注意：审稿人是这样判断你的数据是否造假的！

Posted 2023-04-23

参考技术A 数据审核是医学论文审稿流程的重要环节 ，可以保障论文质量且有效防范学术不端。

01

审稿人如何识别数据真假？

我将通过以下案例 ，利用Graphpad Prism 软件教大家识别文章是否存在论文造假的嫌疑！

 实际案例：

 验证：   

在数据审核时，审稿人认 为 两 组 患 者 LVEDD的均值相差并不大 ，对其是否真的具有统计学意义存疑。虽然稿件并未提供 LVEDD 的原始数值 ，应 用 GraphPad Prism 软 件 ，编 辑 仍 可 以利用文中提供的均数 ，标准差及样本量进行两样 本 均 数 的 t 检 验 ，从 而 对 统 计 结 果 进 行 验证。

 操作：

打 开 软件 ，在欢迎界面 New Table & Graph 选框中选择 Column → Enter and plot error values already calculated elsewhere → Mean，SD，N → Create，创建并进入数据表。

录入数据后 ，在工具栏选择 Analyze → Column analyses → t tests （and nonparametric tests） → OK。Parameters 对 话框中 ，可选择非配对的 t 检验（Unpaired t test. Assume both populations have the same SD）或方差不齐时的 t’检验（Unpaired t test with Welch’s correction. Do not assume equal SDs）。

在不知道方差齐性的情况下 ，先选择 t 检验 ，点击 OK，即可生成统计结果表单。

如果方差齐性检验的 P ＞ 0.05，说明两样本方差相等 ，表单中 t 检验有效 

反之 ，则需返回到 Parameters 对话框 ，选择方差不齐时的 t’检验。

 结论：

本例两组方差齐次性检验的 P ＞ 0.05（F test to compare variances，P ＝ 0.1560），且 t 检验的 P ＝ 0.1384，说明两组患者的 LVEDD 不具有统计学差异 ，文章的结果确实存在问题。之后审稿人用同样的操作对文章的其他数据逐一进行检验，又发现多处 P值错误。编辑部经讨论，认为此稿件数据不可靠 ，结论不可信 ，给予退稿。

02

Prism 9数据处理教程

一、轻松上手GraphPad9.0新功能教程

1、GraphPad Prism9.0-新功能介绍

2、GraphPad Prism入门-Prism速览

3、GraphPad Prism入门-Prism的数据表

4、GraphPad Prism9.0视频:主成分分析(PCA)

5、GraphPad Prism9.0视频:多变量数据表

6、GraphPad Prism9.0统计教程:如何做T检验

7、GraphPad Prism9.0绘制光滑曲线视频教程

8、GraphPad Prism9.0做独立T（配对T）检验估算图

9、GraphPad Prism9.0单因素方差分析

10、GraphPad Prism9.0自动标注两两比较结果

11、GraphPad Prism9.0双Y轴叠加柱状图绘制视频教程

二、手把手教你用GraphPad做符合SCI投稿的标准图

1、配对t检验的统计分析及图形绘制

2、重复测量资料方差分析的统计分析与图形绘制

3、完全随机设计资料方差分析的统计分析及图形绘制

4、成组设计的t检验的统计分析及图形绘制

5、简单线性回归和线性相关的图形绘制

6、重复测量资料方差分析的统计分析与图形绘制

7、简单线性回归和线性相关的图形绘制

8、两组独立样本的秩和检验的统计分析与图形绘制

9、因设计资料方差分析的统计分析与图形绘制2

10、多组独立样本的秩和检验的统计分析与图形绘制

11、非线性拟合（拟合存活曲线）

12、通过实例学习GraphPad_Prism作图的流程

三、GraphPad教你如何做高逼格SCI统计图

1、SCI制图规范及简介

2、Excel2013作图

3、Graphpad制图

4、Graphpad制作生存曲线

5、lmageJ作图

6、Photoshop拼图

7、PPT拼图

8、Grappad绘制单式柱状图

9、Grappad绘制复式柱状图

10、Graphpad绘制相关性曲线

11、Graphpad绘制柱状散点图

12、Graphpad绘制折线图(实操)

