Liberal Democratic Party.

2、翻译

伦敦眼，坐落在英国伦敦泰晤士河畔，是世界上首座、同时截至2005年最大的观景摩天轮，为伦敦的地标及出名旅游观光点之一。

伦敦眼是为庆祝新千年而建造，因此又称千禧摩天轮。乘客可以乘坐伦敦眼升上半空，鸟瞰伦敦。

伦敦眼在夜间则化成了一个巨大的蓝色光环，大大增添了泰晤士河的梦幻气质。伦敦眼还为2015英国大选亮灯，红灯代表英国工党，蓝色代表保守党，紫色代表英国独立党，黄色代表自由民主党。

参考资料来源：百度百科——爱丁堡城堡

参考资料来源：百度百科——白金汉宫

参考资料来源：百度百科——伊丽莎白塔

参考资料来源：百度百科——威斯敏斯特宫

参考资料来源：百度百科——伦敦眼

参考技术A 英国
1. 圣保罗大教堂 Sallo Paulo cathedral
A Cathedral dedicated to St Paul has overlooked the City of London since 604AD, a constant reminder to this great commercial centre of the importance of the spiritual side of life.

The current Cathedral – the fourth to occupy this site – was designed by the court architect Sir Christopher Wren and built between 1675 and 1710 after its predecessor was destroyed in the Great Fire of London. Its architectural and artistic importance reflect the determination of the five monarchs who oversaw its building that London’s leading church should be as beautiful and imposing as their private palaces.

Since the first service took place here in 1697. Wren's masterpiece has been where people and events of overwhelming importance to the country have been celebrated, mourned and commemorated.

Important services have included the funerals of Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington and Sir Winston Churchill; Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria; peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars; the launch of the Festival of Britain; the Service of Remembrance and Commemoration for the 11th September 2001: the 80th and 100th birthdays of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother; the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, to Lady Diana Spencer and, most recently, the thanksgiving services for both the Golden Jubilee and 80th Birthday of Her Majesty the Queen.

Over the centuries, St Paul’s has changed to reflect shifting tastes and attitudes. Decoration has been added and removed, services have been updated, different areas have been put to new uses. Today, the history of the nation is written in the carved stone of its pillars and arches and is celebrated in its works of art and monuments.

2.London Eye 伦敦巨眼摩天轮
The London Eye (Millenium Wheel) at a height of 135 metres (443 ft), is the biggest Ferris wheel in Europe, and has become the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom, visited by over 3 million people a year.

At the time it was erected it was the tallest Ferris wheel in the world, until it was surpassed by the Star of Nanchang (160m) in May 2006, and then the Singapore Flyer (165m) on February 11, 2008. However, it is still described by its operators as "the world's tallest cantilevered observation wheel" (because the entire structure is supported by an A-frame on one side only).]

The London Eye is located at the western end of Jubilee Gardens, on the South Bank of the River Thames in London, United Kingdom, between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge. The site is adjacent to that of the former Dome of Discovery, which was built for the Festival of Britain in 1951.

3.伦敦大桥 London Bridge
London Bridge is a bridge between the City of London and Southwark in London, England, over the River Thames. Situated between Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Tower Bridge, it forms the western end of the Pool of London. On the south side of the bridge are Southwark Cathedral and London Bridge station; on the north side are the Monument to the Great Fire of London and Monument tube station.

It was the only bridge over the Thames downstream from Kingston until Westminster Bridge opened in 1750.

The bridge carries part of the A3 road, which is maintained by the Greater London Authority; the bridge itself is owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates ( see City Bridge Trust), an independent charity overseen by the City of London Corporation.

