Java的ThreadLocal变量用来创建线程本地变量。我们知道,一个对象上的所有线程,都会共享该对象的变量,所以这些共享的变量不是线程安全的。我们可以使用synchronization同步语法来使得线程安全,但如果想避免使用synchronization,那么可以使用线程本地变量(ThreadLocal variables)。
使用了ThreadLocal变量后,每个线程都有它自己的本地变量,可以通过get()、set()方法来获得或设置这些变量的值。ThreadLocal实例通常是类中想要将状态与线程关联的私有静态字段。
下面通过一段代码来认识ThreadLocal:
package com.journaldev.threads; import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.Random; public class ThreadLocalExample implements Runnable{ // SimpleDateFormat is not thread-safe, so give one to each thread private static final ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> formatter = new ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat>(){ @Override protected SimpleDateFormat initialValue() { return new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd HHmm"); } }; public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { ThreadLocalExample obj = new ThreadLocalExample(); for(int i=0 ; i<10; i++){ Thread t = new Thread(obj, ""+i); Thread.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000)); t.start(); } } @Override public void run() { System.out.println("Thread Name= "+Thread.currentThread().getName()+" default Formatter = "+formatter.get().toPattern()); try { Thread.sleep(new Random().nextInt(1000)); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } //formatter pattern is changed here by thread, but it won‘t reflect to other threads formatter.set(new SimpleDateFormat()); System.out.println("Thread Name= "+Thread.currentThread().getName()+" formatter = "+formatter.get().toPattern()); } }
这段代码的输出为:
Thread Name= 0 default Formatter = yyyyMMdd HHmm Thread Name= 1 default Formatter = yyyyMMdd HHmm Thread Name= 0 formatter = yy-M-d ah:mm Thread Name= 2 default Formatter = yyyyMMdd HHmm Thread Name= 1 formatter = yy-M-d ah:mm Thread Name= 3 default Formatter = yyyyMMdd HHmm Thread Name= 4 default Formatter = yyyyMMdd HHmm Thread Name= 5 default Formatter = yyyyMMdd HHmm Thread Name= 2 formatter = yy-M-d ah:mm Thread Name= 6 default Formatter = yyyyMMdd HHmm Thread Name= 3 formatter = yy-M-d ah:mm Thread Name= 7 default Formatter = yyyyMMdd HHmm Thread Name= 8 default Formatter = yyyyMMdd HHmm Thread Name= 5 formatter = yy-M-d ah:mm Thread Name= 4 formatter = yy-M-d ah:mm Thread Name= 8 formatter = yy-M-d ah:mm Thread Name= 6 formatter = yy-M-d ah:mm Thread Name= 9 default Formatter = yyyyMMdd HHmm Thread Name= 7 formatter = yy-M-d ah:mm Thread Name= 9 formatter = yy-M-d ah:mm
从输出可以看到,Thread-0已经更改了formatter的值,但是Thread-2仍旧输出了初始的formatter值,也就是说,线程拥有了自己的formatter变量。
ThreadLocal类在Java 8中扩展了一个新的方法withInitial(),它将函数式接口作为参数,所以我们可以使用lambda表达式来轻松创建ThreadLocal实例。 例如,上面的格式化程序ThreadLocal变量可以在一行中定义如下:
private static final ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> formatter = ThreadLocal.<SimpleDateFormat>withInitial (() -> {return new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd HHmm");});
(完)