13、Graphpad拼图

14、Photoshop拼图(实操)

03

避免数据重复技巧

一、数据分析必备软件合集

salmon转录组数据分析工具

Python数据分析教程

Trifacta数据整理工具

Rapid Miner数据清洗工具

Rattle GUI数据处理转换

Qlikview 数据分析可视化

样本量计算-软件GPower

网页版SRTt统计学数据分析

网页版SHEsis数据统计分析

Epidate 3.1--数据分析工具

数据提取神器—GetData

Graphpad prism9.0、sas 9.4最新版

Stata中文版V15.1、spss 26、Origin2021

二、零基础精通科研数据处理

生存分析:生存曲线的绘制方法，多重比较和计划比较

Research Article图片类型分析

如何在多个软件中绘制Column图

XY图和Column图拓展

如何在多个软件中绘制双Y轴图

绘制显菩性差异的标注和连接线

双尾T检验:对两列数据进行F检验和双尾T检验

单尾T检验:对两列数据进行F检验和单尾T检验

细胞毒实验的半数抑制浓度IC50的计算方法

模糊数据图的重新绘图:原始数据补救

数据图在后期修改时如何调整字体

如何对图像中的颗粒等结构进行计数

如何测定图像中结构的大小和距离

共聚焦、电泳等图片的半定量分析

三、适合医学科研人员的统计学教程

T检验.docx

聚类分析.ppt

秩和检验.ppt

P值和FDR的关系.docx

方差分析(ANOVA) .docx

医学统计学分析基本思路指南.docx

编辑视角下统计学知识的应用.pdf

统计学审查在医学论文审稿中的必要性.pdf

用R做贝叶氏斯分析-.pdf

循证医学和临床医学论文中统计学问题编辑监审的必要性

MedCalc常用统计分析教程（思维导图版本）

英文会议论文改稿指导笔记

1. 审稿人的关注点

n 好文章：想法好、表达好、语言好

n 对于会议论文，由于篇幅和审稿时间的限制，一篇文章以讨论一个方法、解决一个问题为好。

n 审稿人是志愿者，他们不一定与你来自同一领域，所以不要直接进入主题，而是要讲清楚问题的来龙去脉，如果审稿人在读你的文章时感到有收获，你的文章会因此得分

n 审稿人手头经常会积累很多论文待审，所以文章一定要简明易读

n 审稿的典型的顺序是：题目→作者→摘要→结论→图表→参考文献→引言，审稿人看参考文献经常是看他/她的论文是否被引用，至此，正文还没看，审稿人就已经有了是否收录的倾向性，后续的阅读只是为了找正面/负面的证据来支持他/她的决定。所以，要把所有重点在前面提到的几个环节中强有力地展示清楚，使得审稿人能够尽快正确理解你的论文的创新之处和贡献。

n 有一个很不好的做法，就是将摘要、导言里对方法的介绍和结论用同样的话进行表述，甚至互相拷贝。文章的摘要、介绍、结论，要在不同的细节层次上介绍你的方法、强调你的贡献。

n 文章末的“参考文献”要完整、相关性要强。当叙述到与本文相关的最新技术或不常用的技术时，一定要频繁地引用相关文献，不然审稿人有可能会误以为你把这些工作声明成你的贡献，最终对你的文章产生负面影响。