4.大英博物馆 the British Museum
The British Museum is a museum of human history and culture in London. Its collections, which number more than 7 million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. The museum is a Non-Departmental Public Body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

“ The wonders of the museum brought here to Bloomsbury from all around the world's imagined corners are numberless. How can they be named? As well tally each leaf of a tree. They come here out of the living minds of generations of men and women now dead – Greek and Assyrian, Aztec and Inuit, Chinese and Indian – who have conceived and carved and hammered and tempered and cast these objects to represent the worlds around them, visible and invisible. ”

The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. The museum first opened to the public on 15 January 1759 in Montagu House in Bloomsbury, on the site of the current museum building. Its expansion over the following two and a half centuries has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the British Museum of Natural History in South Kensington in 1887. Until 1997, when the current British Library building opened to the public, the British Museum was unique in that it housed both a national museum of antiquities and a national library in the same building. Since 2001 the director of the Museum has been Neil MacGregor.

As with all other national museums and art galleries in Britain, the Museum charges no admission fee, although charges are levied for some temporary special exhibitions

美国
Independence Hall
Philadelphia's Independence Hall (Independence Hall), where the three rooms, however, which a few tables, however, a dozen or so of the chairs of the three houses, is that the U.S. Congress and the location of the High Court, is signed "Declaration of Independence "And ratify the Constitution of the United States. Legislative, judicial, administrative separation of powers from the beginning, just and fair in this process on the basis of established.
Statue of Liberty
Statue of Liberty (Statue of Liberty, Statue de la liberté), also known as "freedom illuminate the world" (English: Liberty Enlightening the World, French: Liberté éclairant le monde), geographical coordinates: 40.69 ° N, 74.04 ° W, France In 1876 the United States presented to the 100th anniversary of the independence of gifts, in New York City near the Hudson River Estuary. Is the statue of the freedom of the island's important tourist attractions.

French sculptor Bartholdi last 10 completed the statue of the hard work of sculpture, the goddess of the appearance of design from the sculptor's mother, and hold high the torch of the goddess of the right hand while his wife is a sculptor in the arm for the blueprint.

Statue of Liberty wearing ancient Greek style clothing, by wearing a symbol of the first world crown Qi Taizhou and seven oceans seven sharp Mans. Goddess symbol of the right hand held high the torch of freedom, Peng Zhao engraved with his left hand on July 4, 1776 the "Declaration of Independence", is broken at the foot of the handcuffs, leg irons and chains. She symbolizes freedom, freed themselves from tyranny bound by the October 28, 1886 and the completion of the opening. Duantie statue of the internal structure was built by the Eiffel Tower in Paris, Gustave Eiffel designed.

Statue of Liberty 46 meters high, Jiaji Block 93 metres and weighing over 200 tons, metal casting, placed in a concrete system on the platform. The base of the Statue of Liberty is well-known Joseph Pulitzer built to raise 100,000 U.S. dollars, the base is now a U.S. immigration history museum.
1984, the Statue of Liberty was listed as world cultural heritage.

The whole statue to 120 tons of steel for the skeleton, 80 tons of copper for the jacket to 300,000 rivets in the assembly fixed on the stent, the total weight of 225 tons.

Chaco National Historic Park
Chaco National Historic Park, located in the western United States, New Mexico, the Indian representative during the heyday of the cultural sites. 1987 UNESCO will Chaco National Historic Park as a cultural heritage to the "World Heritage List."
Chaco National Historic Park is the center of a 16 km long and 2-3 kilometers wide valley, north of the cliff as high as 50 meters. Sunningdale in the side, from the 9th century AD -11 century later, Puweibuluo tribes with the construction of the wall around the 12 large villages. Villages within the housing from Level 2 to Level 5 ranging from hundreds of rooms and food storage component. Also use the basement storage of food. In Beiyin side has more than 400 small villages. Fully shows that they respect the engineering and construction can be. Many housing is used for holding the ceremony, but also for people from afar residential use. In order to solve water supply, are still on the rocks Zaochu drains into storage tanks. The north side of the "village" in the year 900 years after completion, with sandstone walls around. The big tribes built on the ground for the semi-circular building, covers an area of 12,000 square meters, is a four-story buildings, some more than 800 rooms. The construction of the south have openings, including the size of the 36 different Dexue.
From the center of the Chaco ruins scattered around the villages to the road network to connect each other, radial roads connected, the road can still see the relics. Dongnanxibei direction to extend the range road, the total length of more than over 600 kilometers. These roads are usually four meters wide -6 meters, a straight-line distance to the extension. From the unearthed pottery, malachite, shellfish and tropical birds survive the bone, feather to the then well-developed commercial activities.
Year 12 from the 1930s, prolonged drought makes people have to give up here, he relocated to the Department. Demise of the Chaco culture.

