[ 阅读 ] 推理题 目的题
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[ 目的题 ] 考核的是作者的观点
题型识别：
① 疑问句形式：why / what reason ... the author ...?
② 陈述句形式：the author / passage include / offer / mention ... inorder to / to suggest / to demonstrate / to emohasize / to
[ 目的题分类 ]
① 段落目的 / 段落关系 [总分 / 总分总]
-- what is the main purpose ... paragraph x ？
-- how ... paragraph x related to paragraph y ?
what ... relationship between paragraph x and paragraph y ?
答案在主旨句 单段：1 / however 2 / the last sentence
② 例子说明观点
-- 定位句是纯例子： 答案在例子前
-- 例子与观点一致(过渡句)： 答案在本句 (主干 + 抽象词汇)
观点 / 抽象类：态度，情感，pefer，情绪，mind相关：selection、create、intend to...
③ 特殊情况
-- 定位句后面出现总结词： 答案在定位句后
总结词：therefore、thereby、hence、so、thus、this means that、making、giving、allowing...
TPO-16 Trade and the Ancient Middle East
Paragraph 3
This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-governing and ideologically egalitarian craft guilds everywhere in the Middle Eastern city. These were essentially professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and protection of their members, and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards. The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading; the government left working people to govern themselves, much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders. In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.
16. The author includes the information that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading in order to
A. support the claim that the mode of production made possible by the craft guilds very good for trade
B. contrast the economic base of the city government with that of the tribal confederacies
C. provide a reason why the government allowed the guilds to be self-controlled
D. suggest that the government was missing out on a valuable opportunity to tax the guilds
S：the author ... in order to 目的题
D：阴影句
S：growth independent the government left working people to govern themselves
G：= government，self-controlled
Development of the Periodic Table
Paragraph 2
When the German chemist Lothar Meyer and (independently) the Russian Dmitry Mendeleyev first introduced the periodic table in 1869-70, one-third of the naturally occurring chemical elements had not yet been discovered. Yet both chemists were sufficiently farsighted to leave gaps where their analyses of periodic physical and chemical properties indicated that new elements should be located. Mendeleyev was bolder than Meyer and even assumed that if a measured atomic mass put an element in the wrong place in the table, the atomic mass was wrong. In some cases this was true. Indium, for example, had previously been assigned an atomic mass between those of arsenic and selenium. Because there is no space in the periodic table between these two elements, Mendeleyev suggested that the atomic mass of indium be changed to a completely different value, where it would fill an empty space between cadmium and tin. In fact, subsequent work has shown that in a periodic table, elements should not be ordered strictly by atomic mass. For example, tellurium comes before iodine in the periodic table, even though its atomic mass is slightly greater. Such anomalies are due to the relative abundance of the "isotopes" or varieties of each element. All the isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons, but differ in their number of neutrons, and hence in their atomic mass. The isotopes of a given element have the same chemical properties but slightly different physical properties. We now know that atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), not atomic mass number (the number of protons and neutrons), determines chemical behavior.
18. In paragraph 2, what is the author's purpose in presenting the information about the decision by Meyer and Mendeleyev to leave gaps in the periodic table?
A. To illustrate their confidence that the organizing principles of the periodic table would govern the occurrence of all chemical elements
B. To indicate that some of their analyses of periodic physical and chemical properties were later found to be wrong
C. To support the idea that they were unwilling to place new elements in the periodic table
D. To indicate how they handled their disagreement about where to place new elements
S：the author's purpose 目的题 leave gaps
D：阴影句
S：sufficiently farsighted
G：= illustrate their confidence
Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia
Paragraph 3
Nomadism has further consequences. It means that pastoralist societies occupy and can influence very large territories. This is particularly true of the horse pastoralism that emerged in the Inner Eurasian steppes, for this was the most mobile of all major forms of pastoralism. So, it is no accident that with the appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large areas that share similar cultural, ecological, and even linguistic features. By the late fourth millennium B.C., there is already evidence of large culture zones reaching from Eastern Europe to the western borders of Mongolia. Perhaps the most striking sign of mobility is the fact that by the third millennium B.C., most pastoralists in this huge region spoke related languages ancestral to the modern Indo-European languages. The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain, in part, why so many linguists have argued that the Indo-European languages began their astonishing expansionist career not among farmers in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), but among early pastoralists from Inner Eurasia. Such theories imply that the Indo-European languages evolved not in Neolithic (10,000 to 3,000 B.C.) Anatolia, but among the foraging communities of the cultures in the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers, which took up stock breeding and began to exploit the neighboring steppes.
