请帮忙找一篇新温布利大球场Wimbley Stadium的英文简介,谢谢~

Posted 2023-04-26

如题

Wembley Stadium is a football stadium in Wembley, London, England. With 90,000 seats the stadium has the second largest capacity in Europe. By area it is the largest roof-covered football stadium in the world,[citation needed] and stands opposite Wembley Arena. It is often refered to as "New Wembley" to distinguish it from the original stadium at the same site.

The previous Wembley Stadium (originally known as the Empire Stadium) was one of the world's most famous football stadiums, being England's national stadium for football, and because of the geographical origins of the game was often referred to as "The Home of Football". It hosted the European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) final a record five times, and is one of seventeen stadia to have held a FIFA World Cup final. In 2003, the original structure was demolished and construction began on the new stadium, originally intended to open in 2006. This was later delayed until early 2007. The final completion date of the stadium came on 9 March 2007, when the keys to the stadium were handed over to The Football Association.

The first match staged at the new stadium was an under-21 international between England and Italy on March 24 2007. The match finished 3-3. The official attendance was 55,700 (although all of the 60,000 tickets that were made available were sold in advance). This now stands as the record for the largest under-21 attendance ever. The first person to score at the new Wembley Stadium was Mark Bright, during a charity match on the Community Day on March 17. The first footballer to score in a FIFA sanctioned match was Italian striker Giampaolo Pazzini after 28 seconds of the first game between England U21 and Italy U21. Pazzini went on to score twice more in the second half of the match making him the first person to score a hat-trick at Wembley Stadium since Paul Scholes for England in 1999. This gives Pazzini two other records, the fastest goal scored at Wembley (old or new stadium) and the first person to score a hat-trick at the new Wembley. The first English player to score in a full-scale match was David Bentley with a free kick in the same game. Kidderminster Harriers striker James Constable was the first player to score a goal in a final at the new Wembley in the FA Trophy Final against Stevenage Borough on May 12 2007. Stevenage were the first team to win a final at the new Wembley beating Kidderminster 3-2 in the FA Trophy Final. Chelsea's Didier Drogba scored the first FA Cup goal at Wembley on 19 May 2007, against Premiership rivals Manchester United.

Wembley is also to be the venue for the first NFL match hosted outside America, between the Miami Dolphins and the New York Giants, on 28 October. The first 40,000 tickets sold out in just 90 minutes. 参考技术A Wembley stadium
The Great Stadium at Wembley Park, London, was built to coincide with the British Empire Exhibition of 1923. Work was completed just four days before hosting its first Football Association Cup Final on 29 April 1923. The Rugby League Cup Final was played at Wembley every year between 1929 and 2000 (except 1932). The greatest moments in its history were the hosting of the 1948 Olympic Games and the 1966 World Cup. From 2000 the stadium is being completely rebuilt.

Location: London, England
Broke ground: 2003
Opened: 2007
Owner: The Football Association
Operator: Wembley National Stadium Limited
Surface: Grass
Construction cost: GBP£757 Million (2007)
Architect: Foster and Partners
Tenants: England national football team
Capacity:
90,000 (Football, Rugby League)
75,000 (Concerts)
68,400 to 72,000 (Athletics)

Wembley Stadium is a football stadium in Wembley, London, England. With 90,000 seats the stadium has the second largest capacity in Europe. By area it is the largest roof-covered football stadium in the world,[citation needed] and stands opposite Wembley Arena. It is often refered to as "New Wembley" to distinguish it from the original stadium at the same site.

The previous Wembley Stadium (originally known as the Empire Stadium) was one of the world's most famous football stadiums, being England's national stadium for football, and because of the geographical origins of the game was often referred to as "The Home of Football". It hosted the European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) final a record five times, and is one of seventeen stadia to have held a FIFA World Cup final. In 2003, the original structure was demolished and construction began on the new stadium, originally intended to open in 2006. This was later delayed until early 2007. The final completion date of the stadium came on 9 March 2007, when the keys to the stadium were handed over to The Football Association.

