干货-Oracle里的常用命令

Posted 2023-04-16

参考技术A 　　本文转自：51Testing软件测试网。（http://www.51testing.com/html/27/n-7827.html）

      第一章：日志管理

　　1.forcing log switches

　　sql> alter system switch logfile;

　　2.forcing checkpoints

　　sql> alter system checkpoint;

　　3.adding online redo log groups

　　sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]

　　sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;

　　4.adding online redo log members

　　sql> alter database add logfile member

　　sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,

　　sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;

　　5.changes the name of the online redo logfile

　　sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'

　　sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

　　6.drop online redo log groups

　　sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;

　　7.drop online redo log members

　　sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

　　8.clearing online redo log files

　　sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';

　　9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles

　　a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '

　　b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');

　　c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',

　　sql> dbms_logmnr.new);

　　d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',

　　sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);

　　e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');

　　f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters

　　sql> v$logmnr_logs);

　　g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

　 　第二章：表空间管理

　　1.create tablespaces

　　sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,

　　sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]

　　sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)

　　sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]

　　2.locally managed tablespace

　　sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'

　　sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

　　3.temporary tablespace

　　sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'

　　sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

　　4.change the storage setting

　　sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;

　　sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);

　　5.taking tablespace offline or online

　　sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;

　　sql> alter tablespace app_data online;

　　6.read_only tablespace

　　sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;

　　7.droping tablespace

　　sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;

　　8.enableing automatic extension of data files

　　sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m

　　sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;

　　9.change the size fo data files manually

　　sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;

　　10.Moving data files: alter tablespace

　　sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'

　　sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

　　11.moving data files:alter database

　　sql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'

　　sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

　 　第三章：表

　　1.create a table

　　sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)

　　sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]

　　sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

　　sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)

　　sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]

　　2.copy an existing table

　　sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery

　　3.create temporary table

　　sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;

　　on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

　　4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size

　　pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)

　　5.change storage and block utilization parameter

　　sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k

　　sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);

　　6.manually allocating extents

　　sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');

　　7.move tablespace

　　sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;

　　8.deallocate of unused space

　　sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]

　　9.truncate a table

　　sql> truncate table table_name;

　　10.drop a table

　　sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

　　11.drop a column

　　sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;

　　alter table table_name drop columns continue;

　　12.mark a column as unused

　　sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;

　　alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;

　　alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000

　　data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

　　 第四章：索引

　　1.creating function-based indexes

　　sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);

　　2.create a B-tree index

　　sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace

　　sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

　　sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0

　　sql> maxextents 50);

　　3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*

　　100/maximum number of rows

　　4.creating reverse key indexes

　　sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k

　　sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

　　5.create bitmap index

　　sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k

　　sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

　　6.change storage parameter of index

　　sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);

　　7.allocating index space

　　sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');

　　8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

　 　第五章：约束

　　1.define constraints as immediate or deferred

　　sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;

　　set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

　　2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints

　　sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints

　　3. define constraints while create a table

　　sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable

　　sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);

　　primary key/unique/references table(column)/check

　　4.enable constraints

　　sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

　　5.enable constraints

　　sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

　　 第六章：LOAD数据

　　1.loading data using direct_load insert

　　sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging

　　sql> select * from emp_old;

　　2.parallel direct-load insert

　　sql> alter session enable parallel dml;

　　sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging

　　sql> select * from emp_old;

　　3.using sql*loader

　　sql> sqlldr scott/tiger \

　　sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \

　　sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true

　　 第七章：reorganizing data

　　1.using expoty

　　$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y

　　2.using import

　　$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y

　　3.transporting a tablespace

　　sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;

　　$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts

　　triggers=n constraints=n

　　$copy datafile

　　$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2

　　/sles02.dbf)

　　sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;

　　4.checking transport set

　　sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true);

　　在表transport_set_violations 中查看

　　sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含

　　 第八章：managing password security and resources

　　1.controlling account lock and password

　　sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;

　　2.user_provided password function

　　sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),

　　old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean

　　3.create a profile : password setting

　　sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3

　　sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30

　　sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function

　　sql> password_grace_time 5;

　　4.altering a profile

　　sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3

　　sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;

　　5.drop a profile

　　sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];

　　6.create a profile : resource limit

　　sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2

　　sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;

　　7. view => resource_cost : alter resource cost

　　dba_Users,dba_profiles

　　8. enable resource limits

　　sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;

　　 第九章：Managing users

　　1.create a user: database authentication

　　sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users

　　sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire

　　sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];

　　2.change user quota on tablespace

　　sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;

　　3.drop a user

　　sql> drop user juncky [cascade];

　　4. monitor user

　　view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas

　　 第十章：managing privileges

　　1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs

　　2.grant system privilege

　　sql> grant create session,create table to managers;

　　sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;

　　with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;

　　3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:

　　sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,

　　alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database

　　alter database archivelog,restricted session

　　sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until

　　4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users

　　5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema

　　6.revoke system privilege

　　sql> revoke create table from karen;

　　sql> revoke create session from scott;

　　7.grant object privilege

　　sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;

　　sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;

　　8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs

　　9.revoke object privilege

　　sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];

　　10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$

　　11. protecting the audit trail

　　sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;

　　12.statement auditing

　　sql> audit user;

　　13.privilege auditing

　　sql> audit select any table by summit by access;

　　14.schema object auditing

　　sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;

　　15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,

　　dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts

　　16.view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,

　　dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement

　　 第十一章： manager role

　　1.create roles

　　sql> create role sales_clerk;

　　sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;

　　sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;