12. In paragraph 3, why does the author discuss languages spoken in the region spanning from Eastern Europe to the western borders of Mongolia?
A. To emphasize the frequency with which Indo-European languages changed as a result of the mobile nature of pastoralism
B. To indicate one method linguists use to determine that inhabitants of the Don and Dnieper river area had taken up stock breeding
C. To provide evidence that Indo-European languages have their roots in what is now Turkey
D. To provide evidence that pastoralist societies can exercise cultural influence over a large area
S：why ... the author 目的题 - 定位句判断 - languages spoken Mongolia
D：阴影句
S：
G：
Paragraph 2
The mobility of pastoralist societies reflects their dependence on animal-based foods. While agriculturalists rely on domesticated plants, pastoralists rely on domesticated animals. As a result, pastoralists, like carnivores in general, occupy a higher position on the food chain. All else being equal, this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. So pastoralism is a more extensive life-way than farming is. However, the larger the terrain used to support a group, the harder it is to exploit that terrain while remaining in one place. So, basic ecological principles imply a strong tendency within pastoralist life-ways toward nomadism (a mobile lifestyle). As the archaeologist Roger Cribb puts it, “The greater the degree of pastoralism, the stronger the tendency toward nomadism.” A modern Turkic nomad interviewed by Cribb commented: "The more animals you have, the farther you have to move."
11. In paragraph 2, why does the author contrast pastoralists with agriculturalists?
A. To explain why pastoralism requires more land than agriculturalism to support basic needs
B. To identify some advantages that mobile societies have over immobile societies
C. To demonstrate that ecological principles that apply to pastoralism do not apply to agriculturalism
D. To argue that agriculturalism eventually developed out of pastoralism
S：why ... the author 目的题 - 选项判断
D：
S：
G：
Architectural Change in Eighth-Century Japan
Paragraph 3
Moreover, because buildings using the traditional construction of thatched roofs and wooden poles placed directly in the ground rotted away in two decades or so, periodic replacement of palaces, shrines, warehouses, gate towers, and fortress walls was essential. The custom of residential mobility was thus not especially wasteful of labor and material resources: when the time came, one simply erected a new building at a new site—reusing valuable timbers as appropriate—and burned the rest. The practical necessity of replacement was given religious sanction because the regular replacement of buildings was regarded as necessary to provide spiritual cleansing of the site.
4. In paragraph 3, why does the author discuss the natural decay of the wooden structures built in eighth-century Japan?
A To argue that the necessity of replacing buildings every two decades applied to all eighth-century structures, not justresidences.
B To argue that the custom of residential mobility was not unreasonable given the building practices of the eighth century
C To explain why the elite of the eighth century had to move periodically to newresidences
D To explain why in the sixth and seventh centuries Japanese architectural practice changed to the construction of more permanentstructures
S：why ... the author 目的题 - 题干判断 - natural decay wooden structures
D：
S：
G：
Temporary Pools
1 Temporary pools are freshwater habitats that retain water for only three to four months of the year or even shorter periods: typically for some eight or nine months they are dry basins without surface water. At the latitude of Canada’s southern Ontario, for example, the basin of a typical temporary pool fills with water when snow melts in March and April. Because temporary pools (by definition) have neither a surface inlet nor outlet, the water steadily recedes through evaporation and seepage into the surrounding soil, disappearing altogether from the surface in June or July. Most of the animal residents one sees in temporary pools are aquatic insects such as caddis flies, whose larvae (wingless, immature insects) are sometimes the most conspicuous animals in these communities.
2 At least two advantages to living in this type of habitat can be recognized. One involves predation. Fish are major predators of aquatic insects and other small freshwater creatures; however fish, at least in temperate regions over much of North America, are unable to survive the dry phase, and hence are eliminated from temporary pools. Predatory insects such as aquatic beetles and bugs and dragonfly nymphs do live in temporary pools, but there are far fewer species, and therefore a less efficient predator population than in permanent waters. Moreover, populations of the invertebrate predators in temporary pools have to develop anew every year from colonizing adults or from drought-resistant eggs. All of this means that the impact of predation is reduced for aquatic animals that have adaptations to survive the dry phase of
temporary pools.