The first match staged at the new stadium was an under-21 international between England and Italy on March 24 2007. The match finished 3-3. The official attendance was 55,700 (although all of the 60,000 tickets that were made available were sold in advance). This now stands as the record for the largest under-21 attendance ever. The first person to score at the new Wembley Stadium was Mark Bright, during a charity match on the Community Day on March 17. The first footballer to score in a FIFA sanctioned match was Italian striker Giampaolo Pazzini after 28 seconds of the first game between England U21 and Italy U21. Pazzini went on to score twice more in the second half of the match making him the first person to score a hat-trick at Wembley Stadium since Paul Scholes for England in 1999. This gives Pazzini two other records, the fastest goal scored at Wembley (old or new stadium) and the first person to score a hat-trick at the new Wembley. The first English player to score in a full-scale match was David Bentley with a free kick in the same game. Kidderminster Harriers striker James Constable was the first player to score a goal in a final at the new Wembley in the FA Trophy Final against Stevenage Borough on May 12 2007. Stevenage were the first team to win a final at the new Wembley beating Kidderminster 3-2 in the FA Trophy Final. Chelsea's Didier Drogba scored the first FA Cup goal at Wembley on 19 May 2007, against Premiership rivals Manchester United.

Wembley is also to be the venue for the first NFL match hosted outside America, between the Miami Dolphins and the New York Giants, on 28 October. The first 40,000 tickets sold out in just 90 minutes.

Construction
Wembley was designed by architects [[HOK Sport + Venue + Event|HOK Sport]] and Foster and Partners with engineers Mott MacDonald, built by Multiplex and funded by Sport England, WNSL (Wembley National Stadium Limited), the Football Association, the Department for Culture Media and Sport and the London Development Agency. It is the most expensive stadium ever built at a cost of £798 million (roughly $1.57 Billion U.S.)[1] and has the largest roof-covered seating capacity in the world.

The design of the stadium is an all-seated 90,000 capacity bowl stadium (unless it is athletics or concerts) protected from the elements by a sliding roof. The stadium's signature feature is a circular section lattice arch of 7 m internal diameter with a 315 m span, erected some 22° off true, and rising to 140 m tall. It stands 140 m above the pitch and supports all the weight of the north roof and 60% of the weight of the retractable roof on the southern side. According to "Guinness World Records 2006", the archway is the world's longest unsupported roof structure.

A "platform system" has been designed to convert the stadium for athletics use, but its use decreases the stadium's capacity to approximately 60,000. Instead of the 39 steps climbed, in the original stadium, to enter the Royal Box and collect a trophy, there are now 107

The stadium is linked to Wembley Park Station on the London Underground via Wembley Way, and Wembley Central via the White Horse Bridge. It also has a rail link - provided by the Wembley Stadium railway station - to London Marylebone and Birmingham, but whether this becomes operational is at the discretion of the station operator (Chiltern Railways).

The initial plan for the reconstruction of Wembley was for demolition to begin before Christmas 2000, and for the new stadium to be completed some time during 2003, but this work was delayed by a succession of financial and legal difficulties. It was scheduled to open on 13 May 2006, with the first game being that year's FA Cup Final. However, worries were expressed as to whether the stadium would actually be completed on time. The new stadium was completed and handed over to the FA on 9 March 2007, with the total cost of the project (including local transport infrastructure redevelopment and the cost of financing) estimated to be £1 billion (roughly $1.97 billion U.S.).

In October 2005, Sports Minister Richard Caborn announced: "They say the Cup Final will be there, barring six feet of snow or something like that". However in December 2005, the builders admitted that there was a "material risk" that the stadium might not be ready in time for the Cup Final[5] and in February 2006, these worries were confirmed by the FA moving the game to Cardiff's Millennium Stadium.

The delays started as far back as 2003. In December 2003, the constructors of the arch, subcontractors Cleveland Bridge, warned Multiplex about rising costs and a delay on the steel job of almost a year due to design changes which Multiplex rejected. Cleveland Bridge were removed from the project and replaced by Dutch firm Hollandia with all the attendant problems of starting over. On 20 March 2006, a steel rafter in the roof of the new development fell by a foot and a half, forcing 3,000 workers to evacuate the stadium and raising further doubts over the completion date which was already behind schedule. On 23 March 2006, sewers beneath the stadium buckled due to ground movement. GMB Union leader Steve Kelly said that the problem had been caused by the pipes not being properly laid, and that the repair would take months. A spokesman for developers Multiplex said that they did not believe this would "have any impact on the completion of the stadium", which was then scheduled to be completed on 31 March 2006.