　　2.modify role

　　sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;

　　sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;

　　sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;

　　3.assigning roles

　　sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;

　　sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;

　　sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;

　　4.establish default role

　　sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;

　　sql> alter user scott default role all;

　　sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;

　　sql> alter user scott default role none;

　　5.enable and disable roles

　　sql> set role hr_clerk;

　　sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;

　　sql> set role all except sales_clerk;

　　sql> set role none;

　　6.remove role from user

　　sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;

　　sql> revoke hr_manager from public;

　　7.remove role

　　sql> drop role hr_manager;

　　8.display role information

　　view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,

　　role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles

　　 第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY

　　1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat

　　2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size

　　3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback

　　> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions

　　4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)

　　> shutdown immediate

　　> cp files /backup/

　　> startup

　　5.restore to a different location

　　> connect system/manager as sysdba

　　> startup mount

　　> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';

　　> alter database open;

　　6.recover syntax

　　--recover a mounted database

　　>recover database;

　　>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';

　　>alter database recover database;

　　--recover an opened database

　　>recover tablespace user_data;

　　>recover datafile 2;

　　>alter database recover datafile 2;

　　7.how to apply redo log files automatically

　　>set autorecovery on

　　>recover automatic datafile 4;

　　8.complete recovery:

　　--method 1(mounted databae)

　　>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf

　　>startup mount

　　>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;

　　>alter database open;

　　--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)

　　>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)

　　>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or

　　>recover tablespace user_data;

　　>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or

　　>alter tablespace user_data online;

　　--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)

　　>startup mount

　　>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;

　　>alter database open

　　>copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf

　　>alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'

　　>recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;

　　>alter tablespace user_data online;

　　--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)

　　>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;

　　>alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf''

　　>recover tablespace user_data;

　　>alter tablespace user_data online

　　5.perform an open database backup

　　> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;

　　> copy files /backup/

　　> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;

　　> alter system switch logfile;

　　6.backup a control file

　　> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';

　　> alter database backup controlfile to trace;

　　7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)

　　> shutdown abort

　　> cp files

　　> startup

　　8.recovery of file in backup mode

　　>alter database datafile 2 end backup;

　　9.clearing redo log file

　　>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;

　　>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;

　　10.redo log recovery

　　>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k;

　　>alter database drop logfile group 1;

　　>alter database open;

　　or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log

　　>alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';

Oracle的SQLPLUS常用命令

二、用户如何有效地利用数据字典

 

Oracle的数据字典是数据库的重要组成部分之一，它随着数据库的产生而产生, 随着数据库的变化而变化,体现为sys用户下的一些表和视图。数据字典名称是大写的英文字符。
　　
数据字典里存有用户信息、用户的权限信息、所有数据对象信息、表的约束条件、统计分析数据库的视图等。

我们不能手工修改数据字典里的信息。
很多时候，一般的ORACLE用户不知道如何有效地利用它。
dictionary　全部数据字典表的名称和解释，它有一个同义词dict
dict_column　全部数据字典表里字段名称和解释
　　
如果我们想查询跟索引有关的数据字典时，可以用下面这条SQL语句:
SQL>select * from dictionary where instr(comments,‘index‘)>0;
如果我们想知道user_indexes表各字段名称的详细含义，可以用下面这条SQL语句:
SQL>select column_name,comments from dict_columns where table_name=‘USER_INDEXES‘;
依此类推，就可以轻松知道数据字典的详细名称和解释，不用查看ORACLE的其它文档资料了。
下面按类别列出一些ORACLE用户常用数据字典的查询使用方法。
　　
1、用户
　　
　　查看当前用户的缺省表空间
　　SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;
　　
　　查看当前用户的角色
　　SQL>select * from user_role_privs;
　　
　　查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限
　　SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;
　　SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;
2、表
　　
　　查看用户下所有的表
　　SQL>select * from user_tables;
　　
　　查看名称包含log字符的表
　　SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects
　　where instr(object_name,‘LOG‘)>0;
　　
　　查看某表的创建时间
　　SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper(‘&table_name‘);
　　
　　查看某表的大小
　　SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
　　where segment_name=upper(‘&table_name‘);
　　查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表
　　SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,‘Y‘)>0;
3、索引
　　
　　查看索引个数和类别
　　SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name;
　　查看索引被索引的字段
　　SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper(‘&index_name‘);
　　查看索引的大小
　　SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
　　where segment_name=upper(‘&index_name‘);
4、序列号
　　
　　查看序列号，last_number是当前值
　　SQL>select * from user_sequences;
　　
5、视图
　　查看视图的名称
　　SQL>select view_name from user_views;
　　查看创建视图的select语句
　　SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views;
　　SQL>set long 2000; 说明：可以根据视图的text_length值设定set long 的大小
　　SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper(‘&view_name‘);
6、同义词
　　查看同义词的名称
　　SQL>select * from user_synonyms;
　　
7、约束条件
　　查看某表的约束条件
　　SQL>select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name
　　from user_constraints where table_name = upper(‘&table_name‘);
　　SQL>select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name
　　from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc
　　where c.owner = upper(‘&table_owner‘) and c.table_name = upper(‘&table_name‘)
　　and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name
　　order by cc.position;
　　
8、存储函数和过程
　　查看函数和过程的状态
　　SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type=‘FUNCTION‘;
　　SQL>select object_name,status from user_objects where object_type=‘PROCEDURE‘;
　　
　　查看函数和过程的源代码
　　SQL>select text from all_source where owner=user and name=upper(‘&plsql_name‘);