3 A second advantage is concerned with nutrition and growth. Temporary pools, especially in wooded sites, are fueled primarily by the energy and nutrients stored in fallen leaves and other decomposing plant detritus (nonliving matter that originated from plants). Furthermore, the dry phase of temporary pools usually supports a community of specialized herbaceous plants that can tolerate springtime flooding but grow rapidly in the moist, organically enriched soil after surface water disappears. These plants contribute to the detrital base every year. Although the food web is based mainly on detritus, the processes of decomposition in temporary pools are somewhat different from those in the detritus-based communities of streams and the shore zones of lakes. Detritus decomposes faster when exposed to air during dry periods and has a higher protein content upon flooding in spring than when submerged continuously in permanent water. The reason for this difference is that the terrestrial fungi causing the decomposition of plant detritus in the absence of surface water flourish where oxygen is not limited. In permanent waters, where detrital materials are covered by water, oxygen is not plentiful and decomposition is brought about by aquatic fungi and bacteria, which do not grow as abundantly as terrestrial fungi. Colonizing terrestrial fungi contribute much of the protein of decomposing plant materials, and in feeding experiments limnephilid caddis fly larvae of temporary pools showed a preference for decaying leaves with higher protein levels. Consequently, rapid development, which is so important to animals in transient waters, would be enhanced by the protein-rich detritus as well as by the higher summer temperatures of small bodies of water.
4 These principles have led to some practical applications. An increase in productivity following a dry phase underlies the practice in wetland management of alternately draining and flooding wetlands. ■ Aquatic birds such as ducks feed on larval caddis flies and other aquatic invertebrates and also on plants; the increased nutrient levels resulting from exposure of more of the bottom detritus to air and terrestrial fungi enhance productivity throughout the food web. ■ By the seventeenth century, fish farmers in Europe had learned that periodically leaving ponds dry and empty of fish yielded higher productivity in controlled ponds of carp fish than did constant water levels. ■ Through manipulation of water levels, the ponds were wintered as dry basins and periodically over a full year as well – practices that led to increased production of fish. In retrospect then, it appears that after centuries of experimentation to increase productivity in marshes and fish ponds, humans succeeded in duplicating the natural cycle of temporary pools. ■
Paragraph 1: Temporary pools are freshwater habitats that retain water for only three to four months of the year or even shorter periods: typically for some eight or nine months they are dry basins without surface water. At the latitude of Canada’s southern Ontario, for example, the basin of a typical temporary pool fills with water when snow melts in March and April. Because temporary pools (by definition) have neither a surface inlet nor outlet, the water steadily recedes through evaporation and seepage into the surrounding soil, disappearing altogether from the surface in June or July. Most of the animal residents one sees in temporary pools are aquatic insects such as caddis flies, whose larvae (wingless, immature insects) are sometimes the most conspicuous animals in these communities.
1.The word “conspicuous” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. active
B. destructive
C. long-lived
D. noticeable
Paragraph 2: At least two advantages to living in this type of habitat can be recognized. One involves predation. Fish are major predators of aquatic insects and other small freshwater creatures; however fish, at least in temperate regions over much of North America, are unable to survive the dry phase, and hence are eliminated from temporary pools. Predatory insects such as aquatic beetles and bugs and dragonfly nymphs do live in temporary pools, but there are far fewer species, and therefore a less efficient predator population than in permanent waters. Moreover, populations of the invertebrate predators in temporary pools have to develop anew every year from colonizing adults or from drought-resistant eggs. All of this means that the impact of predation is reduced for aquatic animals that have adaptations to survive the dry phase of temporary pools.
2.Why does the author mention that fish “are unable to survive the dry phase” in temporary pools over much of NorthAmerica?
A. To explain why predatory insects such as aquatic beetles and bugs and dragonfly nymphs are attracted to temporary pools
B. To make the point that temporary ponds are more advantageous for predatory insects than for fish
C. To explain why the population of fish in temporary pools must be replaced each year
D. To give one reason why small creatures in temporary pools experience relatively little predation
S：why author 目的题
D：
S：
G：
3.Paragraph 2 suggests that predatory insects in permanent waters are likely to
A. live mainly in temperate regions in NorthAmerica
B. be more numerous and efficient than predatory insects in temporary pools
C. send groups of colonizing adults to new areas each year
D. have adaptations that prevent aquatic animals from eating them
S： suggests 推理题 predatory insects permanen
D：
S：
G：
Paragraph 3: A second advantage is concerned with nutrition and growth. Temporary pools, especially in wooded sites, are fueled primarily by the energy and nutrients stored in fallen leaves and other decomposing plant detritus (nonliving matter that originated from plants). Furthermore, the dry phase of temporary pools usually supports a community of specialized herbaceous plants that can tolerate springtime flooding but grow rapidly in the moist, organically enriched soil after surface water disappears. These plants contribute to the detrital base every year. Although the food web is based mainly on detritus, the processes of decomposition in temporary pools are somewhat different from those in the detritus-based communities of streams and the shore zones of lakes. Detritus decomposes faster when exposed to air during dry periods and has a higher protein content upon flooding in spring than when submerged continuously in permanent water. The reason for this difference is that the terrestrial fungi causing the decomposition of plant detritus in the absence of surface water flourish where oxygen is not limited. In permanent waters, where detrital materials are covered by water, oxygen is not plentiful and decomposition is brought about by aquatic fungi and bacteria, which do not grow as abundantly as terrestrial fungi. Colonizing terrestrial fungi contribute much of the protein of decomposing plant materials, and in feeding experiments limnephilid caddis fly larvae of temporary pools showed a preference for decaying leaves with higher protein levels. Consequently, rapid development, which is so important to animals in transient waters, would be enhanced by the protein-rich detritus as well as by the higher summer temperatures of small bodies of water.
