[ 习题 ] 句子简化题 细节题 排除题

Posted 2022-11-28 we1less

[ 句子简化题例题讲解 ]

[ 例题讲解 1 ]

TPO-15 A Warm-Blooded Turtle

In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reachs the flipper itself.

        veins = the blood vessels carrying cooled blood = the ingoing vessels

        静脉，携带冷却血的血管，回到心脏的血管

        atreries = the blood vessels carrying warm blood = he outgoing vessels

        动脉，携带温血的血管

句子简化题分析

1. 找主干

        ① 静脉到动脉

        ② heat outing 到 ingoing

2. 找逻辑词：thus 因此

3. 考点

In a turtle's countercurrent exchange system, outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that heat can be exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle's flippers.

        1. outing 到 ingoing

Within (在…之内) the turtle's flippers, there is a countercurrent exchange system that allows (允许) colder blood vessels to absorb heat from nearby warmer blood vessels and then return warmed blood to the turtle's body.

        1. 原文是整个血液循环

In a countercurrent exchange system, a turtle can pick up body heat from being close enough to other turtles, thus raising its blood temperature as it passes them.

        1. 原文是一个乌龟的温度交换

When a turtle places (放置; 安顿) its flippers close to its body, it is able to use its countercurrent exchange system to transfer heat from the warmer blood vessels in its body to the cooler blood vessels in its flippers.

        1. 原文是内部的血液循环

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[ 例题讲解 2 ]

TPO-18 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia

The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, with contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited.

句子简化题分析

1. 找主干：

        关键因素是有能力(因为文化水平高)

        ① 适应国际分工

        ② 争取专长领域

2. 找逻辑词：

3. 找考点：

The early industrializers controlled most of the international economy, leaving these countries to stake out new areas of specialization along the margins.

        1. 原文没说控制大部分的国际经济

Aided by their high literacy rates these countries were able to claim key areas of specialization within established international markets.

        对了

High literacy rates enable these countries to take over international markets and adapt the international division of labor to suit their strengths.

        strength n. 体力; 强度; 毅力; 实力; 优点;

        1. 原文没说接管市场

The international division of labor established by the early industaializers was suited to these countries, a key factor in their success.

        1. 原文中是adapt国际市场

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[ 例题讲解 3 ]

Artisans in Sixteenth-Century Europe
For centuries European artisans had operated in small, autonomous handcraft businesses, but by the sixteenth century an evolving economic system—moving toward modern capitalism, with its free-market pricing, new organization of production, investments, and so on—had started to 
erode their stable and relatively prosperous position. What forces contributed to the decline of the artisan?

1. 找主干

        ① 欧洲工匠有自己事业

        ② 进化的经济系统腐蚀这些人的经济

2. 找逻辑词：but (后面更重要)

3. 找绝比概否词：否：erode 腐蚀

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 

A In the sixteenth century, the European economy moved toward a system of free-market pricing, new ways of production, and investments.

        1. 选项没提到主干

B Before the sixteenth century, European makers of handcrafts enjoyed stability, autonomy, and relative prosperity.

        1. 与主干不符

C By the sixteenth century, the rise of capitalism began to weaken the autonomy and relative prosperity of European artisans.

D European artisans operated small, autonomous businesses before modern capitalism emerged in the sixteenth century.

        1. 不存在转折but

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[ 例题讲解 4 ]

Effects of Commercial Revolution 
As the commercial revolution spread, this kind of exchange tended to spread with it, with the recently added areas of commerce providing new kinds of raw materials or new sources for familiar products of the natural world, and the longer established commercial centers—which might themselves have lain at the margins of this transformation—producing, or acting as the intermediaries in the transmission of, manufactured commodities.

1. 找主干

        ① 这种交换普及

        ② 早期建立的商业中心生产货物

2. 找逻辑词：

3. 找绝比概否词：

11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information

A During the commercial revolution, newer centers of trade acted as intermediaries in the exchange of different types of manufactured goods.

        1. 选项没提到主干

B Longer-established trading centers were familiar with the unprocessed products of the natural world, but depended on other areas as sources for manufactured commodities.

        1. 与主干意思相反

C Eventually, the commercial revolution led to a trading system whereby newly established commercial centers provided the resources needed for the production of goods while older trading centers produced the goods or assisted in their distribution. 