Puweibuluo tribal shows the superb skills of construction-mao. Thick stone walls, small windows and doors, the Chaco, the temperature instability has played a regulatory role. Northern Dynasty ruins sit throughout the South, from north to south were lower, at the end of each class housing in the winter can maximize the enjoyment of light.
独立大厅
独立大厅
美国费城的独立大厅（Independence Hall），那里的房间不过三间，而这桌子不过几张、椅子不过十几把的三间房子，却是当年美国国会和高级法院的所在地，是签署《独立宣言》和批准美国宪法的地方。立法、司法、行政三权分立从此开始，公正和公平在这个程序基础上建立起来。
自由女神像
自由女神像（Statue of Liberty，Statue de la liberté），又称“自由照耀世界”（英语：Liberty Enlightening the World，法语：Liberté éclairant le monde），地理坐标：40.69°N，74.04°W，是法国在1876年赠送给美国的独立100周年礼物，位于美国纽约市哈德逊河口附近。是雕像所在的自由岛的重要观光景点。

法国著名雕塑家巴托尔迪历时10年艰辛完成了雕像的雕塑工作，女神的外貌设计来源于雕塑家的母亲，而女神高举火炬的右手则是以雕塑家妻子的手臂为蓝本。

自由女神穿着古希腊风格的服装，所戴头冠有象征世界七大洲及七大洋的七道尖芒。女神右手高举象征自由的火炬，左手捧着刻有1776年7月4日的《独立宣言》，脚下是打碎的手铐、脚镣和锁链。她象征着自由、挣脱暴政的约束，在1886年10月28日落成并揭幕。雕像锻铁的内部结构是由后来建造了巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的居斯塔夫·埃菲尔设计的。

自由女神像高46米，加基座为93米，重200多吨，是金属铸造，置于一座混凝土制的台基上。自由女神的底座是著名的约瑟夫·普利策筹集10万美金建成的，现在的底座是一个美国移民史博物馆。
1984年，自由女神像被列为世界文化遗产。

整座铜像以120吨的钢铁为骨架，80吨铜片为外皮，以30万只铆钉装配固定在支架上，总重量达225吨。

查科国家历史公园
查科国家历史公园,位于美国西部的新墨西哥州，有全盛时期印第安人代表性的文化遗址。1987年联合国教科文组织将查科国家历史公园作为文化遗产，列入《世界遗产名录》。
查科国家历史公园的中心是一条长16公里,宽2-3公里的峡谷，北面有高达50米的悬崖。在向阳的一侧，从公元9世纪-11世纪后期，普韦布罗部落建造了用城墙环绕的12座大村庄。村庄内的房屋从2层到5层不等，由数百间房间和粮食仓库组成。也有利用地下室贮藏食物的。在背阴的一面也有400多小村庄。充分显示出他们在工程和建筑方面的才能。许多房屋是供举行仪式用的，也有供远道而来的人们住宿使用的。为了解决供水，还在岩石上凿出水渠引向贮水槽。北侧的"大村庄"是在公元 900年以后建成的，有砂岩城墙围绕。这座大部落为建在地面上的半圆形建筑，占地面积1.2万平方米，是一座4层建筑，有约800多房间。这座建筑朝南有开口部，包括有大小不同的36座地穴。
由查科遗址中心地向四周分散的村落以道路网相互连接，放射状的道路四通八达，现仍可看到道路遗迹。向东南西北方向延伸的区间道路，其总长度超过了600多公里。这些道路通常宽4米-6米，呈直线向远处延伸。从出土的陶器、孔雀石、贝壳以及热带生存的鸟类骨骼、羽毛来着，当时的商业活动相当发达。
从公元12世纪30年代开始，持续的干旱使得人们不得不放弃了这里，迁往他处。查科文化消亡了。