n “附录”不常有。如果细节特别长，放在正文中影响正常的阅读节奏，导致读者读完细节就已经忘记了前文，则可以放在附录里，当读者希望看细节时再参考这一部分。

2. 修改论文的技巧

n 第一稿写完后，给自己不要超过一天的休息时间，开始修改第二稿。

n 修改时，还是以逻辑为主，但对每一句话都要推敲一下，对abstract和正文中的关键语句要字斟句酌。

n 第二稿的修改极为关键，再往后就不会大改了。第二稿以后的修改，主要注重具体的字句，不会改变整体逻辑了。

n 投稿前，一定要整体读一遍，对个别词句略作改动。

n 记住：学术期刊一般不会因为具体的语法错误而拒绝一篇文章，但一定会因为逻辑混乱而拒绝一篇文章。用最简单的话表达最明白的意思，但一定要逻辑严谨！

n 请别人帮你改过的版本最好保留下来，多跟帮你改文章的人交流，了解他们做这些改动的原因。

n 现在很多字处理软件都提供拼写检查功能，对于软件提示可能出错的字，一定要仔细再检查。

n 要用自己最熟悉的、确定不会产生歧义的单词。

n 要避免“毫无疑问”（no doubt）、“绝对”（absolutely）、“显然”（obviously）这类绝对化的用词。

n 不要使用复杂的语句，要尽量简单明晰，便于读者理解。

n 要注意衔接过渡，选择正确的过渡词与联接词，还要注意转折，注意连贯性，避免行文跳跃。

n 尽量避免使用“most”来描述已证实的研究文献。如果你写“大部分研究者发现什么什么（most researchers findsuch-and-such）”实际上你用了统计学的表达，意思是你知道一半以上的研究者已经发现什么什么。如果对含有“大部分（most of…）”的句子要求你证实其数量你能做到吗？这就是该单词（most）所蕴含的意思。你可以使用“many”或 “several” 或“a number of”来代替。

n Research（研究）是一个集合名词，一般理解为包括大量的研究工作。因此，它实际上不应该使用复数形式，你可以使用“studies”或“investigations”或其他相似词来代替。

n 缩写和首字母缩写： 在第一次使用时，对一个缩写或首字母缩写要进行定义（即写出全称），此后出现即一致使用该缩写。

n 罗马数字或数字单词：一般对10或10以上的数字采用罗马数字表示；而个位数一般采用数字单词表示（如“one” 、“six”）。

3. 文章架构

1.0 topic

 n 好的题目有两个要素。首先，不能有歧义，要能让审稿人正确联想出文章做了什么。

n 其次，要便于记忆，否则读者日后要写论文时，你的论文早已经不知丢在何处，如果有容易记忆的题目，他会优先想到你的文章。要做到这点，题目要短、要有关键的字眼。一定要有一个吸引人的标题，不要过于中立。如“New Insights into ..”比起“Sulfur Poisoning Behaviorof ....”要档次高很多。

1.1 abstract

“摘要”就是给出论文的概况，吸引读者。、实验结果如何、

1) 阐述问题

2) 总结自己的解决方案/本文工作，在这里要给一些适当的细节，简略描述你的方法是如何实现的、有哪些组成部分（components）

3) 总结方案结果/本文贡献，比现有的技术提高了多少。

1.2 introduction

“导言”部分很重要。

1) 首先要讲明做本研究动机，讲明为什么本文所述的研究很重要？为什么该研究是值得做的？如果不能很好地论证，后面写得再好也没有用，因为大家不会浪费时间在“没有用”的东西上。

2) 其次，本文的贡献、创新性要明确突出，不要让人误认为你的研究与别人相似。Introduction一定是和后文前后对应的，后文反复强调引言中强调的创新性，不要过度发散，要紧扣introduction。

