java并发编程框架 Executor ExecutorService invokeall
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首先介绍两个重要的接口,Executor和ExecutorService,定义如下:
- public interface Executor {
- void execute(Runnable command);
- }
- public interface ExecutorService extends Executor {
- //不再接受新任务,待所有任务执行完毕后关闭ExecutorService
- void shutdown();
- //不再接受新任务,直接关闭ExecutorService,返回没有执行的任务列表
- List<Runnable> shutdownNow();
- //判断ExecutorService是否关闭
- boolean isShutdown();
- //判断ExecutorService是否终止
- boolean isTerminated();
- //等待ExecutorService到达终止状态
- boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException;
- <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);
- //当task执行成功的时候future.get()返回result
- <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result);
- //当task执行成功的时候future.get()返回null
- Future<?> submit(Runnable task);
- //批量提交任务并获得他们的future,Task列表与Future列表一一对应
- <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks)
- throws InterruptedException;
- //批量提交任务并获得他们的future,并限定处理所有任务的时间
- <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks,
- long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException;
- //批量提交任务并获得一个已经成功执行的任务的结果
- <T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;
- <T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks,
- long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
- throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
- }
为了配合使用上面的并发编程接口,有一个Executors工厂类,负责创建各类满足ExecutorService接口的线程池,具体如下:
newFixedThreadPool:创建一个固定长度的线程池,线程池中线程的数量从1增加到最大值后保持不变。如果某个线程坏死掉,将会补充一个新的线程。
newCachedThreadPool:创建长度不固定的线程池,线程池的规模不受限制,不常用。
newSingleThreadExecutor:创建一个单线程的Executor,他其中有一个线程来处理任务,如果这个线程坏死掉,将补充一个新线程。
newScheduledThreadPool:创建固定长度的线程池,以延时或定时的方式来执行任务。
下面是Executor和ExecutorService中常用方法的示例:
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.Collection;
- import java.util.Iterator;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- import java.util.concurrent.Future;
- import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
- public class Demo{
- public static void main(String [] args){
- //--------Executor示例------------//
- Executor s=Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
- s.execute(new MyRunnableTask("1"));
- //--------ExecutorService示例------------//
- ExecutorService es=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
- //--------get()示例------------//
- Future<String> future=es.submit(new MyCallableTask("10"));
- try{
- System.out.println(future.get());
- }catch(Exception e){}
- //--------get(timeout, timeunit)示例------------//
- future=es.submit(new MyCallableTask("11"));
- try{
- System.out.println(future.get(500,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
- }catch(Exception e){
- System.out.println("cancle because timeout");
- }
- //--------invokeAll(tasks)示例------------//
- List<MyCallableTask> myCallableTasks=new ArrayList<MyCallableTask>();
- for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
- myCallableTasks.add(new MyCallableTask(i+""));
- }
- try {
- List<Future<String>> results = es.invokeAll(myCallableTasks);
- Iterator<Future<String>> iterator=results.iterator();
- while(iterator.hasNext()){
- future=iterator.next();
- System.out.println(future.get());
- }
- } catch (Exception e) {}
- //--------invokeAll(tasks,timeout,timeunit))示例------------//
- try {
- //限定执行时间为2100ms,每个任务需要1000ms,线程池的长度为2,因此最多只能处理4个任务。一共6个任务,有2个任务会被取消。
- List<Future<String>> results = es.invokeAll(myCallableTasks,2100,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
- Iterator<Future<String>> iterator=results.iterator();
- while(iterator.hasNext()){
- future=iterator.next();
- if(!future.isCancelled())
- System.out.println(future.get());
- else
- System.out.println("cancle because timeout");
- }
- } catch (Exception e) {}
- es.shutdown();
- }
- }
- class MyRunnableTask implements Runnable{
- private String name;
- public MyRunnableTask(String name) {
- this.name=name;
- }
- @Override
- public void run() {
- try {
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- System.out.println("runnable task--"+name);
- }
- }
- class MyCallableTask implements Callable<String>{
- private String name;
- public MyCallableTask(String name) {
- this.name=name;
- }
- @Override
- public String call() throws Exception {
- try {
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
- StringBuilder sb=new StringBuilder("callable task--");
- return sb.append(name).toString();
- }
- }
上面的ExecutorSerivce接口中的invokeAll(tasks)方法用于批量执行任务,并且将结果按照task列表中的顺序返回。此外,还存在一个批量执行任务的接口CompletionTask。ExecutorCompletionService是实现CompletionService接口的一个类,该类的实现原理很简单:
用Executor类来执行任务,同时把在执行任务的Future放到BlockingQueue<Future<V>>队列中。该类实现的关键就是重写FutureTask类的done()方法,FutureTask类的done()方法是一个钩子函数(关于钩子函数,请读者自行查询),done()方法在FutureTask任务被执行的时候被调用。
ExecutorCompletionService类的核心代码如下:
- public Future<V> submit(Runnable task, V result) {
- if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException();
- RunnableFuture<V> f = newTaskFor(task, result);
- executor.execute(new QueueingFuture(f));
- return f;
- }
- private class QueueingFuture extends FutureTask<Void> {
- QueueingFuture(RunnableFuture<V> task) {
- super(task, null);
- this.task = task;
- }
- protected void done() { completionQueue.add(task); }
- private final Future<V> task;
- }
其中的done()方法定义如下:
- /**
- * Protected method invoked when this task transitions to state
- * <tt>isDone</tt> (whether normally or via cancellation). The
- * default implementation does nothing. Subclasses may override
- * this method to invoke completion callbacks or perform
- * bookkeeping. Note that you can query status inside the
- * implementation of this method to determine whether this task
- * has been cancelled.
- */
- protected void done() { }
ExecutorCompletionService的使用示例如下:
- import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
- import java.util.concurrent.CompletionService;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorCompletionService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- import java.util.concurrent.Future;
- public class Demo{
- public static void main(String [] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException{
- CompletionService<String> cs=new ExecutorCompletionService<String>(
- Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
- for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
- cs.submit(new MyCallableTask(i+""));
- }
- for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
- Future<String> future=cs.take();
- //Retrieves and removes the Future representing the next completed task,
- //waiting if none are yet present.
- System.out.println(future.get());
- }
- }
- }
- class MyCallableTask implements Callable<String>{
- private String name;
- public MyCallableTask(String name) {
- this.name=name;
- }
- @Override
- public String call() throws Exception {
- try {
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
- StringBuilder sb=new StringBuilder("callable task--");
- return sb.append(name).toString();
- }
- }
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