普韦布罗部落显示了高超的建筑技茂。厚重的石墙、很小的窗户和门，对查科不稳定的气温起到了调节作用。整个遗址坐北朝南，从北向南依次降低,使每末级房屋都能在寒冬最大限度地享受光照。本回答被提问者采纳 参考技术B 1.
圣保罗大教堂
Sallo
Paulo
cathedral
A
Cathedral
dedicated
to
St
Paul
has
overlooked
the
City
of
London
since
604AD,
a
constant
reminder
to
this
great
commercial
centre
of
the
importance
of
the
spiritual
side
of
life.
The
current
Cathedral
–
the
fourth
to
occupy
this
site
–
was
designed
by
the
court
architect
Sir
Christopher
Wren
and
built
between
1675
and
1710
after
its
predecessor
was
destroyed
in
the
Great
Fire
of
London.
Its
architectural
and
artistic
importance
reflect
the
determination
of
the
five
monarchs
who
oversaw
its
building
that
London’s
leading
church
should
be
as
beautiful
and
imposing
as
their
private
palaces.
Since
the
first
service
took
place
here
in
1697.
Wren's
masterpiece
has
been
where
people
and
events
of
overwhelming
importance
to
the
country
have
been
celebrated,
mourned
and
commemorated.
Important
services
have
included
the
funerals
of
Lord
Nelson,
the
Duke
of
Wellington
and
Sir
Winston
Churchill;
Jubilee
celebrations
for
Queen
Victoria;
peace
services
marking
the
end
of
the
First
and
Second
World
Wars;
the
launch
of
the
Festival
of
Britain;
the
Service
of
Remembrance
and
Commemoration
for
the
11th
September
2001:
the
80th
and
100th
birthdays
of
Queen
Elizabeth,
the
Queen
Mother;
the
wedding
of
Charles,
Prince
of
Wales,
to
Lady
Diana
Spencer
and,
most
recently,
the
thanksgiving
services
for
both
the
Golden
Jubilee
and
80th
Birthday
of
Her
Majesty
the
Queen.
Over
the
centuries,
St
Paul’s
has
changed
to
reflect
shifting
tastes
and
attitudes.
Decoration
has
been
added
and
removed,
services
have
been
updated,
different
areas
have
been
put
to
new
uses.
Today,
the
history
of
the
nation
is
written
in
the
carved
stone
of
its
pillars
and
arches
and
is
celebrated
in
its
works
of
art
and
monuments.
2.London
Eye
伦敦巨眼摩天轮
The
London
Eye
(Millenium
Wheel)
at
a
height
of
135
metres
(443
ft),
is
the
biggest
Ferris
wheel
in
Europe,
and
has
become
the
most
popular
paid
tourist
attraction
in
the
United
Kingdom,
visited
by
over
3
million
people
a
year.
At
the
time
it
was
erected
it
was
the
tallest
Ferris
wheel
in
the
world,
until
it
was
surpassed
by
the
Star
of
Nanchang
(160m)
in
May
2006,
and
then
the
Singapore
Flyer
(165m)
on
February
11,
2008.
However,
it
is
still
described
by
its
operators
as
"the
world's
tallest
cantilevered
observation
wheel"
(because
the
entire
structure
is
supported
by
an
A-frame
on
one
side
only).]
The
London
Eye
is
located
at
the
western
end
of
Jubilee
Gardens,
on
the
South
Bank
of
the
River
Thames
in
London,
United
Kingdom,
between
Westminster
Bridge
and
Hungerford
Bridge.
The
site
is
adjacent
to