3) 第三，介绍你的方法时要比摘要详细些，但是不要给太多的细节。

4) 第四，文章的大纲

1.3 previous work

“相关工作”是为了证明你的工作的新颖性的。因此对前人的研究的引用要完整，并且一定要尊重相关文献的作者，可以指出其缺点，但一定要礼貌，要以建设性的方式提出。

1) 将历史上前人的工作分成类别

2) 与自己提出的工作进行比较，对每类重要历史工作进行一到几句简短回顾，注意公正评价，不过于苛刻

3) 强调自己的工作和前人工作的不同，举出各自的应用场合的例子

1.4 Our work

“正文”用来介绍技术上的细节，终极目的是要让人理解你的方法并能重现实验结果。首先，逻辑要清晰，其次，技术上的细节不能缺失。但是，如果细节可能喧宾夺主，则要适当删减或挪到附录甚至补充材料里，以免干扰正常的阅读节奏。如果文章比较复杂，可以叙述一下方法的组成部分，画出框图，展示方法、内容及其关系。

 1) 从读者角度阐明定义和表示法

2) 提供算法的伪码，图解和相应解释

3) 用设问的方式回答读者可能提出的潜在问题

复杂的冗长的证明和细节可以放在附录中，这里关键是把问题阐述清楚；
特例和例外应该在脚注中给予说明。

 1.5 Experiments

文章的实验结果要证明“我的方法的确比现有最好的方法还要好”。有一个细节需要注意：有些同学在文中用红、绿、蓝色来指示对象，但经常图片打印出来都是灰色的，对象难以区分，所以最好不要用颜色来指示图片里的对象，而要尽量用不同样式的线型、填充模式等，再打印出来确认不同对象的确是可以区分的。另外，对于所有的图、表，要在正文里加以说明，对于反常规的结果尤其要突出地论述其原因。

 1) 合理地设计实验，写出详尽的实验步骤

2) 必要的比较，突出科学性

3) 讨论，说明结果的意义

4) 给出结论

1.6 Conclusions

“结论”部分是给读者留下印象的最后机会，要进一步突出自己的贡献。你还可以开诚布公地承认自己的缺点，其实这会让审稿人留下好印象，并且给其它读者以提升空间，让他们沿着你的方向继续前行。

1) 快速简短的总结

2) 未来工作的展望

1.7 References

众所周知的结论不必引用，其它的重要工作/言论要引用

1.8 Others

致谢、附录、脚注

4. 英文措辞

2.1技巧与注意点

1) 单词多变化，常用翻译软件搜寻同义词来替换单词

2) 在翻译软件中输入单词，看它例句，学会如何使用词组与句型

3) 英文-英文，读懂意思后，用自己的话说出来，否则是抄袭。在美国一些机构，连续7个英文单词在一起和别人的完全一样，原则上就被认为抄袭。

4) 中文-英文，自己将中文文献中所用得到的语句翻译成英文。

2.2 英文学术论文常用句型

v Abstract

英文摘要的时态：

时态运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻 (时段) 的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。

英文摘要的语态：

采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。

主动语态：现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。

被动语态：以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。

英文摘要的人称

原来摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe…，To study…，To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。

避免一些语法错误

冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用 the 时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如：The authorfabricated a new ...The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分 a 和 an，如 an X ray. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如 8 turn solenoid inductor…　　单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。尽量使用短句。因为，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专业多，英文更是不易掌握，各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。多看英文文献，也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。

 1) A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx ratefor the measurement of experimental variables.

2) This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematicswhich overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.

3) This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.

4) The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.

5) The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.

6) The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xxalgorithm.

7) The usefulness of xx is also considered.

8) A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.

9) The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.

10) A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.

11) Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented andjustified.

12) The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.

13) Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure aregiven to illustrate the proposed technique.

14) This paper analyses problems in

15) This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...

16) This paper includes an illustration of the ...

17) This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18) Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which thexx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.

19) The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20) Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.

21) The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of:xx, xx

22) The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewiserepresented by linguistic variables.

23) A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

v beginning 

1) In this paper。。 

2) This paper proceeds as follow.

3) The structure of the paper is as follows.

4) In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and relatedconcepts

5) To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

v Introduction

1) This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problemand a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions aredefined.

2) Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.

3) In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirelypossibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time withstochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzyservice rule are considered.

