如何成功创建Linux集群
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参考技术A 很多小型组织使用了KVM虚拟化，但却无法在主机发生故障时采取相关措施保证高可用性。本文介绍如何采取简单的方式确保虚拟机的高可用性。你可以使用任一Linux发行版的KVM，但是这些Linux发行版在集群功能方面存在差异。Pacemaker堆栈源于SUSE，红帽在最近的版本中才确定其集群实现方式。因此在本文中我将介绍如何在OpenSuSE 13.1 下配置集群。 图1. KVM高可用架构概览假定集群中的节点已经连接到了SAN。如果集群中的节点还没有连接到SAN，那么将虚拟主机连接到Linux SAN并不复杂，当然你也可以使用SAN设备。然而我们在本文中采用的方式—使用OCFS 2共享文件系统构建集群—只有在使用SAN时才是有效的。配置KVM高可用集群的步骤如下所示：创建基础集群在SAN共享存储上配置OCFS2集群文件系统使用SAN磁盘作为后端存储，安装虚拟机为虚拟机配置Pacemaker集群资源验证集群配置创建基础集群在Open SUSE 13.1下使用命令zypper in pacemaker ocfs2-tools lvm2-clvm 安装构建集群所必需的软件包，开始创建基础集群。集群包括两层。较低的层称之为corosync转载仅供参考，版权属于原作者。祝你愉快，满意请采纳哦 参考技术B 如何成功创建Linux集群_百度文库 参考技术C 在开始创建Linux集群项目之前，首先要有一个好的理由．即为什么要创建集群?其次要知道集群对软件和硬件组件的需求，即需要什么?量后要有好的设计和计划．即如何来创建一个集群?遵循这些原则，可以尽量避免集群创建过程中可能遇到的麻烦linux下redis集群搭建
硬件环境
本文适用的硬件环境如下
Linux版本：CentOS release 6.7 (Final)
Redis版本：3.2.1
Redis已经成功安装，安装路径为/home/idata/yangfan/local/redis-3.2.1。
我们要在单台机器上搭建Redis集群，方式是通过不同的TCP端口启动多个实例，然后组成集群。
1、启动Redis多个实例
我们在Redis安装目录下创建目录cluster，并编写7000.conf~7005.conf 6个配置文件，这6个配置文件用来启动6个实例，后面将使用这6个实例组成集群。
以7000.conf为例，配置文件需要填写如下几项。
port 7000 //端口7000,7002,7003
bind 10.93.84.53 //默认ip为127.0.0.1 需要改为其他节点机器可访问的ip 否则创建集群时无法访问对应的端口，无法创建集群
daemonize yes //redis后台运行
pidfile ./redis_7000.pid //pidfile文件对应7000,7001,7002
cluster-enabled yes //开启集群 把注释#去掉
cluster-config-file nodes_7000.conf //集群的配置 配置文件首次启动自动生成 7000,7001,7002
cluster-node-timeout 15000 //请求超时 默认15秒，可自行设置
appendonly yes //aof日志开启 有需要就开启，它会每次写操作都记录一条日志
分别启动6个实例
./bin/redis-server cluster/conf/7000.conf
./bin/redis-server cluster/conf/7001.conf
./bin/redis-server cluster/conf/7002.conf
./bin/redis-server cluster/conf/7003.conf
./bin/redis-server cluster/conf/7004.conf
./bin/redis-server cluster/conf/7005.conf
启动成功后，看一下进程
# ps -ef | grep redis | grep cluster
idata 15711 22329 0 18:40 pts/10 00:00:00 ./bin/redis-server 10.93.84.53:7000 [cluster]
idata 15740 22329 0 18:40 pts/10 00:00:00 ./bin/redis-server 10.93.84.53:7001 [cluster]
idata 15810 22329 0 18:40 pts/10 00:00:00 ./bin/redis-server 10.93.84.53:7002 [cluster]
idata 17023 22329 0 18:42 pts/10 00:00:00 ./bin/redis-server 10.93.84.53:7003 [cluster]
idata 17030 22329 0 18:42 pts/10 00:00:00 ./bin/redis-server 10.93.84.53:7004 [cluster]
idata 17035 22329 0 18:42 pts/10 00:00:00 ./bin/redis-server 10.93.84.53:7005 [cluster]
至此，ip=10.93.84.53机器上创建了6个实例，端口号为port=7000~7005。
Redis 3.0以上的集群方式是通过Redis安装目录下的bin/redis-trib.rb脚本搭建。
这个脚本是用Ruby编写的，尝试运行，如果打印如下，你可以跳过本文的第二部分。
idata@qa-f1502-xg01.xg01:~/yangfan/local/redis-3.2.1/bin$ ruby redis-trib.rb
Usage: redis-trib <command> <options> <arguments ...>