On 30 March 2006, the developers announced that Wembley Stadium would not be ready until 2007. All competitions and concerts planned were to be moved to suitable locations. On 19 June 2006 it was announced that the turf had been laid. On 19 October 2006 it was announced that the venue was now set to open in early 2007 after the dispute between The Football Association and Multiplex had finally been settled. WNSL, a subsidiary of The Football Association, is expected to pay around £36m to Multiplex, as well as the amount of the original fixed-price contract. This meant that the Wembley Stadium was ready for the 2007 FA Cup Final on 19 May 2007. The official Wembley Stadium website announced that the stadium would be open for public viewing for local residents of Brent on 3 March 2007, however the event was delayed by two weeks and instead happened on 17 March. The keys to the new Wembley stadium were finally handed over to the owners on 9 March 2007 ready to be open and used for upcoming FA Cup football matches, concerts and other events.

A short documentary of its redevelopment can be found on the Queen Live at Wembley 1986 DVD. The reconstruction of the stadium is part of the wider regeneration of Wembley.

The new Wembley is a significant part of the plan for the 2012 Summer Olympics to be held in London; the stadium will be the site of several games in both the men's and women's football tournaments, with the finals planned to be held there.

The Race of Champions will also visit the stadium in December 2007.

Although not completed or opened at the time, EA Sports added Wembley Stadium into the video game FIFA 07.

On October 28 2007 Wembley will be the venue for the first competitive NFL game ever to be played outside North America. This huge event will be played between the New York Giants and Miami Dolphins.

A statue of Bobby Moore - the captain of the England national football team when they won the 1966 Football World Cup at Wembley - was unveiled outside the stadium on Friday May 11 2007.

Structure
With 90,000 seats, the new Wembley is the largest stadium in the world with every seat under cover. This capacity is separated into 3 tiers of seating, with the lower tier holding 34,303 spectators, the middle one 16,532 and the upper one 39,165
The stadium contains 2,618 toilets, more than any other venue in the world.
The stadium has a circumference of 1 kilometre.

At its peak, there were more than 3,500 construction workers on site.
4,000 separate piles form the foundations of the new stadium,
the deepest of which is 35 metres.

There are 35 miles of heavy-duty power cables in the stadium.

90,000 cubic metres of concrete and 23,000 tonnes of steel were used in the construction of the new stadium.

The total length of the escalators is 400 metres.

Each of the two giant screens in the new stadium is the size of 600 domestic television sets.

You could drive a cross-channel train through the Wembley Arch

Pitch
The new pitch is 13 feet lower than the previous pitch. The pitch size is 105 metres (115 yards) long and 68 metres (75 yards) wide, slightly narrower than the old Wembley

Roof
The new 7,000 ton roof covers an area of over 11 acres, four acres of which are moveable and rise to 170 feet above the pitch. With a span of 1040 feet, the arch is the longest single span roof structure in the world and is 440 feet above the level of the external concourse.[17] The arch is designed not to cast a shadow on the pitch, but this was not a consideration given to the rest of the roof and at the opening 2007 FA Cup final, a third of the pitch was lost to TV viewers as it was in deep shadow.

Seating
There is more leg room in every seat than there was in the Royal Box of the old stadium.

Tenants
The English national football team will be a major tenant of Wembley Stadium. Given the ownership by The Football Association as of March 10 2007, the League Cup final will move back to Wembley from Cardiff as the FA Cup final has. Other showpiece football matches that were previously staged at Wembley, such as the Football League promotion play-offs and the Football League Trophy final, have returned to the stadium, as has the Nationwide Conference play-off final. Additionally, the Rugby League Challenge Cup final will return to Wembley Stadium beginning in 2007.

The stadium will also host the football finals for the 2012 Summer Olympics.

A Guinness Premiership doubler-header, usually held at Twickenham, could be played at Wembley during the 2007-08 season. The double header involves four clubs, London Irish, Wasps, Saracens and Harlequins.