that
of
the
former
Dome
of
Discovery,
which
was
built
for
the
Festival
of
Britain
in
1951.
3.伦敦大桥
London
Bridge
London
Bridge
is
a
bridge
between
the
City
of
London
and
Southwark
in
London,
England,
over
the
River
Thames.
Situated
between
Cannon
Street
Railway
Bridge
and
Tower
Bridge,
it
forms
the
western
end
of
the
Pool
of
London.
On
the
south
side
of
the
bridge
are
Southwark
Cathedral
and
London
Bridge
station;
on
the
north
side
are
the
Monument
to
the
Great
Fire
of
London
and
Monument
tube
station.
It
was
the
only
bridge
over
the
Thames
downstream
from
Kingston
until
Westminster
Bridge
opened
in
1750.
The
bridge
carries
part
of
the
A3
road,
which
is
maintained
by
the
Greater
London
Authority;
the
bridge
itself
is
owned
and
maintained
by
the
Bridge
House
Estates
(
see
City
Bridge
Trust),
an
independent
charity
overseen
by
the
City
of
London
Corporation.
4.大英博物馆
the
British
Museum
The
British
Museum
is
a
museum
of
human
history
and
culture
in
London.
Its
collections,
which
number
more
than
7
million
objects,
are
amongst
the
largest
and
most
comprehensive
in
the
world
and
originate
from
all
continents,
illustrating
and
documenting
the
story
of
human
culture
from
its
beginning
to
the
present.
The
museum
is
a
Non-Departmental
Public
Body
sponsored
by
the
Department
for
Culture,
Media
and
Sport.
“
The
wonders
of
the
museum
brought
here
to
Bloomsbury
from
all
around
the
world's
imagined
corners
are
numberless.
How
can
they
be
named?
As
well
tally
each
leaf
of
a
tree.
They
come
here
out
of
the
living
minds
of
generations
of
men
and
women
now
dead
–
Greek
and
Assyrian,
Aztec
and
Inuit,
Chinese
and
Indian
–
who
have
conceived
and
carved
and
hammered
and
tempered
and
cast
these
objects
to
represent
the
worlds
around
them,
visible
and
invisible.
”
The
British
Museum
was
established
in
1753,
largely
based
on
the
collections
of
the
physician
and
scientist
Sir
Hans
Sloane.
The
museum
first
opened
to
the
public
on
15
January
1759
in
Montagu
House
in
Bloomsbury,
on
the
site
of
the
current
museum
building.
Its
expansion
over
the
following
two
and
a
half
centuries
has
resulted
in
the
creation
of
several
branch
institutions,
the
first
being
the
British
Museum
of
Natural
History
in
South
Kensington
in
1887.
Until
1997,
when
the
current
British
Library
building
opened
to
the
public,
the
British
Museum
was
unique
in
that
it
housed
both
a
national
museum
of
antiquities
and
a
national
library
in
the
same
building.
Since
2001
the
director
of
the
Museum
has
been
Neil
MacGregor.
As
with
all
other
national
museums
and
art
galleries
in
Britain,
the
Museum
charges
no
admission
fee,
although
charges
are
levied
for
some
temporary
special
exhibitions 参考技术C 贡宝

