MySQL bit类型解析
Posted Kevin崔
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BIT类型介绍
BIT数据类型用于存储位值。其数据有两种取值:0和1,这种数据类型常作为逻辑变量使用,用来表示真、假或是、否等二值选择。更像最原始的计算机语言编程。
在mysql里BIT 归纳为Numeric Data类型。BIT数据类型存储位值,支持MyISAM、MEMORY、InnoDB、NDB表。
在数据类型中,bit应该占据空间最小。
BIT(M)类型允许存储M位值。M取值范围为1 ~ 64。NDB集群中所有BIT列的最大总和不能超过4096位
如果将一个值赋给长度小于M位的BIT(M)列,则该值将在左侧填充0。
例如: 给BIT(6)列赋值b’101’实际上等同于给b’000101’赋值。
那BIT场景什么环境下比较适合,实际场景中 ,一个典型的案例,出勤率。“1”表示出席,“0”表示缺席,这样就更容易识别每个人出席或缺席的日子。
MySQL> DROP TABLE IF EXISTS attendance;
MySQL> CREATE TABLE attendance (
emp_no CHAR(3),
emp_name CHAR(50),
attend BIT(5),
class INT,
KEY `idx_bit` (`attend`)
);
#使用b'val'的编写方式, Val是使用0和1编写的二进制值
MySQL> INSERT INTO attendance (emp_no, emp_name, attend, class)
VALUES ('001','Jim',b'11111',5),('002','Kim',b'11000',5),('003','Cui',b'00111',5),
('004','King',b'11101',5),('005','Wang',b'101',5),('006','Chen',NULL,5),
('007','Piao',0,5),('008','Hu',1,5);
MySQL> SELECT emp_no,emp_name,attend ,class FROM attendance;
+--------+----------+----------------+-------+
| emp_no | emp_name | attend | class |
+--------+----------+----------------+-------+
| 001 | Jim | 0x1F | 5 |
| 002 | Kim | 0x18 | 5 |
| 003 | Cui | 0x07 | 5 |
| 004 | King | 0x1D | 5 |
| 005 | Wang | 0x05 | 5 |
| 006 | Chen | NULL | 5 |
| 007 | Piao | 0x00 | 5 |
| 008 | Hu | 0x01 | 5 |
+--------+----------+----------------+-------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#BIN方式显示
MySQL> SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend) ,class FROM attendance;
+--------+----------+-------------+-------+
| emp_no | emp_name | BIN(attend) | class |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------+
| 001 | Jim | 11111 | 5 |
| 002 | Kim | 11000 | 5 |
| 003 | Cui | 111 | 5 |
| 004 | King | 11101 | 5 |
| 005 | Wang | 101 | 5 |
| 006 | Chen | NULL | 5 |
| 007 | Piao | 0 | 5 |
| 008 | Hu | 1 | 5 |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#字符串左填充函数LPAD
MySQL> SELECT emp_no,emp_name,LPAD(BIN(attend),5,0) ,class FROM attendance;
+--------+----------+-----------------------+-------+
| emp_no | emp_name | LPAD(BIN(attend),5,0) | class |
+--------+----------+-----------------------+-------+
| 001 | Jim | 11111 | 5 |
| 002 | Kim | 11000 | 5 |
| 003 | Cui | 00111 | 5 |
| 004 | King | 11101 | 5 |
| 005 | Wang | 00101 | 5 |
| 006 | Chen | NULL | 5 |
| 007 | Piao | 00000 | 5 |
| 008 | Hu | 00001 | 5 |
+--------+----------+-----------------------+-------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
备注:
可以使用位值函数,并且可以通过十进制、二进制或任何其他数据转换函数检索位值。使用LPAD和BIN函数以适当的格式检索数据。
数据查询:
对应WHERE条件 bit字段必须是b’val’ 或则 int类型
##1.采用INT类型数字进行查询
MySQL> SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class
FROM attendance where attend=7;
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
| emp_no | emp_name | BIN(attend) | HEX(attend) | attend | class |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
| 003 | Cui | 111 | 7 | 0x07 | 5 |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
##2.采用位置进行查询
MySQL> SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class
FROM attendance where attend=b'111';
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
| emp_no | emp_name | BIN(attend) | HEX(attend) | attend | class |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
| 003 | Cui | 111 | 7 | 0x07 | 5 |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
##3.string类型进行查询
MySQL> SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class
FROM attendance where attend='7';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
##4.in 语句部分失效(字符串)
MySQL> SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class
FROM attendance WHERE attend in('7',5);
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
| emp_no | emp_name | BIN(attend) | HEX(attend) | attend | class |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
| 003 | Cui | 111 | 7 | 0x07 | 5 |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
##5. NULL字段查询
MySQL> SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class