Music
Besides football, Wembley can be configured to hold many other events, particularly major concerts. In March 2007 it was confirmed that the first music event at the newly opened stadium will be British singer George Michael, who will perform on June 9 and June 10 2007. The following weekend will see Muse performing two concerts on 16 June and 17. The Concert for Diana, a memorial concert ten years after the death of the Princess of Wales, will take place on July 1, 2007. Metallica have confirmed that they too will be performing at the stadium on July 8 as part of their 'Sick of the Studio '07' tour.[22] The global movement concert Live Earth, modeled after the 1985 Live Aid concerts (one of which took place at the original Wembley Stadium), is also planned to be held at Wembley on July 7 2007.

Trivia
This article contains a trivia section.
Content in this section should be integrated into the body of the article or removed.

In order to obtain the licences the stadium needed to open, it first hosted two non-full capacity events.

The first game was Geoff Thomas Foundation Charity XI and the Wembley Sponsors Allstars. The Geoff Thomas Foundation Charity XI won 2-0 (scorers Mark Bright and Simon Jordan).
The following records were set in the England U21 vs Italy U21 match.
The first official match involving professional players was England U21s vs Italy U21s, which finished 3-3.
The first ever goalscorer was Giampaolo Pazzini.
The first ever English goalscorer was David Bentley.
The first ever hat-trick was scored by Giampaolo Pazzini.
The first penalty saved was by Paul Jones of Exeter City, striker was Wayne Curtis of Morecambe.
The first red card was given to Matthew Gill of Exeter City for a headbutt on Craig Stanley of Morecambe in the Conference playoff final.
The first ever FA Cup Final at the new Wembley (between Manchester United and Chelsea) was on Saturday 19 May 2007. Chelsea won 1-0 with a goal by Didier Drogba, making him the first player ever to score in the FA Cup final at the new Wembley. Chelsea were the last winners of the cup final at the old Wembley and the first winners at the new.
The first club game, competitive game, and cup final held at the new Wembley took place on Saturday 12 May 2007 when Kidderminster Harriers met Stevenage Borough in the FA Trophy final. Kidderminster became the first team to play at both the old and new stadium. The game had a capped capacity of 80,000, and although allocations were between 15,000 and 20,000 for each club, the capacity reached 53,262. Stevenage Borough won the game 3-2 despite trailing 2-0 at half time.
The first players to play at both the old and new Wembley stadia were Steve Guppy (for Stevenage Borough) and Jeff Kenna (for Kidderminster Harriers). Ex-England international Guppy was the first player to win a final at both stadia.
The first game involving the full English national team will be an international friendly played on June 1 against Brazil.
Wembley Stadium has the most toilets in one building, in the world with 2,618. [25]
The exterior of Wembley Stadium was used in the 2007 movie 28 Weeks Later. However the scene inside the stadium, where the pitch is overgrown and was primarily used as a rendezvous point for the NATO defense force is actually of the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff due to Wembley not being completed.
Wembley Stadium will also host at least one American football game. The National Football League has scheduled a regular-season game between the New York Giants and the Miami Dolphins at New Wembley on October 28, 2007, at 5:00pm GMT (1:00pm EDT). The first 40,000 tickets, which went on sale on May 16, sold out within 90 minutes.
The character Wembley Fraggle on Fraggle Rock was named after Wembley Stadium.
On the Live 8 DVD, at one point during the Live 8 concert in London, a far-away shot of Wembley Stadium under construction was seen before the camera zoomed back into Hyde Park. The original Wembley Stadium was the site of the London Live Aid concert in 1985. 参考技术B The new Wembley will be the most spectacular football stadium in the world, built to the highest specifications, using the latest technology and offering every fan who visits, an unrivalled match-day experience.

A team of internationally renowned architects, specially assembled for the project, have ensured that the state-of-the-art facilities are matched by a design that creates an electric atmosphere – making it the ultimate stage for major events.