D The commercial revolution depended on a system of trade where consumers valued novelty in the manufactured goods they acquired, but, at the same time, they wanted to be familiar with the natural products they received.

        1. 选项没提到主干

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-------------------------------------------- [ 细节题 ] --------------------------------------------

Factual Information Question 细节题 / 事实信息题

[ 题型识别 ]

第一组：问原因，这种题后面没有标点符号的从句子最后的看

1. According to paragraph 6,large batches of clay writing tablets were stored because the
tablets

2. Paragraph 2 suggests that Thomas Edison’s early efforts to develop a motion-picture
camera failed because he could not figure out how to

3. According to paragraph 3, what was one cause of the economic problems in Europe of
the fourteenth century?

4. According to paragraph 4, what may contribute to high mobility costs in Germany, the
United Kingdom, and Japan?

5. According to paragraph 3, what is one possible explanation for why American workers
change jobs more frequently than workers elsewhere do?

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第二组：问结果

1. According to paragraph 2, researchers discovered which of the following by playing 
recordings of songs to chaffinches?

2. According to paragraph 2, what do students reveal about the tendency for workers to 
change jobs?
3. Which of the following is a probable effect of the fact mentioned in paragraph 4 that 
there are few available nesting locations near the Humboldt Current?

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第三组：问结果 | 积极 / 消极

1. According to paragraph 3, what advantage do birds gain by hatching all the colony’s 
eggs at the same time?

2. According to paragraph 2, why did the government place restrictions on dyers?

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-------------------------------------------- [ 排除题 ] --------------------------------------------

[ 题型识别 ] EXPECT / NOT

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第四组：EXCEPT 排除题的题干是段落的主旨

1. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as characteristic of wild chaffinches 
EXCEPT :

2. Paragraph 2 claims that yellow-rumped cacique colonies defend themselves from 
predators in all of the following ways EXCEPT :

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[ 细节题答题方法 ]        S  D  S  G

S 审题： 1. 判断题型，找出该题主要问的内容

        真实的题干分为 疑问句 / 陈述句，参考上述部分 [ 题目识别 - 问的是什么 ]

        ① 疑问句：定位疑问词 [ what + 相关词汇 ，why，when，where，who，how ... ]

        ② 陈述句：优先找题干最后部分 [ was 补全主语，becsuse ]

               2. 提取题干名词 (名词为主、考点为辅)

        不与文章 [ 标题 ] 重复 / 相似

        不用人名，选2组以上定位词用于在原文找定位句

D 定位： 去原文中找题干的定位句，并将该句中通用部分删减掉

S 删减： 找到原文定位句后，定位句与题干重复内容删减，关注剩余部分

特殊情况：剩余部分，没有符合答案的情况

        代词：定位句中出现代词(指代前文内容的this)，答案句 = 定位句 + 前句

                   定位句后一句出现代词，   答案句 = 定位句 + 后句

        并列：定位句后一句出现并列(at the same time / and / in addition ) 答案句 = 定位句 + 后句

        全部删减：定位句与题干重复，用选项定位

G 改写： G. 剩余部分 = 该题选项的改写形式

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[ 排除题答题方法 ]        S  D  SG

S 审题： 判断题型 EXPECT / NOT，找出该题主要问的内容               2. 

D 定位： 提取4选项名词 (名词为主、考点为辅)

        不与文章 [ 标题 | 题干 | 其他选项 ] 重复 / 相似

        记忆每个选项最核心的定位词用于在原文找定位句

SG 顺序改写： 按照原文句子顺序，分别定位(完整)选项， 选择错误的一项

错误选项特征：原文没有(无)、与原文相反(反)、不符合题意(偏题，指的是与题干答非所问)

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[ 例题讲解 ] 

Recent studies of the Mayan collapse (beginning around A.D 900) have emphasized the gradual and progressive nature of the process, beginning in the earliest in the South and advancing northward. It was not a single, sudden event, as had once been thought. Warfare and social unrest are thought to have played a part, but these may well have arisen through pressure from 
other causes. The Mayan cities had, after all, flourished for over 500 years and had frequently been at war with each other.