软件设计模式

---

 一、软件设计模式的产生背景

“设计模式”这个术语最初并不是出现在软件设计中，而是被用于建筑领域的设计中。

1977 年，美国著名建筑大师、加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校环境结构中心主任克里斯托夫·亚历山大（Christopher Alexander）在他的著作《建筑模式语言：城镇、建筑、构造（A Pattern Language: Towns Building Construction）中描述了一些常见的建筑设计问题，并提出了 253 种关于对城镇、邻里、住宅、花园和房间等进行设计的基本模式。

1979 年他的另一部经典著作《建筑的永恒之道》（The Timeless Way of Building）进一步强化了设计模式的思想，为后来的建筑设计指明了方向。

1987 年，肯特·贝克（Kent Beck）和沃德·坎宁安（Ward Cunningham）首先将克里斯托夫·亚历山大的模式思想应用在 Smalltalk 中的图形用户接口的生成中，但没有引起软件界的关注。

直到 1990 年，软件工程界才开始研讨设计模式的话题，后来召开了多次关于设计模式的研讨会。

1995 年，艾瑞克·伽马（ErichGamma）、理査德·海尔姆（Richard Helm）、拉尔夫·约翰森（Ralph Johnson）、约翰·威利斯迪斯（John Vlissides）等 4 位作者合作出版了《设计模式：可复用面向对象软件的基础》（Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software）一书，在本教程中收录了 23 个设计模式，这是设计模式领域里程碑的事件，导致了软件设计模式的突破。这 4 位作者在软件开发领域里也以他们的“四人组”（Gang of Four，GoF）匿名著称。

直到今天，狭义的设计模式还是本教程中所介绍的 23 种经典设计模式。

二、软件设计模式的概念与意义

有关软件设计模式的定义很多，有些从模式的特点来说明，有些从模式的作用来说明。本教程给出的定义是大多数学者公认的，从以下两个方面来说明。

1. 软件设计模式的概念

软件设计模式（Software Design Pattern），又称设计模式，是一套被反复使用、多数人知晓的、经过分类编目的、代码设计经验的总结。它描述了在软件设计过程中的一些不断重复发生的问题，以及该问题的解决方案。也就是说，它是解决特定问题的一系列套路，是前辈们的代码设计经验的总结，具有一定的普遍性，可以反复使用。其目的是为了提高代码的可重用性、代码的可读性和代码的可靠性。

2. 学习设计模式的意义

设计模式的本质是面向对象设计原则的实际运用，是对类的封装性、继承性和多态性以及类的关联关系和组合关系的充分理解。正确使用设计模式具有以下优点。

• 可以提高程序员的思维能力、编程能力和设计能力。
• 使程序设计更加标准化、代码编制更加工程化，使软件开发效率大大提高，从而缩短软件的开发周期。
• 使设计的代码可重用性高、可读性强、可靠性高、灵活性好、可维护性强。

当然，软件设计模式只是一个引导。在具体的软件幵发中，必须根据设计的应用系统的特点和要求来恰当选择。对于简单的程序开发，苛能写一个简单的算法要比引入某种设计模式更加容易。但对大项目的开发或者框架设计，用设计模式来组织代码显然更好。

三、软件设计模式的基本要素

软件设计模式使人们可以更加简单方便地复用成功的设计和体系结构，它通常包含以下几个基本要素：模式名称、别名、动机、问题、解决方案、效果、结构、模式角色、合作关系、实现方法、适用性、已知应用、例程、模式扩展和相关模式等，其中最关键的元素包括以下 4 个主要部分。

1. 模式名称

每一个模式都有自己的名字，通常用一两个词来描述，可以根据模式的问题、特点、解决方案、功能和效果来命名。模式名称（PatternName）有助于我们理解和记忆该模式，也方便我们来讨论自己的设计。

2. 问题

问题（Problem）描述了该模式的应用环境，即何时使用该模式。它解释了设计问题和问题存在的前因后果，以及必须满足的一系列先决条件。

3. 解决方案

模式问题的解决方案（Solution）包括设计的组成成分、它们之间的相互关系及各自的职责和协作方式。因为模式就像一个模板，可应用于多种不同场合，所以解决方案并不描述一个特定而具体的设计或实现，而是提供设计问题的抽象描述和怎样用一个具有一般意义的元素组合（类或对象的 组合）来解决这个问题。

4. 效果

描述了模式的应用效果以及使用该模式应该权衡的问题，即模式的优缺点。主要是对时间和空间的衡量，以及该模式对系统的灵活性、扩充性、可移植性的影响，也考虑其实现问题。显式地列出这些效果（Consequence）对理解和评价这些模式有很大的帮助。