参考资料：http://www.wembleystadium.com/buildingwembley/thedesign/introduction.htm

[知识点] 5.2 字符串hash

前言

这是一篇新的字符串 hash 介绍文章，5 年前的那篇其实也讲的差不多了，但也有许多问题，而且也不知道当时为什么前前后后提了那么多次暴雪，看起来像是一篇暴雪的软文 = =。

文章虽然归类为字符串部分，但知识是属于 hash 的一部分，所以如果不了解 hash 的概念请参见：7.2 哈希表

（总目录：https://www.cnblogs.com/jinkun113/p/12528423.html）

子目录列表

1、概述

2、各种字符串 hash 算法

3、MOD 模数取值

4、多 hash 取值

 

5.2 字符串 hash

1、概述

顾名思义，字符串 hash 是指以字符串为 key 值，通过某种算法获取其 hash 值，以便于访问。上述以整数为 key 值的 hash，其必要性在于整数往往很大，空间存不下，而字符串 hash 呢？

【例子】给出 n 个字符串 和 m 个询问，对于第 i 个询问给定一个字符串 a[i]，判断 a[i] 是否出现在 n 个字符串中。

最简单的字符串匹配题。常规做法为将 n 个字符串保存，对于 m 次询问，每次与 n 个字符串进行一一比对，时间复杂度为 O(n * m * len)，len 表示字符串的平均长度。而使用字符串 hash 之后，对于每个字符串求出一个 hash 值，则直接比较 hash 值即可，再加上使用二分查找，数据复杂度降为 O(m log n)。

那么，具体如何定义 hash 函数？字符串 hash 一般情况下是通过将各个字符的 ASCII 码进行某种运算并取模后求得。前人对其进行诸多研究，并总结出了一些不错的方法，下面对各种字符串 hash 算法进行介绍。

 

2、各种字符串 hash 算法

① BKDRHash

介绍：

本算法在 Brian Kernighan 与 Dennis Ritchie 的《The C Programming Language》一书被展示而得名，简单快捷，正确率高，也是 Java 目前采用的字符串的 hash 算法。

代码：

1 #define x 131
2 
3 int BKDRHash() {
4     int hash = 0;
5     for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
6         hash = hash * x + a[i];
7     return hash;
8 }

a 为字符串，len 为字符串长度，下同。

原理：

BKDRHash 属于多项式 hash，有点类似于进制转换，字符串可能出现的字符包括大小写字母，数字和特殊字符等，ASCII 码最大可能为 127，可以把字符串理解为一个 127 进制数，将其转化为十进制数，能理解进制转换的原理，对于多项式 Hash 也就很好理解了。一般情况下，x 的取值除了可以为 131，还可以是 31, 1313, 13131, 131313, ...，诸如此类。

② SDBMHash

介绍：

本算法在开源项目 SDBM（一种简单的数据库引擎）中被应用而得名，和 BKDRHash 一样属于多项式 hash，只是 x 取值为 65599。

代码略。

③ RSHash

介绍：

本算法因 Robert Sedgwicks 在其《Algorithms in C》一书中展示而得名。

代码：

 1 #define x 63689
 2 
 3 int RSHash() {
 4     int hash = 0;
 5     for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 6         hash = hash * x + a[i];
 7         x *= 378551;
 8     }
 9     return hash;
10 }

与前面的算法不同，RSHash 的 x 值一直在变化，每次累乘一个 378551。

④ APHash

代码：

1 int APHash() {
2     int hash = 0;
3     for (long i = 0; i < len; i++)  
4         if ((i & 1) == 0)  
5             hash ^= ((hash << 7) ^ a[i] ^ (hash >> 3));    
6         else  
7             hash ^= (~((hash << 11) ^ a[i] ^ (hash >> 5)));  
8     return hash;
9 }

⑤ JSHash

代码：

1 int JSHash() {
2     int hash = 1315423911;
3     for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
4         hash ^= ((hash << 5) + a[i] + (hash >> 2));
5     return hash;
6 }

⑥ DJBHash

1 int DJBHash() {
2     int hash = 5381;
3     for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
4         hash += (hash << 5) + ch; 
5     return hash;
6 }

还有 DEKHash, FNVHash, DJB2Hash, PJWHash, ELFHash，不一一介绍了。

 