FROM attendance WHERE attend IS NULL;
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
| emp_no | emp_name | BIN(attend) | HEX(attend) | attend | class |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
| 006 | Chen | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
备注:bit字段只能是整数类型 或 bit类型的才能匹配。在数字范围内 b’val’ 或则 整数类型对应等价。
比如,上诉例子7和b’111’是属于等价。对于NULL值,bit类型依然是等于null值
索引
下面对bit字段存在索引下,作为条件下,是否能正使用索引。
如等价查询,范围查询,类型(int,bin,string)
#数字类型
MySQL> EXPLAIN SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class
FROM attendance where attend=7;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | attendance | NULL | ref | idx_bit | idx_bit | 2 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
##2.采用位置进行查询
MySQL> EXPLAIN SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class FROM attendance where attend=b'111';
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | attendance | NULL | ref | idx_bit | idx_bit | 2 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
##3.范围
MySQL> EXPLAIN SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class
FROM attendance WHERE attend>17;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | attendance | NULL | range | idx_bit | idx_bit | 2 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
MySQL> EXPLAIN SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class
FROM attendance WHERE attend>b'111';
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | attendance | NULL | range | idx_bit | idx_bit | 2 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
##5.采用string类型字段
MySQL> EXPLAIN SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class
FROM attendance WHERE attend='7';
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | no matching row in const table |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
备注:索引只接受int , b’val’ 类型
BIT函数和运算符
MySQL 8.0中,位函数和操作符允许二进制字符串类型的参数(binary, VARBINARY和BLOB类型)。这使得能够产生大于64位的返回值,更容易执行位操作。位函数和运算符包括BIT_COUNT()、BIT_AND()、BIT_OR()、BIT_XOR()、&、|、^、~、<<和>>。
注意:MySQL 8.0中对二进制字符串参数的位操作可能会产生与5.7不同的结果。所以MySQL 5.7和8.0之间可能存在不兼容的信息。
#BIT_COUNT()
MySQL> SELECT emp_no,emp_name,BIN(attend),HEX(attend),attend ,class,bit_count(attend) FROM attendance;
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+-------------------+
| emp_no | emp_name | BIN(attend) | HEX(attend) | attend | class | bit_count(attend) |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+-------------------+
| 001 | Jim | 11111 | 1F | 0x1F | 5 | 5 |
| 002 | Kim | 11000 | 18 | 0x18 | 5 | 2 |
| 003 | Cui | 111 | 7 | 0x07 | 5 | 3 |
| 004 | King | 11101 | 1D | 0x1D | 5 | 4 |
| 005 | Wang | 101 | 5 | 0x05 | 5 | 2 |
| 006 | Chen | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | NULL |
| 007 | Piao | 0 | 0 | 0x00 | 5 | 0 |
| 008 | Hu | 1 | 1 | 0x01 | 5 | 1 |
+--------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-------+-------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#UUID 和 IPV6的一些转换,因为包含一些“-”,“::”的符号
MySQL> SELECT HEX(UUID_TO_BIN('6ccd780c-baba-1026-9564-5b8c656024db'));
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| HEX(UUID_TO_BIN('6ccd780c-baba-1026-9564-5b8c656024db')) |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| 6CCD780CBABA102695645B8C656024DB |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
#IPV6
MySQL> SELECT HEX(INET6_ATON('fe80::219:d1ff:fe91:1a72'));
+---------------------------------------------+
| HEX(INET6_ATON('fe80::219:d1ff:fe91:1a72')) |
+---------------------------------------------+
| FE800000000000000219D1FFFE911A72 |
+---------------------------------------------+
总结
在MySQL中按照目前对于bit的理解
- 使用场景,出勤率类似场景 + BIT_COUNT统计。
- bit函数方面最实用的是UUID ,IPV6的处理。
- 数据长度和存储方面,普遍下最小长度,0和1组合底层数据结构。
- 索引方面构造还是遵守整数型的Btree。
MySQL 中 的 bit 类型,tinyint;
之前一直以为 mysql中没有 bit类型,需要使用 tinyint 来标识 bit。但是前端的实体类,不好控制,后来发现这些问题已经有了默认的统一设置,这样反而更好。
总结:MySQL中 使用布尔类型的字段,就用 tinyint(1),true 为1 false 为0
辅助参考文章:https://blog.csdn.net/dianjun2454/article/details/101950943
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