4. According to paragraph 3, recent studies claim which of the following about 
the Mayan collapse?
A. It was caused primarily by frequent wars between rival city-states.
B. It was caused by a single sudden event.
C. It was preceded by social unrest in northern city-states.
D. It began in southern city-states and spread to others.

S： 不是句子简化，没有EXCEPT，没有infer，细节题 - 疑问句

D： recent studies claim

S： gradual beginning earliest South

G：D. It began in southern city-states and spread to others.

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[ 例题讲解 ] 

Orientation and Navigation
Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous. How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order.

6. According to paragraph 3, why did Kramer use mirrors to change the 
apparent position of the Sun? 
A. To test the effect of light on the birds' restlessness 
B. To test whether birds were using the Sun to navigate 
C. To simulate the shifting of light the birds would encounter along their regular migratory route 
D. To cause the birds to migrate at a different time than they would in the wild

S： 细节题 - why

D： mirrors Sun

S： this < orienting according Sun

G：orienting = navigate

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7. According to paragraph 3, when do caged starlings become restless? 
A. When the weather is overcast 
B. When they are unable to identify their normal migratory route
C. When their normal time for migration arrives 
D. When mirrors are used to change the apparent position of the Sun

S 细节题 - when

D： caged starlings become restless

S： begun migration

G：begun  = arrives 

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[ 例题讲解 ] 

In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that. 

9. The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that 
birds possess a biological clock because 
A. when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky 
B. birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns direction 
C. birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun 
D. birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible or not

S： 细节题 - because

D： biological clock

S：this meant that < compensate Sun's movement

G： movement  = the changing position of the Sun

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[ 例题讲解 ]

Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host. Parasites are usually smaller than their hosts. An example of a parasite is a tapeworm that lives inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbs nutrients from its host. Natural selection favors the parasites that are best able to find and feed on hosts. At the same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for. As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals). In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.

21. According to paragraph 2. which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites? 
A. Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do. 
B. Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival. 
C. The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host. 
D. Larger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.

S： 细节题

D： the action of natural selection

S：At the same time > find and feed defensive abilities

G： feed on = survival

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[ 例题讲解 ]

Transition to Sound in Film
Paragraph 3: Beyond that, B. the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920s. C. New color processes, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with startling success. A. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that B. suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, D. also did not become a norm until the 1950s.

2. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true of the 
technological and aesthetic experiments of the 1920’s?
A. Because the costs of introducing recorded sound were low, it was the only innovation that was put to use in the 1920’s. 
B. The introduction of recorded sound prevented the development of other technological innovations in the 1920's.
C. The new technological and aesthetic developments of the 1920s included the use of color, new screen formats, and television.
D. Many of the innovations developed in the 1920s were not widely introduced until as late as the 1950's.

S： NOT 排除题 technological and aesthetic experiments

D： A. costs low

       B. prevented other

       C. color television

       D. not widely introduced 1950

SG：

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[ 例题讲解 ]

Water in the Desert
Paragraph 5: Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. B.C. But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle—feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. In recent years, D. groundwater has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.

3. Paragraph 5 supports all of the following statements about the groundwater in 
deserts EXCEPT:
A. The groundwater is consistently found just below the surface
B. A small part of the groundwater helps maintain lake levels
C. Most of the groundwater is not recharged through surface water
D. The groundwater is increasingly used as a source of freshwater

S： EXCEPT 排除题 groundwater

D： A. just below the surface

       B. prevented other

       C. color television

       D. not widely introduced 1950

SG：A

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[ 例题讲解 ]

Paragraph 4
But what about the possibility of food shortage? These could have come about through either natural or humanly induced changes in the environment. Increasingly fierce competition between Mayan cities led to an upsurge of monument construction during the eighth and ninth centuries A.D, which would have placed added strain on agricultural production and expansion. Interstate rivalry may hence have pushed the Maya toward overexploitation of their fragile ecosystem. Deforestation and soil erosion might ultimately have destroyed the capacity of the land to support the high population levels of the Mayan cities, leading to famine, social unrest, and the collapse of the major Mayan centers.

5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as possible direct or indirect 
causes of food shortages EXCEPT
A. increased monument construction
B. rivalries between states
C. deforestation and erosion
D. introduction of new crops

S： EXCEPT 排除题 causes of food shortages

D： A. 

       B. 

       C. 

       D. 

SG：D 无