3、MOD 模数取值

有了算法，第二步就是对 hash 值取模。可以看到各种算法所求得 hash 值在字符串较长的情况下是相当大的，而我们在存储时希望能压缩到 long long 范围甚至 int 范围，这时候就需要对 hash 值取模了，而显然，取模必然会导致 hash 冲突的情况出现，那么要如何尽可能降低错误率？

上面介绍的若干种算法，BKDRHash 为最经典的，也是在许多测试中错误率最低的一种，使用较多，下面以 BKDRHash 为首的多项式 hash 举例。

对于多项式 hash，其 hash 值可以表示为 ∑(a[i] * x ^ i) % MOD。首先，x 和 MOD 必须互质。在互质的前提下，理论上 hash 值在 [0, MOD) 范围内的每个值出现概率是相等的，其错误率可认为是 1 / MOD，所以 MOD 在 int 或 long long 范围内尽可能大，并且为质数，平时题目中经常见到的一个模数便是个不错的选择 —— 1e9 + 7，除此之外，还有如下模数也经常被使用：

12255871, 16341163, 21788233, 29050993, 38734667, 51646229, 68861641,  91815541, 1e9 + 9

 

4、多 hash 取值

假如进行 n 次字符串比较，每次错误率为 1 / MOD，则总错误率为 1 - (1 - 1 / MOD) ^ n。假设 MOD = 1e9 + 7，n = 10 ^ 6，则错误率约为 1 / 1000，其实并不是完全忽略不计的，所以为了进一步提高正确性，可以采取多 hash 取值的办法。

① 多次取模

采用同一种 hash 算法，但取至少两个模数，当且仅当在对两个模数取模得到的 hash 值均相等，key 值才被认为是相同的，这样，错误率起码降低至原来的平方数，当然还可以取更多模数以进一步降低。在上述常用模数里进行选择即可。

② 多次 hash

采用至少两种 hash 算法，当且仅当两种算法得到的 hash 值均相等，key 值才被认为是相同的，同样可以大幅降低错误率，比如 BKDRHash 和 RSHash 同时使用。

 

5、应用

例子中已经体现出字符串匹配使用字符串 hash 的作用了，其实只要需要对字符串进行是否相等的判断的，都可以使用字符串 hash，诸如最长回文子串等等。

下面给出例子的代码。

 1 #include <bits/stdc++.h>
 2 using namespace std;
 3 
 4 #define MAXN 1005
 5 #define x 131
 6 #define M1 1000000007
 7 #define M2 21788233
 8 
 9 typedef long long ll;
10 
11 ll n, m, bh1, bh2, ah1[MAXN], ah2[MAXN];
12 char a[MAXN], b[MAXN];
13 
14 ll h1(const char* a, int len) {
15     ll h = 0;
16     for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
17         h = (h * x + a[i]) % M1;
18     return h;
19 }
20 
21 ll h2(const char* a, int len) {
22     ll h = 0;
23     for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
24         h = (h * x + a[i]) % M2;
25     return h;
26 }
27 
28 bool find2(ll o) {
29     int l = 1, r = n;
30     while (l <= r) {
31         int m = (l + r) >> 1;
32         if (ah2[m] > o) r = m - 1;
33         else if (ah2[m] < o) l = m + 1;
34         else return 1;
35     }
36     return 0;
37 }
38 
39 bool find1(ll o) {
40     int l = 1, r = n;
41     while (l <= r) {
42         int m = (l + r) >> 1;
43         if (ah1[m] > o) r = m - 1;
44         else if (ah1[m] < o) l = m + 1;
45         else return find2(bh2);
46     }
47     return 0;
48 }
49 
50 int main() {
51     cin >> n >> m;
52     for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
53         cin >> a;
54         ah1[i] = h1(a, strlen(a));
55         ah2[i] = h2(a, strlen(a));
56     }
57     sort(ah1 + 1, ah1 + n + 1), sort(ah2 + 1, ah2 + n + 1);
58     for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) {
59         cin >> b;
60         bh1 = h1(b, strlen(b)), bh2 = h2(b, strlen(b));
61         cout << (find1(bh1) ? "yp" : "nob") << endl;
62     }
63     return 0;
64 }

使用了 2 个模数。