create host1:port1 ... hostN:portN
--replicas <arg>
check host:port
info host:port
fix host:port
--timeout <arg>
reshard host:port
--from <arg>
--to <arg>
--slots <arg>
--yes
--timeout <arg>
--pipeline <arg>
rebalance host:port
--weight <arg>
--auto-weights
--use-empty-masters
--timeout <arg>
--simulate
--pipeline <arg>
--threshold <arg>
add-node new_host:new_port existing_host:existing_port
--slave
--master-id <arg>
del-node host:port node_id
set-timeout host:port milliseconds
call host:port command arg arg .. arg
import host:port
--from <arg>
--copy
--replace
help (show this help)
For check, fix, reshard, del-node, set-timeout you can specify the host and port of any working node in the cluster.
如果执行失败，那么不幸的是你的机器没有Ruby运行的环境，那么你需要安装Ruby。进入第二部分。
2、安装ruby
下面的过程都是在root权限下完成的。
1）yum安装ruby和依赖的包。
# yum -y install ruby ruby-devel rubygems rpm-build
一般来说，这一步是能正常完成的。
2）使用gem这个命令来安装redis接口
gem是ruby的一个工具包
# gem install redis
安装过程出错
郁闷，看样子要升级ruby版本。
3）升级Ruby的版本
安装rvm，我不知道这是个什么东西，但是感觉像是Ruby的一个包管理器。
# curl -L get.rvm.io | bash -s stable
WTF，又出问题了
气急败坏的照着他说的做
# gpg2 --recv-keys 409B6B1796C275462A1703113804BB82D39DC0E3
gpg: keyring `/root/.gnupg/secring.gpg\' created
gpg: requesting key D39DC0E3 from hkp server keys.gnupg.net
gpg: /root/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key D39DC0E3: public key "Michal Papis (RVM signing) <mpapis@gmail.com>" imported
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
然后重新下载rvm安装，成功了。
# curl -L get.rvm.io | bash -s stable
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 24090 100 24090 0 0 18023 0 0:00:01 0:00:01 --:--:-- 129k
Downloading https://github.com/rvm/rvm/archive/1.29.3.tar.gz
Downloading https://github.com/rvm/rvm/releases/download/1.29.3/1.29.3.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Mon 11 Sep 2017 04:59:21 AM CST using RSA key ID BF04FF17
gpg: Good signature from "Michal Papis (RVM signing) <mpapis@gmail.com>"
gpg: aka "Michal Papis <michal.papis@toptal.com>"
gpg: aka "[jpeg image of size 5015]"
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: 409B 6B17 96C2 7546 2A17 0311 3804 BB82 D39D C0E3
Subkey fingerprint: 62C9 E5F4 DA30 0D94 AC36 166B E206 C29F BF04 FF17
GPG verified \'/usr/local/rvm/archives/rvm-1.29.3.tgz\'
Creating group \'rvm\'
Installing RVM to /usr/local/rvm/
Installation of RVM in /usr/local/rvm/ is almost complete:
* First you need to add all users that will be using rvm to \'rvm\' group,
and logout - login again, anyone using rvm will be operating with `umask u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rx`.