4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. As a result, protein-rich detritus develops rapidly in the high summer temperatures of smaller bodies of water, helping transient animals.
B. As a result, the rapid development of protein-rich detritus improves animals’ ability to survive the higher summer temperatures of small bodies ofwater.
C. As a result, in smaller pools of water, where faster development is important, higher temperatures and protein-rich detritus help animals to develop quickly.
D. As a result, the rapid development of animals in transient waters would enhance the protein-rich detritus of these smaller bodies of water.
1. 找主干
① rapid development animals be enhanced by the protein-rich detritus
2. 找逻辑词
3. 找绝比概否词
5.Paragraph 3 suggests that decomposition happens faster in temporary pools than in permanent water because
A.the specialized plants in temporary pools are easier for fungi to process
B.the high protein content of detritus in temporary pools attracts fungi
C.the higher oxygen levels of dry temporary pools allow more fungi to grow
D.the detrital materials covered by permanent water cannot support fung
S： suggests 推理题 decomposition happens faster
D：
S：
G：
6.According to paragraph 3, which of the following environments would provide the best food for limnephilid caddis fly larvae?
A.Streams and the shore zones of lakes
B.Permanent waters with aquatic fungi and bacteria
C.Water containing detritus decomposed by terrestrial fungi
D.Smaller bodies of water with low oxygen levels
S： 细节题
D：
S：
G：
Paragraph 4: These principles have led to some practical applications. An increase in productivity following a dry phase underlies the practice in wetland management of alternately draining and flooding wetlands. ■ Aquatic birds such as ducks feed on larval caddis flies and other aquatic invertebrates and also on plants; the increased nutrient levels resulting from exposure of more of the bottom detritus to air and terrestrial fungi enhance productivity throughout the food web. ■ By the seventeenth century, fish farmers in Europe had learned that periodically leaving ponds dry and empty of fish yielded higher productivity in controlled ponds of carp fish than did constant water levels. ■ Through manipulation of water levels, the ponds were wintered as dry basins and periodically over a full year as well – practices that led to increased production of fish. In retrospect then, it appears that after centuries of experimentation to increase productivity in marshes and fish ponds, humans succeeded in duplicating the natural cycle of temporary pools. ■
7.The word “periodically” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. occasionally
B. completely
C.intentionally
D.briefly
8.According to paragraph 4, why are wetlands alternately drained and flooded in wetland management?
A.To limit the dry phases that interrupt and delay productivity
B.To control the number of harmful insects located in such wetlands
C.To increase the ability of farms to produce large crops of plants
D.To provide more nutrition for the animals in such wetlands
9. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Alternate draining and flooding has also been used in aquatic farming.
Where would the sentence best fit?
10.Prose Summary
Temporary pools are freshwater habitats that typically hold water for only part of the year.
A. The larvae of many aquatic insects prefer the more dependable supply of low-level protein provided by terrestrial fungi in temporary pools to the high-level protein provided by aquatic fungi and bacteria.
B. Small aquatic animals in temporary pools face relatively little predation because fish cannot survive dry periods there and fewer predatory insects are adapted to live in such places.
C. Because of their abundant terrestrial fungi and higher oxygen levels during dry times, temporary pools provide their inhabitants with better nutrition than permanent waters do.
D. Decomposition takes longer in temporary pools than in permanent waters but often produce significant amounts of nutritious, high-protein detritus.
E. Every year, colonizing adults and drought-resistant eggs present during early flooding are more vulnerable to predators than aquatic animals that survive the dry phase of temporary pools.
F. By observing nature, people have learned the value of alternately draining and flooding areas and have applied this lesson to places where it does not occur naturally
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