Time

1) Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive

2) Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3) The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the

4) The development of ... is explored

5) During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a varietyof

directions

1) The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

2) There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with theadvent of ...

3) A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...

4) A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.

5) At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

6) Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, theefficient and effective method has yet to be developed.

7) The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].

8) To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far fromready to be used in commercial systems.

Objective / Goal / Purpose

1) The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2) The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilizethe existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provideintelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.

3) The paper concerns the development of a xx

4) The scope of this research lies in

5) The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decisionmaking.

6) These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as topermit ...

7) The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:

8) The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9) The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10) The main objective of such a ... system is to

11) The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probabilitydistribution.

12) In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the followingrequirements:

13) In order to take advantage of their similarity

14) more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed

15) In this trial, the objective is to generate...

16) for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues

17) A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recentlydeveloped procedure for the xx.

18) For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied inpresence of fuzzy data: xx.

19) A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies forstructuring ..methods

20) This illustration points out the need to specify

21) The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.

v Review 回顾

4) This review is followed by an introduction.

5) A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presentedin Section 2.

6) In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.

7) In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to...

8)  Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.

9) Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action,while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems andoutlines the need for development of possibility methods.

10) A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, forexample, regarding xx

11) A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade

12) A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertaintiesassociated with xx.

13) There is considerable amount of literature on planning

14) However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.

15) Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still underinvestigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.

16) Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.

17) Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.

18) Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

19) Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedureand have, therefore, not yet been automated.

20) Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /orprobabilistic in nature.

21) The central issue in all these studies is to

22) The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, thesestudies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.

23) Applied ... techniques to

24) Characterized the ... system as

25) Developed an algorithm to

26) Developed a system called ... Which

27) Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

28) Emphasized the need to

29) Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

30) A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken

31) Much work has been reported recently in these filed

32) Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

33) Point out that the problem of

34) A study on ...was done / developed by [ ]

35) Previous work, such as [ ] and [ ], deal only with

36) The approach taken by [ ] is

37) The system developed by [ ] consists

38) A paper relevant to this research was published by [ ]

39) [ ]‘s model requires consideration of...

40) [ ]‘ model draws attention to evolution in human development

41) [ ]‘s model focuses on...

42) Little research has been conducted in applying ... to

43) The published information that is relevant to this research...

44) This study further shows that

45) Their work is based on the principle of

46) More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].

47) Studies have been completed to established

48) The ...studies indicated that

49) Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recentyears, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.

Problem / Issue / Question

1) Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturingplanning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to spanbroad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.

2) Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

3) ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

4) Two major problems have yet to be addressed

5) An unanswered question

6) This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.

7) An additional research issue to be tackled is ....

8) Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed

9) The three prime issues can be summarized:

10) The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...

11) here have been many attempts to

12) It is expected to be serious barrier to

13) It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

v explain

1) Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.

2) Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.

3) Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4) Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural languageunderstanding.

5) Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in termsof fuzzy time window

6) Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...

7) Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.

8) Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.

9) Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysisof xx.

10) Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.

11) Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decisionrules

12) The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4describes the xx strategies.

13) Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.

14) Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost varianceinvestigation.

15) Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.

16) Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memoryprocess.

17) Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results ofSection 2 and 3.

18) Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrateits use on experimental data.

19)  Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..

20) Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.

21) Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.

22) Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice arediscussed very briefly in Section 2.

23) In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model ofhuman DM system

24) In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ...scheme must satisfy.

25) In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniquenesstheorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain ofdiscourse is order dense.

26) In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to constructmembership functions.

27) In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds ofinference experiments...

28) In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP isdesigned are described.

29) We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which arenecessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

30) The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computerimplementation of such fuzzy logic statements.

31) However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications theformulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.

32) The three components will be described in the next two section, and anexample of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate theiruse.

33) We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.

34) The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful forarguments based on xx

v Summary

1) This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration insection

2) Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.

3) Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.

4) Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of thepaper.

5) Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6) The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions aredrawn.

7) Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.