* To start using RVM you need to run `source /etc/profile.d/rvm.sh`
in all your open shell windows, in rare cases you need to reopen all shell windows.
接着，source环境，让rvm可用。
# source /usr/local/rvm/scripts/rvm
查看Ruby可用版本
# rvm list known
# MRI Rubies
[ruby-]1.8.6[-p420]
[ruby-]1.8.7[-head] # security released on head
[ruby-]1.9.1[-p431]
[ruby-]1.9.2[-p330]
[ruby-]1.9.3[-p551]
[ruby-]2.0.0[-p648]
[ruby-]2.1[.10]
[ruby-]2.2[.7]
[ruby-]2.3[.4]
[ruby-]2.4[.1]
可以看到最新的版本是2.4.1，那么我们装最新的吧。
# rvm install 2.4.1
Searching for binary rubies, this might take some time.
No binary rubies available for: centos/6/x86_64/ruby-2.4.1.
Continuing with compilation. Please read \'rvm help mount\' to get more information on binary rubies.
Checking requirements for centos.
Installing requirements for centos.
Installing required packages: libffi-devel, libyaml-devel......
Requirements installation successful.
Installing Ruby from source to: /usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-2.4.1, this may take a while depending on your cpu(s)...
ruby-2.4.1 - #downloading ruby-2.4.1, this may take a while depending on your connection...
curl: (35) SSL connect error
There was an error(35).
Checking fallback: https://ftp.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/2.4/ruby-2.4.1.tar.bz2
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 11.9M 100 11.9M 0 0 1753k 0 0:00:07 0:00:07 --:--:-- 2919k
ruby-2.4.1 - #extracting ruby-2.4.1 to /usr/local/rvm/src/ruby-2.4.1....
ruby-2.4.1 - #applying patch /usr/local/rvm/patches/ruby/2.4.1/random_c_using_NR_prefix.patch.
ruby-2.4.1 - #configuring..................................................................
ruby-2.4.1 - #post-configuration..
ruby-2.4.1 - #compiling..............................................................................................
ruby-2.4.1 - #installing.........................
ruby-2.4.1 - #making binaries executable..
ruby-2.4.1 - #downloading rubygems-2.6.14
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 751k 100 751k 0 0 443k 0 0:00:01 0:00:01 --:--:-- 628k
No checksum for downloaded archive, recording checksum in user configuration.
ruby-2.4.1 - #extracting rubygems-2.6.14....
ruby-2.4.1 - #removing old rubygems.........
ruby-2.4.1 - #installing rubygems-2.6.14...........................
ruby-2.4.1 - #gemset created /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-2.4.1@global
ruby-2.4.1 - #importing gemset /usr/local/rvm/gemsets/global.gems...............................................
ruby-2.4.1 - #generating global wrappers........
ruby-2.4.1 - #gemset created /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-2.4.1
ruby-2.4.1 - #importing gemsetfile /usr/local/rvm/gemsets/default.gems evaluated to empty gem list
ruby-2.4.1 - #generating default wrappers........
ruby-2.4.1 - #adjusting #shebangs for (gem irb erb ri rdoc testrb rake).
Install of ruby-2.4.1 - #complete
Ruby was built without documentation, to build it run: rvm docs generate-ri
至此，我们升级了Ruby的版本。
4）安装gem redis接口，成功！
gem install redis
Fetching: redis-4.0.1.gem (100%)
Successfully installed redis-4.0.1
Parsing documentation for redis-4.0.1
Installing ri documentation for redis-4.0.1
Done installing documentation for redis after 0 seconds
1 gem installed
5）安装rubygems，成功！
# yum install -y rubygems
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Setting up Install Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
base | 3.7 kB 00:00
didi_jenkins_enable | 1.5 kB 00:00
didi_op_toa_enable | 1.5 kB 00:00
didi_txjenkins_enable | 1.5 kB 00:00
didi_update | 1.5 kB 00:00
epel | 4.3 kB 00:00
extras | 3.4 kB 00:00
tmprepo | 1.5 kB 00:00
updates | 3.4 kB 00:00
Package rubygems-1.3.7-5.el6.noarch already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
至此，我们的Ruby和运行redis-trib.rb需要的环境安装完成了。
3、Redis集群搭建
有了Ruby执行环境，可以开始将之前的6个实例组建成集群了。
命令方式：
ruby ./bin/redis-trib.rb create --replicas 1 10.93.84.53:7000 10.93.84.53:7001 10.93.84.53:7002 10.93.84.53:7003 10.93.84.53:7004 10.93.84.53:7005
--replicas 1表示为集群的master节点创建1个副本。那么6个实例里，有三个master，有三个是slave。
后面跟上6个实例就好了，形式就是ip:port
执行情况：
# ruby ./bin/redis-trib.rb create --replicas 1 10.93.84.53:7000 10.93.84.53:7001 10.93.84.53:7002 10.93.84.53:7003 10.93.84.53:7004 10.93.84.53:7005
>>> Creating cluster
>>> Performing hash slots allocation on 6 nodes...
Using 3 masters:
10.93.84.53:7000
10.93.84.53:7001
10.93.84.53:7002
Adding replica 10.93.84.53:7003 to 10.93.84.53:7000
Adding replica 10.93.84.53:7004 to 10.93.84.53:7001
Adding replica 10.93.84.53:7005 to 10.93.84.53:7002
M: 6346ae8c7af7949658619fcf4021cc7aca454819 10.93.84.53:7000
slots:0-5460 (5461 slots) master
M: 5ac973bceab0d486c497345fe884ff54d1bb225a 10.93.84.53:7001
slots:5461-10922 (5462 slots) master
M: cc46a4a1c0ec3f621b6b5405c6c10b7cffe73932 10.93.84.53:7002
slots:10923-16383 (5461 slots) master
S: 92f62ec93a0550d962f81213ca7e9b3c9c996afd 10.93.84.53:7003
replicates 6346ae8c7af7949658619fcf4021cc7aca454819
S: 942c9f97dc68198c39f425d13df0d8e3c40c5a58 10.93.84.53:7004
replicates 5ac973bceab0d486c497345fe884ff54d1bb225a
S: a92a81532b63652bbd862be6f19a9bd8832e5e05 10.93.84.53:7005
replicates cc46a4a1c0ec3f621b6b5405c6c10b7cffe73932
Can I set the above configuration? (type \'yes\' to accept): yes
>>> Nodes configuration updated
>>> Assign a different config epoch to each node
>>> Sending CLUSTER MEET messages to join the cluster
Waiting for the cluster to join...
>>> Performing Cluster Check (using node 10.93.84.53:7000)
M: 6346ae8c7af7949658619fcf4021cc7aca454819 10.93.84.53:7000
slots:0-5460 (5461 slots) master
1 additional replica(s)
S: a92a81532b63652bbd862be6f19a9bd8832e5e05 10.93.84.53:7005
slots: (0 slots) slave
replicates cc46a4a1c0ec3f621b6b5405c6c10b7cffe73932
M: 5ac973bceab0d486c497345fe884ff54d1bb225a 10.93.84.53:7001
slots:5461-10922 (5462 slots) master
1 additional replica(s)
S: 942c9f97dc68198c39f425d13df0d8e3c40c5a58 10.93.84.53:7004
slots: (0 slots) slave
replicates 5ac973bceab0d486c497345fe884ff54d1bb225a
S: 92f62ec93a0550d962f81213ca7e9b3c9c996afd 10.93.84.53:7003
slots: (0 slots) slave
replicates 6346ae8c7af7949658619fcf4021cc7aca454819
M: cc46a4a1c0ec3f621b6b5405c6c10b7cffe73932 10.93.84.53:7002
slots:10923-16383 (5461 slots) master
1 additional replica(s)
[OK] All nodes agree about slots configuration.
>>> Check for open slots...
>>> Check slots coverage...
[OK] All 16384 slots covered.
可以看到16384个slot都已经创建完成，并且建立了3个master和对应的replica:
Using 3 masters: 10.93.84.53:7000 10.93.84.53:7001 10.93.84.53:7002 Adding replica 10.93.84.53:7003 to 10.93.84.53:7000 Adding replica 10.93.84.53:7004 to 10.93.84.53:7001 Adding replica 10.93.84.53:7005 to 10.93.84.53:7002
。。。
[OK] All 16384 slots covered.
4、验证集群状态
登录集群客户端，-c标识以集群方式登录
./bin/redis-cli -h 10.93.84.53 -p 7000 -c
查看集群状态
10.93.84.53:7000> cluster info
cluster_state:ok
cluster_slots_assigned:16384
cluster_slots_ok:16384
cluster_slots_pfail:0
cluster_slots_fail:0
cluster_known_nodes:6
cluster_size:3
cluster_current_epoch:8
cluster_my_epoch:8
cluster_stats_messages_sent:215
cluster_stats_messages_received:215
10.93.84.53:7000> cluster nodes
942c9f97dc68198c39f425d13df0d8e3c40c5a58 10.93.84.53:7004 slave 5ac973bceab0d486c497345fe884ff54d1bb225a 0 1507806791940 5 connected
5ac973bceab0d486c497345fe884ff54d1bb225a 10.93.84.53:7001 master - 0 1507806788937 2 connected 5461-10922
a92a81532b63652bbd862be6f19a9bd8832e5e05 10.93.84.53:7005 slave cc46a4a1c0ec3f621b6b5405c6c10b7cffe73932 0 1507806790939 6 connected
cc46a4a1c0ec3f621b6b5405c6c10b7cffe73932 10.93.84.53:7002 master - 0 1507806789937 3 connected 10923-16383
6346ae8c7af7949658619fcf4021cc7aca454819 10.93.84.53:7000 myself,slave 92f62ec93a0550d962f81213ca7e9b3c9c996afd 0 0 1 connected
92f62ec93a0550d962f81213ca7e9b3c9c996afd 10.93.84.53:7003 master - 0 1507806792941 8 connected 0-5460
---------------------------------
cluster nodes
一些原理
redis cluster在设计的时候，就考虑到了去中心化，去中间件，也就是说，集群中的每个节点都是平等的关系，都是对等的，每个节点都保存各自的数据和整个集群的状态。每个节点都和其他所有节点连接，而且这些连接保持活跃，这样就保证了我们只需要连接集群中的任意一个节点，就可以获取到其他节点的数据。
Redis集群没有并使用传统的一致性哈希来分配数据，而是采用另外一种叫做哈希槽（hash slot）的方式来分配的，一致性哈希对向集群中新增和删除实例的支持很好，但是哈希槽对向集群新增实例或者删除实例的话，需要额外的操作，需要手动的将slot重新平均的分配到新集群的实例中。
redis cluster 默认分配了 16384 个slot，当我们set一个key时，会用CRC16算法来取模得到所属的slot，然后将这个key分到哈希槽区间的节点上，具体算法就是：CRC16(key)%16384。
Redis 集群会把数据存在一个master节点，然后在这个master和其对应的salve之间进行数据同步。当读取数据时，也根据一致性哈希算法到对应的master节点获取数据。只有当一个master 挂掉之后，才会启动一个对应的salve节点，充当master。
需要注意的是：必须要3个或以上的主节点，否则在创建集群时会失败，并且当存活的主节点数小于总节点数的一半时，整个集群就无法提供服务了。
本文转自：https://www.cnblogs.com/kangoroo/p/7657616.html
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